This document outlines the course content and first chapter for the course Development Economics II. The course is 3 credit hours, taught by instructor Yerosan S.B., and covers topics like population growth, human capital, agriculture, trade, and foreign aid. The first chapter discusses population growth and its measurement, the relationship between population growth and economic development, and concepts like fertility rates, mortality rates, and age distribution. It also covers the demographic transition experienced by developed countries as mortality declined before fertility, leading to population growth.
This document outlines the course content for a class on population growth and economic development. The six main topics covered are: 1) Population growth and economic development, 2) Human capital: education and health, 3) Rural-urban interaction and unemployment, 4) Agriculture and development, 5) International trade and industrialization, and 6) Foreign aid, debt, and financial reform. The first chapter focuses on measuring population growth, its impact on development, and basic concepts like birth rate and death rate. It also discusses Thomas Malthus' theory of the population trap, where high population growth leads to diminishing resources and low standards of living.
C6 POPULATION GROWTH (econdev)_20240306_214313_0000.pdfSARAHJOYLVELANTE
This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that the world's population reached 7.2 billion in 2013 and is projected to grow significantly by 2050. It then covers several key aspects of population growth, including its history from ancient times through the present, trends in fertility and mortality rates, age structure and dependency burdens, and the concept of demographic transition as countries develop economically.
Changing demographics and economic growth bloomDESMOND YUEN
This document discusses key trends in global demographics and their implications. It notes that while population growth rates have declined globally, absolute numbers continue to rise significantly each decade. Less developed regions now encompass most of the world's population and will continue to see the vast majority of population increases. Mortality declines and fertility declines have driven major shifts in population age structures. Younger populations in places like Africa and South Asia may benefit economic growth if policies support labor force participation and human capital development, while aging societies globally face challenges supporting retirees that policies aim to address.
Population 2020 - Demographics can be a potent driver of the pace and process...DESMOND YUEN
“Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population determines its long-term social, economic, and political fabric. The phrase highlights the role of demographics in shaping many complex challenges and opportunities societies face, including several pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that demography determines all, as it downplays the fact that both demographic trajectories and their development implications are responsive to economic incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic upheaval with three key components: population growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and associated changes in population age structure.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
Development economics II for the third year economics students 2024 by Tesfay...TesfayeBiruAsefa
This document provides an outline for a course on Development Economics II. It covers several topics related to population growth and economic development, including: the demographic transition model showing the shift from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility; causes of high fertility rates in developing countries according to Malthusian and household models; and trends in global population growth with most growth occurring in developing regions and youth populations exceeding older populations. The instructor's contact information and a more detailed breakdown of Topic 1 on population growth are also included.
A comprehensive presentation about population, for the AS level, using all the important definitions necessary for the exam: distribution and density, population changes, population structure, models, trends in population growth, optimum, over and under population, theories relating to world population and food supply and the demographic transition model. Case studies: Kenya, USA, Denmark, China.
This document discusses global demography, population, urbanization, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It explains how demographers study and analyze population size, composition, distribution and changes. Tools of demography discussed include count, rate, ratio, proportion, and cohort/period measures. Population composition and density are addressed. The document details factors influencing global fertility rates, improvements reducing mortality, and impacts of migration on population structure. World population statistics from 2019 are also provided. The document concludes with an announcement about an upcoming quiz on global cities.
This document outlines the course content for a class on population growth and economic development. The six main topics covered are: 1) Population growth and economic development, 2) Human capital: education and health, 3) Rural-urban interaction and unemployment, 4) Agriculture and development, 5) International trade and industrialization, and 6) Foreign aid, debt, and financial reform. The first chapter focuses on measuring population growth, its impact on development, and basic concepts like birth rate and death rate. It also discusses Thomas Malthus' theory of the population trap, where high population growth leads to diminishing resources and low standards of living.
C6 POPULATION GROWTH (econdev)_20240306_214313_0000.pdfSARAHJOYLVELANTE
This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that the world's population reached 7.2 billion in 2013 and is projected to grow significantly by 2050. It then covers several key aspects of population growth, including its history from ancient times through the present, trends in fertility and mortality rates, age structure and dependency burdens, and the concept of demographic transition as countries develop economically.
