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context aware.pptx
1. Context - Awareness
Submitted by:
Nassmah Al-Matari
Zahra Rajeh
Fatima Al-Hadi
Somaia Al-Bahri
Sana'a University - Faculty of Computer & IT
Master Information Technology 2nd semester
Submitted to: Prof. Ammar Zahary
2022
2. Context is the surrounding environment,
location, or situation which determine,
specify the meaning of the event.
Context is any information that can be used to
characterize the situation of an entity”
Entity: person, place, object that is considered
relevant to interaction between a user & an
application, including the user & application
themselves.
Introduction
3. Context as Implicit Input/Output
Context-Aware
System
explicit
input
explicit
output
Context:
• state of the user
• state of the physical environment
• state of the computing system
• history of user-computer interaction
•...
4. Classification ofContext
Computing Context:
1. Network connectivity
2. Communication cost
3. Comm. Bandwidth
4. Nearby resources
User Context:
1. User profile/preference
2. User mood/ behaviour
3. Other’s presence
Environmental Context:
1. Lighting
2. Noise level
3. Traffic conditions
4. Weather
Physical Context:
1. Time, Date
2. Location
5.
6. Context Awareness
Context awareness is the term that describe the
ability of the computer system to sense and act
upon the information about its environment
such as, Location, Time, Temperature or User
Identity.
Context Awareness enable the system to take
action automatically, and Reducing the burden
of the excessive user involvement & provide
proactive intelligent assistance.
7. Context-Aware Systems
A user has left
his office
The system forwards
the call to a nearby
phone
The system detects
his current location
Calls are forwarded to
his voice mailbox
A Call-forwarding System
The system detects the
user is in a meeting
The phone rings
in his office
8. User-Related: Context Awareness
• Who: Deals with identifying current user and
object recognition.
• Where: Deals with location identification of
user, object, service, …
• When: Deals with temporal aspects of past,
present & future.
• What: Deals with identifying activities of user
or object.
• Why: Deals with subtle context such as
user's need, emotion, …
9. Categories
of context
awareness
Active Context Awareness :
Influence the behaviour of the application.
Active Context Awareness automatically
changes the behaviour of the application
according to the Sensed information.
Example: Automatically press breaks of car
when it sense the obstacle in front of the car.
11. • Context that is relevant but not
critical.
• Passive Context Awareness
presents updated context or
sensor information to the user
and lets the user to change the
application behaviour.
• Example: Reports the position
of the moving car into the
map.
Passive Context Awareness:
12. Pervasive Computing
Pervasive computing also called as Ubiquitous
computing.
The word Pervasive or Ubiquitous means:
“ Existing Everywhere”.
Pervasive Computing is the growing trend
towards embedded Microprocessor in every
day object so, that they can communicate
information.
13. Structure & Elements of Context
Aware Pervasive Systems
► A Context-Aware Pervasive System can be
viewed as having three basic functionalities:
• Sensing,
• Thinking (metaphorically)
• Acting
14. Sensing
► What are Sensors?
► Biological or Non biological Sensors - to acquire data
or information about the physical world or some aspect
of the physical world.
► Multiple Sensors can also be used
► Treated as input
► What Info can be sensed ?
► Types of Sensors
15. Sensors
■ Physical sensors
sensor, camera, microphone, accelerometer, GPS,
biosensors, etc.
■ Virtual sensors
From software: browsing an electronic calendar, a travel booking
system, emails, mouse movements, keyboard input, bandwidth, etc.
■ Logical sensors
Combination of physical and virtual sensors with additional
information (e.g. context history) from databases
16. Thinking
• Knowledge about the context or situation
of entities.
• Once the data is obtained using the
collection of sensors. The task is to utilize
such data and to make sense of it on the
basis of definition of sensors.
17. Acting
► Once context information has been gathered or situations
recognized, actions are taken.
► The actions to be taken are application specific.
► Actions might need to be performed in time for it to be of
use to the users, and before the situation which triggered
the action changes.
► Considerations
Performance.
Control.
19. Human to Human
communication
➢ Situational
information such as
facial expressions,
➢ Emotions,
➢ Voice tone
➢ Past and future
events,
➢The existence of other people in
the room
➢ The process of building this
shared understanding between
two people is called grounding .
Need For Context Aware (CA) Computing
20. Human and
Computer
communication
Following Tasks can’t be easily done by Computers :
➢ Understanding and Interpreting our language
• We need to be very specific about giving commands
• OR asking for information
➢ Cannot sense information about the current situation
• Sensing Facial expression
• Presence of other people near by.
Need For Context Aware (CA) Computing
21. ➢ Context, critically required in Ubicomp Environment .
➢ Mobile computing and ubiquitous computing have given users the
expectation that they can access whatever information and services they
want, whenever they want, and wherever they are.
➢ Context can be used to help determine what information or services to
make available or to bring to the forefront for users.
➢ The goal of context-aware computing is to use context as an implicit cue
to enrich the impoverished interaction from humans to computers,
making it easier to interact with computers.
Need For Context Aware Computing
22. Context Aware Applications
➢“A system is Context-Aware if it uses context to provide
relevant information and/or services to the user, where
relevancy depends on the user’s task.”
➢E.g. Smart Phones screen goes Brighter when exposed to
And goes dimmer on low
light ( using photo sensors),
battery .
Some of the
context
Aware Apps
For Android
24. Context Aware Applications
➢Context-aware applications look at the
– who’s,
– where’s,
– when’s, and
– what’s (i.e., what activities are occurring)
of entities and use this information to determine why a situation is occurring.
➢An application does not actually determine why a situation is occurring, but the
designer of the application does.
➢The designer uses incoming context to determine the user’s intent, or why a situation
is occurring, and uses this to encode some action in the application that helps to satisfy
this intent.
25. Properties of Context Aware
“Model/Framework”
➢Adapt interfaces ( Context sensing and acquisition )
➢Increase the precision of information retrieval,
➢Tailor the set of application-relevant data ( Processing,
aggregation and reasoning of contextual data )
➢Context modeling, representation and storing,
➢Context-Aware application adaptation,
26. Properties of Context Aware
“Model/Framework”
➢Integration of Context-Awareness into
Service-Oriented Architectures.
➢Security and privacy of Context data,
➢Discover services
➢2G , 3G or Wifi connect to best of available.
➢Make the user interaction implicit, or build smart
environments.
27. Issues and Challenges
➢Errors Occurredbecause of wrong
interpretation of Context :
When the system does the wrong thing
– Auto-locking car doors
– Screen saver during presentation
– Microphone amplifying a whisper
In these examples, is the system or the user at
fault?
28. Issues and Challenges
➢Challenges in Context-Aware Computing
–How to represent context internally? (Storage)
–Data structures and algorithms
–How frequently does the system need to be updated on
context changes?
–How often to poll? ( in case limited power )
–How often to change behavior?
–What sensors infrastructure, or sensors are necessary?
–What is the fallback condition?
–How to sense location information?
29. Issues and Challenges
Issues to Consider when Building Context-Aware Applications
– Context Is a Proxy for Human Intent
– Context Inferencing
• is the act of making sense of these input data from sensors and other sources, to
determine or infer the user’s situation.
– Context Ambiguity
– “Rules” versus “Machine Learning”
– Privacy
– Evaluation
– End User Issues
• Understanding of Application’s behavior
• How much control on application user should have
