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This power point provides an overview of the population genetics. Credits to the rightful owner. Thank you!
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Lecture 4 Pop Gen I F2017.ppt
This document discusses population genetics and key concepts in evolutionary biology. It covers Mendelian genetics, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium, mechanisms of evolution like genetic variation, natural selection and genetic drift. It also discusses applications of population genetics like estimating allele frequencies, measuring genetic variation, and using DNA polymorphisms in forensics.
Foundations of Biological Sciences I Evolutionary Agents - 1 .docx
Foundations of Biological Sciences I Evolutionary Agents - 1
A quick recap….
There are several terms that need to be clarified so that you can more easily follow the exercise. A gene is a
piece of DNA that directs the expression of a particular characteristic (trait). Genes are located on
chromosomes, and the location where a particular gene is found is referred to as the locus (plural: loci) of that
gene. An allele is a gene for which there is an alternative expression, which can lead to the alterative form of a
trait. For example, a diploid organism carries the allele “A” on one homologous chromosome, and the allele “A”
on the other. The genotype of this organism is then AA and it is said to be homozygous. An organism may also
carry two different alleles. For example on one chromosome it could carry the allele “A” and on the other it
could carry the allele “a”. The genotype of such an organisms is then Aa, and it is described as heterozygous for
this chromosomal locus.
The genotype of an organism is the listing of the two alleles for each trait that it possesses. The phenotype of an
organism is a description of the way a trait is displayed in the structure, behavior, or physiology of the organism.
Some alleles are dominant to others and mask the presence of other alleles. The dominant condition is indicated
by uppercase letters (e.g., “A”). The alleles that are masked are called recessive alleles. The recessive condition
is indicated by lowercase letters (e.g., “a”). When both dominants are present in the genotype (AA), the organism
is said to be homozygous dominant for the trait, and the organisms will show the dominant phenotype (trait
expression A). When both recessives are present in the genotype (aa), the organism is said to be homozygous
recessive for the trait, and the organisms will show the recessive phenotype (trait expression a). In the case of
complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele, and an organism with a
heterozygous genotype (Aa) will show the dominant phenotype (trait expression A).
Evolutionary Agents
Evolution is a process resulting in changes in gene frequencies (= the genetic make-up) of a population over
time. The mechanisms of evolution include selection (which can cause change over time & adaptation), and
forces that provide variation and cause change over time (but not adaptation). Factors that change gene
frequencies over time are referred to as evolutionary agents.
A powerful way to detect the presence of evolutionary agents is the use of the Hardy–Weinberg model. This
model can be applied to traits that are influenced by several loci; the simplest case is for a trait that is regulated
by one locus with two alleles.
With the Hardy–Weinberg model, the frequency of genotypes in the population can be predicted from the
probability of encounters between gametes bearing the different alleles. With alleles R .
B.sc. agri i pog unit 4 population genetics
This document provides an overview of population genetics and principles of evolution. It discusses how genetic variation is maintained in populations through mechanisms such as sexual reproduction, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection. A key concept is that evolution occurs through changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations. The document also covers Mendelian inheritance, Darwinian evolution, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium, and factors that can lead to deviations from equilibrium, driving microevolutionary changes within populations.
mendeliangenetics-110706200307-phpapp02.pptx
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. Through his experiments, he discovered three laws of inheritance:
1) The Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment - alleles for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.
3) The Law of Dominance - in a heterozygous individual, one allele (the dominant) is expressed while the other (recessive) has no effect on the phenotype.
Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of classical/Mendelian genetics and provided evidence that traits are passed from parents to offspring
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Mendelian genetics ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
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Lecture 4 Pop Gen I F2017.ppt
This document discusses population genetics and key concepts in evolutionary biology. It covers Mendelian genetics, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium, mechanisms of evolution like genetic variation, natural selection and genetic drift. It also discusses applications of population genetics like estimating allele frequencies, measuring genetic variation, and using DNA polymorphisms in forensics.
Foundations of Biological Sciences I Evolutionary Agents - 1 .docx
Foundations of Biological Sciences I Evolutionary Agents - 1
A quick recap….