Changing demographics and economic growth bloomDESMOND YUEN
This document discusses key trends in global demographics and their implications. It notes that while population growth rates have declined globally, absolute numbers continue to rise significantly each decade. Less developed regions now encompass most of the world's population and will continue to see the vast majority of population increases. Mortality declines and fertility declines have driven major shifts in population age structures. Younger populations in places like Africa and South Asia may benefit economic growth if policies support labor force participation and human capital development, while aging societies globally face challenges supporting retirees that policies aim to address.
Population 2020 - Demographics can be a potent driver of the pace and process...DESMOND YUEN
“Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population determines its long-term social, economic, and political fabric. The phrase highlights the role of demographics in shaping many complex challenges and opportunities societies face, including several pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that demography determines all, as it downplays the fact that both demographic trajectories and their development implications are responsive to economic incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic upheaval with three key components: population growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and associated changes in population age structure.
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
Development economics II for the third year economics students 2024 by Tesfay...TesfayeBiruAsefa
This document provides an outline for a course on Development Economics II. It covers several topics related to population growth and economic development, including: the demographic transition model showing the shift from high mortality/fertility to low mortality/fertility; causes of high fertility rates in developing countries according to Malthusian and household models; and trends in global population growth with most growth occurring in developing regions and youth populations exceeding older populations. The instructor's contact information and a more detailed breakdown of Topic 1 on population growth are also included.
A comprehensive presentation about population, for the AS level, using all the important definitions necessary for the exam: distribution and density, population changes, population structure, models, trends in population growth, optimum, over and under population, theories relating to world population and food supply and the demographic transition model. Case studies: Kenya, USA, Denmark, China.
This document discusses global demography, population, urbanization, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It explains how demographers study and analyze population size, composition, distribution and changes. Tools of demography discussed include count, rate, ratio, proportion, and cohort/period measures. Population composition and density are addressed. The document details factors influencing global fertility rates, improvements reducing mortality, and impacts of migration on population structure. World population statistics from 2019 are also provided. The document concludes with an announcement about an upcoming quiz on global cities.
This document summarizes key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines terms like demography, population dynamics, population doubling time, growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, and components of population growth like mortality, fertility, and migration. It also discusses population measures like total fertility rate, population pyramids, overpopulation, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Finally, it outlines the stages of demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.
Global Demography-The tools of demographyLuisSalenga1
The document discusses global demography, population, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It also summarizes population composition and density, explaining crude density and how it varies globally. Tools of demography are outlined, including counts, rates, ratios, proportions, and cohorts. Fertility, mortality, and migration trends are summarized worldwide, showing variations in birth rates, life expectancy, and how migration impacts population structure. World population statistics are provided, listing the most populous countries as of 2019.
This document discusses various demographic indicators and compares statistics between first, second, and third world countries. It defines indicators like fertility rate, mortality rate, population growth rate, migration rate, and discusses metrics for countries like Canada, China, and Pakistan. Fertility rates are declining in developed nations due to economic factors influencing family size. Mortality rates are falling globally due to improved healthcare. Population growth is highest in the third world due to sustained high fertility and declining mortality. Migration is influenced by various push-pull factors. Overall life expectancy and health outcomes are better in the first world compared to other nations.
This document provides an overview of concepts and measures in demography, including definitions, objectives, and key topics. It begins with defining demography as the scientific study of human populations and their dynamics. It then covers concepts like population size, distribution, composition, change, and estimates/projections. Mortality measures are also introduced. The impacts of population on development, including links between population growth, agriculture, environment, and health, are examined. Specific examples from Ethiopia related to population trends, urbanization, food security, and access to health care and water are also summarized.
This document provides information about demography and population dynamics in Pakistan. It defines key demographic terms and concepts. Some key points:
- Pakistan has a population of over 220 million currently, making it the 6th most populous country. It has a high growth rate of 2.5% and is projected to become the 4th most populous country by 2050.
- Pakistan has a young population, with a median age of around 20 years and over 100 million people under age 30. The total working age population is around 122 million.
- Demography is the scientific study of human populations with respect to their size, distribution, structure and changes. Population dynamics concepts discussed include growth rate, doubling time,
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
Global population has grown rapidly over the past 50 years, from 2 billion in 1950 to 6.5 billion currently. [1] Most population growth now occurs in developing countries, whose populations are projected to more than double by 2050. [2] Fertility rates have declined worldwide from 5 children per woman in 1950 to a projected rate of 2 by 2050, though developing world rates remain higher. [3] Mortality rates have also declined sharply due to public health improvements, increasing life expectancy globally from 47 to 65 years currently and a projected 75 years by 2050.
POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITYYonas Gemeda
This ppt lesson describe population structure with the help of pyramids through comparing developed and developing countries tell about patterns of population distribution and density
The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that while population growth rates are slowing in some countries and regions, the total global population will still likely reach 10 billion by 2100 due to the large existing population. Countries and regions vary widely in terms of population age structures, growth rates, and challenges. Areas like South Asia, parts of Africa, and less developed countries overall continue to experience high population growth that strains resources, while developed nations and some in Europe face challenges of declining and aging populations.
The world population distribution, density and growthAshaJegadeesan
The document discusses key topics related to world population including:
1. The current world population is 7.8 billion as of 2020 and is unevenly distributed across the world.
2. Population density varies based on factors like climate, resources, and level of development. densely populated areas have over 200 people per square km while sparsely populated areas have under 1 person per square km.
3. Population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. Most countries have experienced a demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as development increased.
The document discusses key concepts related to population and demography. It defines population as the number of people living in a given area, and demography as the study of population size, distribution, composition, and changes. It then covers determinants of demographic trends like fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility refers to birth rates and is influenced by factors like education and occupation. Mortality means death and is measured using rates like life expectancy. Migration involves moving between areas or countries.
The document discusses the global aging population trends, challenges, and efforts to address them. Some key points:
- The number of older adults has almost quintupled in the last 65 years and is projected to continue growing significantly, with 1 in 6 people globally being over 65 by 2050.
- Population aging is driven by increased life expectancy but presents challenges for health systems, economies, and societies. It can also exacerbate issues like poverty, discrimination, and abuse among older groups.
- In response, the UN and WHO are spearheading a Decade of Healthy Aging to optimize older adults' abilities and independence through initiatives like combating ageism, creating age-friendly communities, improving care access, and
GROWTH RATE & ESTIMATED POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION/URBANIZTIONKanav Bhanot
A BRIEF PRESENTATION ON GROWTH RATE & ESTIMATED POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION/URBANIZTION
NOTE- FONTS MAY APPEAR WEIRD BCOZ THE FONTS I USED DO NOT APPEAR IN THIS PPT.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
This document provides an overview of population and demographics for economics. It defines key terms like population, demographics, and demographic parameters such as population size, density, age structure, fecundity, mortality, and sex ratio. Factors affecting population like geographical, social, economic, and cultural factors are also discussed. The document then covers topics like population growth, overpopulation, underpopulation, and how population influences the economy. Overpopulation can lead to issues like overuse of resources, less income, and environmental damage while underpopulation may cause decline in innovation and leave resources unharnessed.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
This document summarizes key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines terms like demography, population dynamics, population doubling time, growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, and components of population growth like mortality, fertility, and migration. It also discusses population measures like total fertility rate, population pyramids, overpopulation, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Finally, it outlines the stages of demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.
Global Demography-The tools of demographyLuisSalenga1
The document discusses global demography, population, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It also summarizes population composition and density, explaining crude density and how it varies globally. Tools of demography are outlined, including counts, rates, ratios, proportions, and cohorts. Fertility, mortality, and migration trends are summarized worldwide, showing variations in birth rates, life expectancy, and how migration impacts population structure. World population statistics are provided, listing the most populous countries as of 2019.
This document discusses various demographic indicators and compares statistics between first, second, and third world countries. It defines indicators like fertility rate, mortality rate, population growth rate, migration rate, and discusses metrics for countries like Canada, China, and Pakistan. Fertility rates are declining in developed nations due to economic factors influencing family size. Mortality rates are falling globally due to improved healthcare. Population growth is highest in the third world due to sustained high fertility and declining mortality. Migration is influenced by various push-pull factors. Overall life expectancy and health outcomes are better in the first world compared to other nations.