There are several terms that need to be clarified so that you can more easily follow the exercise. A gene is a
piece of DNA that directs the expression of a particular characteristic (trait). Genes are located on
chromosomes, and the location where a particular gene is found is referred to as the locus (plural: loci) of that
gene. An allele is a gene for which there is an alternative expression, which can lead to the alterative form of a
trait. For example, a diploid organism carries the allele “A” on one homologous chromosome, and the allele “A”
on the other. The genotype of this organism is then AA and it is said to be homozygous. An organism may also
carry two different alleles. For example on one chromosome it could carry the allele “A” and on the other it
could carry the allele “a”. The genotype of such an organisms is then Aa, and it is described as heterozygous for
this chromosomal locus.
The genotype of an organism is the listing of the two alleles for each trait that it possesses. The phenotype of an
organism is a description of the way a trait is displayed in the structure, behavior, or physiology of the organism.
Some alleles are dominant to others and mask the presence of other alleles. The dominant condition is indicated
by uppercase letters (e.g., “A”). The alleles that are masked are called recessive alleles. The recessive condition
is indicated by lowercase letters (e.g., “a”). When both dominants are present in the genotype (AA), the organism
is said to be homozygous dominant for the trait, and the organisms will show the dominant phenotype (trait
expression A). When both recessives are present in the genotype (aa), the organism is said to be homozygous
recessive for the trait, and the organisms will show the recessive phenotype (trait expression a). In the case of
complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele, and an organism with a
heterozygous genotype (Aa) will show the dominant phenotype (trait expression A).
Evolutionary Agents
Evolution is a process resulting in changes in gene frequencies (= the genetic make-up) of a population over
time. The mechanisms of evolution include selection (which can cause change over time & adaptation), and
forces that provide variation and cause change over time (but not adaptation). Factors that change gene
frequencies over time are referred to as evolutionary agents.
A powerful way to detect the presence of evolutionary agents is the use of the Hardy–Weinberg model. This
model can be applied to traits that are influenced by several loci; the simplest case is for a trait that is regulated
by one locus with two alleles.
With the Hardy–Weinberg model, the frequency of genotypes in the population can be predicted from the
probability of encounters between gametes bearing the different alleles. With alleles R .
B.sc. agri i pog unit 4 population genetics
This document provides an overview of population genetics and principles of evolution. It discusses how genetic variation is maintained in populations through mechanisms such as sexual reproduction, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection. A key concept is that evolution occurs through changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations. The document also covers Mendelian inheritance, Darwinian evolution, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium, and factors that can lead to deviations from equilibrium, driving microevolutionary changes within populations.
mendeliangenetics-110706200307-phpapp02.pptx
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. Through his experiments, he discovered three laws of inheritance:
1) The Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment - alleles for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.
3) The Law of Dominance - in a heterozygous individual, one allele (the dominant) is expressed while the other (recessive) has no effect on the phenotype.
Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of classical/Mendelian genetics and provided evidence that traits are passed from parents to offspring
Homozygous Alleles
The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
Mendelian genetics ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
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The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. It provides examples of how evolutionary factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, and migration can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population over time. The two equations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium relate allele frequencies to genotype frequencies and allow prediction of changes if evolutionary pressures impact a population.
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Population Genetics
Population genetics reconciled Darwin and Mendel's ideas by showing how natural selection could act on variation present in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies remain constant between generations unless disrupted by factors like genetic drift, migration, non-random mating, mutation, or natural selection. These disruptions to equilibrium allow for microevolution and populations to change over time through natural selection acting on genetic variation.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that laid the foundations of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered three principles: 1) the law of segregation, which states that alleles separate during gamete formation, 2) the law of independent assortment, which demonstrates that traits carried on different chromosomes assort independently, and 3) the law of dominance, where one allele is dominant and masks the presence of the recessive allele. Mendel's work was largely ignored until the early 1900s but provided the basic concepts still used in genetics today.