This document provides an overview of concepts and measures in demography, including definitions, objectives, and key topics. It begins with defining demography as the scientific study of human populations and their dynamics. It then covers concepts like population size, distribution, composition, change, and estimates/projections. Mortality measures are also introduced. The impacts of population on development, including links between population growth, agriculture, environment, and health, are examined. Specific examples from Ethiopia related to population trends, urbanization, food security, and access to health care and water are also summarized.
This document provides information about demography and population dynamics in Pakistan. It defines key demographic terms and concepts. Some key points:
- Pakistan has a population of over 220 million currently, making it the 6th most populous country. It has a high growth rate of 2.5% and is projected to become the 4th most populous country by 2050.
- Pakistan has a young population, with a median age of around 20 years and over 100 million people under age 30. The total working age population is around 122 million.
- Demography is the scientific study of human populations with respect to their size, distribution, structure and changes. Population dynamics concepts discussed include growth rate, doubling time,
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
Global population has grown rapidly over the past 50 years, from 2 billion in 1950 to 6.5 billion currently. [1] Most population growth now occurs in developing countries, whose populations are projected to more than double by 2050. [2] Fertility rates have declined worldwide from 5 children per woman in 1950 to a projected rate of 2 by 2050, though developing world rates remain higher. [3] Mortality rates have also declined sharply due to public health improvements, increasing life expectancy globally from 47 to 65 years currently and a projected 75 years by 2050.
POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITYYonas Gemeda
This ppt lesson describe population structure with the help of pyramids through comparing developed and developing countries tell about patterns of population distribution and density
The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that while population growth rates are slowing in some countries and regions, the total global population will still likely reach 10 billion by 2100 due to the large existing population. Countries and regions vary widely in terms of population age structures, growth rates, and challenges. Areas like South Asia, parts of Africa, and less developed countries overall continue to experience high population growth that strains resources, while developed nations and some in Europe face challenges of declining and aging populations.
The world population distribution, density and growthAshaJegadeesan
The document discusses key topics related to world population including:
1. The current world population is 7.8 billion as of 2020 and is unevenly distributed across the world.
2. Population density varies based on factors like climate, resources, and level of development. densely populated areas have over 200 people per square km while sparsely populated areas have under 1 person per square km.
3. Population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. Most countries have experienced a demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as development increased.
The document discusses key concepts related to population and demography. It defines population as the number of people living in a given area, and demography as the study of population size, distribution, composition, and changes. It then covers determinants of demographic trends like fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility refers to birth rates and is influenced by factors like education and occupation. Mortality means death and is measured using rates like life expectancy. Migration involves moving between areas or countries.
The document discusses the global aging population trends, challenges, and efforts to address them. Some key points:
- The number of older adults has almost quintupled in the last 65 years and is projected to continue growing significantly, with 1 in 6 people globally being over 65 by 2050.
- Population aging is driven by increased life expectancy but presents challenges for health systems, economies, and societies. It can also exacerbate issues like poverty, discrimination, and abuse among older groups.
- In response, the UN and WHO are spearheading a Decade of Healthy Aging to optimize older adults' abilities and independence through initiatives like combating ageism, creating age-friendly communities, improving care access, and
GROWTH RATE & ESTIMATED POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION/URBANIZTIONKanav Bhanot
A BRIEF PRESENTATION ON GROWTH RATE & ESTIMATED POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION/URBANIZTION
NOTE- FONTS MAY APPEAR WEIRD BCOZ THE FONTS I USED DO NOT APPEAR IN THIS PPT.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
This document provides an overview of population and demographics for economics. It defines key terms like population, demographics, and demographic parameters such as population size, density, age structure, fecundity, mortality, and sex ratio. Factors affecting population like geographical, social, economic, and cultural factors are also discussed. The document then covers topics like population growth, overpopulation, underpopulation, and how population influences the economy. Overpopulation can lead to issues like overuse of resources, less income, and environmental damage while underpopulation may cause decline in innovation and leave resources unharnessed.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
1. C O U R S E T I T L E : D E V E L O P M E N T E C O N O M I C S - I I
C O U R S E C O D E : E C O N 2 0 7 2
C R E D I T H O U R S : 3 H R S
I N S T R U C T O R : Y E R O S A N S H . B . ( M S C I N D E V E L O P M E N T
E C O N O M I C S )
WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY GIMBI CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
1
2. COURSE CONTENT
1. POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
2. HUMAN CAPITAL: EDUCATION AND HEALTH IN
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
3. RURAL-URBAN INTERACTION, MIGRATION AND
UNEMPLOYMENT
4. AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
5. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT : THE TRADE POLICY DEBATE AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
6. FOREIGN AID, DEBT, FINANCIAL REFORM AND
DEVELOPMENT
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
2
3. CHAPTER - ONE
POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. What is the impact of population growth?