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This document provides an overview of basic Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s to discover the laws of inheritance. Through his work, he demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. The document also explains how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It uses the example of cystic fibrosis inheritance in humans to illustrate how recessive traits are expressed.
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The document discusses several of Gregor Mendel's discoveries and laws of genetics from his experiments with pea plants including:
1) Mendel's law of segregation which states that alleles for a gene separate into gametes during reproduction.
2) His law of independent assortment which states that different genes assort independently if located on separate chromosomes.
3) That dominant alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes while recessive alleles have no visible effect.
Mendelian Genetics Basics Fernando
Mendelian Genetics Basics.
Smart board activity + Mendel´s laws + Genetics Basics Vocabulary.
http://biodeluna.wordpress.com/
Mendelian-Genetics-2020-Final-Autosaved-students-copy.ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. Through his experiments, he discovered two fundamental laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and are passed to gametes independently. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently during gamete formation. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
Mendelian genetics powerpoint massengale
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He studied inheritance of traits in pea plants between 1856-1863 and developed the laws of inheritance.
2. Mendel found that when he cross-bred pea plants with different traits, such as seed shape or color, the offspring retained traits from both parents. Through his experiments with over 28,000 pea plants, he developed the laws of inheritance.
3. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. His work was not widely recognized until the early 20th century but he is now recognized as the founder of the modern science of genetics
Heredity and Evolution
This document discusses genetics and evolution. It provides background on heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, and his laws of inheritance. It describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It discusses evidence for evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, as well as theories like natural selection and genetic drift. The document also covers modern concepts like DNA, chromosomes, mutation, and molecular evidence supporting common descent.
Project_2_plantmonsters_final_SciencePub_revised
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2) Students perform dihybrid crosses to identify genotypes of plantfairies and determine which may carry alleles for the plantmonster mutation.
3) The results of the crosses help researchers decide which plantfairies can be safely kept and which may need to be destroyed to prevent the spread of the dangerous mutation.
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- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by tracking the inheritance of traits over successive generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know are genes and alleles. His work established the principles of dominant and recessive genes.
- Mendel's experiments demonstrated that inherited traits follow predictable statistical patterns that he described as the laws of segregation and independent assortment. These became the foundation of classical genetics.
Mendelian genetics
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his discoveries formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity.
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- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his principles form the foundation of modern genetics and heredity.
Genetics part 1
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk in the 19th century who studied inheritance of traits in pea plants. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Through experiments involving self-pollination and cross-pollination of pea plants with different traits like seed color, Mendel identified that some genes are dominant and others recessive. He developed ratios and diagrams like Punnett squares to predict the expression of traits in offspring.
Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He cultivated and tested over 28,000 pea plants, studying seven different traits including seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower position and plant height. Through his experiments and subsequent generations of crosses, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes, following predictable patterns. He developed the laws of inheritance and particulate theory of inheritance, laying the foundations for modern genetics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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1) Mendel's law of segregation which states that alleles for a gene separate into gametes during reproduction.
2) His law of independent assortment which states that different genes assort independently if located on separate chromosomes.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. Through his experiments, he discovered two fundamental laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and are passed to gametes independently. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently during gamete formation. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
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1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He studied inheritance of traits in pea plants between 1856-1863 and developed the laws of inheritance.
2. Mendel found that when he cross-bred pea plants with different traits, such as seed shape or color, the offspring retained traits from both parents. Through his experiments with over 28,000 pea plants, he developed the laws of inheritance.
3. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. His work was not widely recognized until the early 20th century but he is now recognized as the founder of the modern science of genetics
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This document discusses genetics and evolution. It provides background on heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, and his laws of inheritance. It describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It discusses evidence for evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, as well as theories like natural selection and genetic drift. The document also covers modern concepts like DNA, chromosomes, mutation, and molecular evidence supporting common descent.
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1) A science project explores advanced concepts in Mendelian genetics through genetically engineered carnivorous "plantfairies" and their dangerous mutant offspring, "plantmonsters".
2) Students perform dihybrid crosses to identify genotypes of plantfairies and determine which may carry alleles for the plantmonster mutation.