2. List tools used to measure popn growth?
3. What development requires?
4. What are the basic concepts related to population
growth.
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
3
4. Introduction:
Being in 21st century, whether large number of
population has advantage or disadvantage is still open
for argument.
The various tools measuring population growth are:
Birth rate (BR) and
Death rate (DR)
These are used to show the two directional r/n ship b/n
the PG and EG.
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
4
5. Cont,...
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
5
Birth rate (or crude birth rate):
The annual number of births per 1,000 total population.
Death rate (or crude death rate):
The annual number of deaths per 1,000 total population.
Crude Death Rate is the rate at which people, are dying in a
population over a given period of time (recall period).
This is inclusive of all age and sexes.
This rate can be reported several ways, but most often in
emergencies is shown as deaths / 10,000 people / day.
6. Cont’d,…
Development entails/requires the improvement in
people’s levels of living.
Their incomes,
Health,
Education, and
General well-being—and
It also encompass/includes their capabilities,
Self-esteem,
Self-Respect, dignity, and
Freedom to choose.
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
6
7. Basic concepts related to population growth
The basic concepts related to population
growth were:
1. Age specific fertility rate
2. Total fertility rate
3. Birth rate
4. Death rate
5. Age distribution:
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
7
8. Basic concepts related to population growth
1) Age specific fertility rate(FR):- the average
number of children born for each specific age group
2) Total fertility rate (TFR):- is the average
number of children a woman would give birth
to during her lifetime if she were to pass through
her childbearing years (15-49 years)
3) Birth rate (BR): -is the number of children born alive
each year per 1000 people affected by aggregate fertility
rate and age distribution of the population.
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.) 9/30/2023
8
9. cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
9
What factors determine BRs?
Birth rate is determined by:
1. Age distribution in the short run.
If the population is very young (reproductive age) then
there will be high birth rate. This is the case in LDCs.
In countries with younger age population the BR can
significantly be higher even if TFR is low.
2. Total fertility rate is the only factor that determines
the overall birth rate in the long run.
Doubling time a period that a given population or other
quantity takes to increase by its present size.
It is very short for LDCs compared to DCs.
10. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
10
4) Death rate: -is the number of deaths each year per
1000 population.
It is also affected by age distribution,
It is high in DCs and low in LDCs;
This is bcz; high old age in DCs, younger popn in LDCs
Population growth = birth rate – death rate
Higher birth rate and lower death rate this
further creates “echo effect” that keeps population
growth high.
11. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
11
5) Age distribution: - is the list of proportion of a
population in different age category.
The age distribution of LDCs is significantly greater in < 15
age group than that of DCs as population pyramid speaks.
This explains high children and over all dependency
ratio in LDCs.
Dependency ratio = is the ratio of dependent group
or non-working age (<15+> 64) to independent group
or working age (15-64).
DR = DG (<15+> 64) /IDG (15-64)
12. Trends of Population Growth and Age
Structure
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
12
World Population Growth throughout History
When people first started to cultivate food through agriculture
some 12,000 yrs ago, -was not more than 5 million.
2000 yrs ago, -nearly 250 mil., less than 1/5 of the
population of China today.
1750–1950 1.7bil. people were added to the planet’s numbers.
After 4 decades , bringing to around 5.3 billion.
The world entered the 21st century with over 6 billion people.
Finally, it provides projections to 2050, when world
population is expected to reach 9.2 billion.
Approximately 300 years ago, population grew at an annual rate
not much greater than zero (0.002%, or 20 per million).
13. Cont’d
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
13
Naturally, this overall rate was not steady;
There were many ups and downs as a result of natural
catastrophe and variations in growth rates among
regions.
By 1750, the PG rate had accelerated to 0.3% per year.
By the 1950s, about 1.0% (triple) per year.
By 1970, when it peaked at 2.35%.
Today the WPGR remains at a historically high rate of about
1.1% per year, but the rate of increase is slowing.
However, PGR in Africa is still an extremely high 2.3% per year.
15. Cont’d
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
15
We see that before 1650, it took nearly 36,000 years, or
about 1,400 generation, for the world population to
double.
Today it would take about 58 years, or two generations,
for world population to double at current growth rates.
Moreover, whereas it took 1,750 years (68 gen) to add
480 million people(250-728 Mil.) to the world’s
population between year 1 and the onset of the
Industrial Revolution,
16. Cont’d
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
16
The reason for the sudden change in overall
population trends is that:
Combined effects of famine,
Disease,
Malnutrition,
Plague, and
war conditions that resulted in high and fluctuating
death rates.
17. Cont’d
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
17
In short, PG today is primarily the result of a rapid
transition from a long historical era characterized by high
BR & DRs
To one in which DRs have fallen sharply but BRs have
fallen more slowly, especially in LDCs.
18. Structure of the World’s Population
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
18
The world’s population is very unevenly distributed
by:
Geographic region,
Fertility,
Mortality levels, and
Age structures.
19. Structure of the World’s Population
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
19
Geographic Region: More than 3/4 of the world’s people
live in LDCs;
Less than one person in four lives in DCs
Fertility and Mortality Trends: The rate of population
increase is quantitatively measured as the percentage yearly net
relative increase (or decrease, in which case it is
negative) in population size:
Due to natural increase and net international
migration.
20. 9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
20
From 1990 to 2008, population grew was;
@ LIC grew at 2.2% per year,
@ MIC 1.3% and
@ HIC grew at 0.7% per year.
MIC show greater variance, with some having achieved
lower birth rates closer to those prevailing in rich
countries.
Eg. · In SSA, the annual birth rate is 39 per 1,000—four
times the rate in high-income countries.
Cont’d
21. .
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
21
By contrast, the proportion of people over the age of 65
is much greater in the DCs
In LIC, there are 66 children under 15 for each 100 working-age.
While in MIC, there are 41 and
In HIC just 26.
In contrast, LIC have just 6 people over 65 per 100
working-age adults, compared with 10 in MIC and
23 in HIC.
Thus the total dependency ratio is:
72/100 in LIC,
51/100 in the MIC and
49/100 per 100 in HICs.
22. Age Structure and Dependency Burdens:
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
22
Population is relatively youthful in the developing world.
Children <15 ages constitute more than 30% of the total
population of LDCs but just 17% for DCs.
In countries with such an age structure;
The youth dependency ratio—the proportion of
youths (under age 15) to economically active
adults (ages 15 to 64)—is very high.
23. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
23
In general, the more rapid the PGR, the greater the
proportion of dependent children in the TP
The more difficult it is for people who are working to
support those who are not.
This phenomenon of youth dependency also leads to
an important concept, the hidden momentum of
population growth.
24. The Hidden Momentum of PG
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
24
The most important consequence of echo effect is
that PG has an enormous/massive inertia which is
called population inertia.
Imagine that a country has had high PGR implementing
a policy to bring down TFR.
Therefore, even TFR were reduced substantially, the
higher number of young people would lead to a large
number of births.
The two basic reasons for this are:
1. High birth rate cannot be altered overnight.
2. The age structure of LDCs.
25. Figure 1 Population Pyramids of DCs, LDCs & in
Case of Ethiopia
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
25
26. The Demographic Transition
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
26
Demographic transition: is the process by which
fertility rates eventually decline to replacement levels.
The demographic transition has three stage
All contemporary developed nations have more or less
passed through the same three stages of modern
population history.