3) The results of the crosses help researchers decide which plantfairies can be safely kept and which may need to be destroyed to prevent the spread of the dangerous mutation.
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- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know are genes and alleles. His work established the principles of dominant and recessive genes.
- Mendel's experiments demonstrated that inherited traits follow predictable statistical patterns that he described as the laws of segregation and independent assortment. These became the foundation of classical genetics.
Mendelian genetics
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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lecture21.ppt
- 1. OUTLINE 21 POPULATION GENETICS I. The New Synthesis A. Challenge 1. Bracydactyly 2. The Hardy-Weinberg rule B. Populations and Gene Pools 1. Definitions 2. Illustration of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium C. Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium D. Significance of Hardy-Weinberg for the study of Evolution E. How to recognize Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- 2. Parent Offspring Parent More offspring are born than can survive to reproduce
- 3. Individuals within a species vary
- 4. Parent Offspring Traits are heritable Parent Offspring
- 5. Parent Offspring Individuals with some traits reproduce more than others Parent Offspring
- 6. Traits that enhance reproduction become more common each generation parents generation 1 offspring generation 1 parents generation 2 offspring generation 2
- 7. Artificial selection has produced different, true- breeding varieties of “fancy” pigeons from a single ancestral form
- 8. Fossils - preserved evidence of previously living things
- 9. Homology - similarity caused by common ancestry
- 10. Early embryos of diverse groups share many features. As development proceeds, embryonic forms diverge and become more similar to adults of their own species (von Baer’s law) Homology in early embryonic form
- 11. The Paradox of Variation: Evolution requires natural selection, but natural selection eliminates variation.
- 13. A population: Phenotype frequencies 1/3 red and 2/3 green
- 14. Aa aa AA aa aa Aa Aa Aa AA AA AA AA AA AA A population has a frequency of genotypes AA
- 15. Aa aa AA aa aa Aa Aa Aa AA AA AA AA AA AA Total number = 15, frequency of AA = 8/15 (53%) Aa = 4/15 (27%) aa = 3/15 (20%) AA
- 16. Aa aa AA Individuals have 2 alleles for each gene Total number of alleles in the gene pool = 2 x # individuals
- 17. Aa aa AA aa aa Aa Aa Aa AA AA AA AA AA AA A population has a frequency of alleles
- 18. Aa aa AA aa aa Aa Aa Aa AA AA AA AA AA AA Total number of alleles = 30, frequency of A = 20/30 (67%) a = 10/30 (33%) AA
- 19. aa aa aa A population fixed for the “a” allele aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
- 20. Aa aa AA aa aa Aa Aa Aa AA AA AA AA AA AA A population with genetic variation
- 21. Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 RR Rr rr Plants in population Alleles in the gene pool
- 22. Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 x 2 x 2 RR Rr rr 128 R Plants in population Alleles 32 R 32 r 8 r 160 R alleles 40 r alleles
- 23. Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 x 2 x 2 RR Rr rr 128 R Plants in population Alleles in the Gene pool 32 R 32 r 8 r 160 R alleles 40 r alleles 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q
- 24. Probability of observing event 1 AND event 2 = the product of their probabilities. P[2 R alleles from 2 gametes]? Probability of each R = .8 Probability of RR = .8 x .8 = .64 = p x p = p2 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype RR In the next generation?
- 25. Probability of observing event 1 AND event 2 = the product of their probabilities. Pr: 2 r alleles from 2 gametes? Probability of each r = .2 Probability of rr = .2 x .2 = .04 = q x q = q2 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype rr In the next generation?
- 26. Pr: one r and one R from 2 gametes? P[ r and R] or P[R and r] = (.2 x .8) + (.8 x .2) = .32 = (p x q) + (p x q) = 2pq 160 / 200 = .8 = p 40 / 200 = .2 = q What is the probability of an offspring with the genotype Rr In the next generation?
- 27. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Frequency of RR Frequency of Rr Frequency of rr
- 28. Fig 23.3b
- 29. Fig 23.3a 64 32 4 RR Rr rr Plants in population Alleles in the gene pool