These three sages are:
1st stage: High Fertility and Mortality
2nd stage: Declining Mortality
3rd stage: Declining Fertility
27. Stage I: High Fertility and Mortality
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
27
Before their economic modernization, developed
countries for centuries had stable or very slow-growing
populations as a result of a combination of high BR and
almost equally high DR.
Stage II: Declining Mortality
Stage II began when modernization, associated with
better public health methods, healthier diets, higher
incomes, and other improvements, led to a marked
reduction in mortality;
That gradually raised life expectancy from under 40 years to
over 60 years.
However, the decline in death rates was not immediately
accompany by a decline in fertility.
28. Stage III: Declining Fertility
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
28
Finally, stage 3 was entered when the forces and
influences of modernization and development
caused;
The beginning of a decline in fertility; eventually, falling birth rates
converged with lower death rates, leaving little or no population growth.
Stage IV: During stage four :
There are both low BRs and low DRs.
BRs may drop to well below replacement level as has happened
in countries like
Germany,
Italy, and
Japan, leading to a shrinking population,
A threat to many industries that rely on population growth.
29. The Demographic Transition
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
29
As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates
an economic burden on the shrinking working
population.
DR may remain consistently low or increase
slightly
Due to increases in lifestyle
Due to diseases
Due to low exercise levels and high obesity and
An aging population in DCs
30. Cont,…
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
30
Figure1.4. the Demographic Transition in Western Europe
.
By the late 20th century, BR and DR in DC leveled off at lower
rates.
Some scholars break out, from stage four, a "stage five" of
below-replacement fertility levels.
Others hypothesize a different "stage five" involving an
increase in fertility.
32. The Causes of High Fertility in Developing Countries
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
32
Causes of high fertility in LDCs are:
1) The Malthusian “population trap,” and a
contemporary and highly influential
2) neoclassical microeconomic model, the household
theory of fertility.
33. 1, The Malthusian Population Trap
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
33
Thomas Malthus put forward a theory of the
relationship between PG and ED (1798).
Malthus postulated:
population to grow at a geometric/regular rate,
doubling every 30 to 40 years.
At the same time, because of diminishing returns to the
fixed factor, land, food supplies could expand only
at a roughly arithmetic rate.
It results, food production would actually start to
decline.
The idea that rising population and diminishing returns to fixed
factors result in a low levels of living (population trap)
34. Figure 2: The Malthusian Population Trap
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
34
.
35. 9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
35
Malthus therefore deal with that the only way to avoid :
chronic low levels of living or
absolute poverty Was:
For people to engage in “moral restrain/control” and
limit the number of their children.
Modern economists have given a name to the Malthusian idea
of a population
The low-level of equilibrium population- traps or,
To live at subsistence levels of income.
More simply, the Malthusian population traps.
Generally, MPT is a condition where the population
will stop growing due to the shortage of food supply.
1, The Malthusian Population Trap
36. 9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
36
The MPT provides a theory of the r/n ship b/n PG & ED
CRITICISMS:
1) Impact of technological progress
2) Currently no positive correlation between population
growth and levels of per capita income in the data
3) Microeconomics of family size; individual and not
aggregate variables
4) Population is endogenous & is a decreasing function of
PCI, But Malthus said and increasing function
Criticisms of the Malthusian Model
37. relevance of Malthusian :
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
37
Malthusian and neo-Malthusian theories as applied to
contemporary developing nations have severely limited
relevance :
They do not take adequate account of the role
and impact of technological progress.
They are based on a hypothesis about a macro
r/n ship b/n PG and levels of PCI
They focus on the wrong variable, PCI, as the
principal determinant of PGRs.
Finally, Neo Malthusian is the advent/beginning of
population control programs to ensure resources for
current and future populations
38. 2) The Microeconomic Household Theory of Fertility
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
38
In the application of this theory to fertility analysis,
First two or three as “consumer goods”
Additional children as “investment goods”:
Work on family farm, microenterprise
Old age security motivation
39. 9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
39
The consumer behavior assumes that an individual with
a given set of tastes or preferences for a range of
goods tries to maximize the satisfaction.
The usual income and substitution effects are assumed to
apply.
That is, if other factors are held constant, the desired
number of children can be expected to vary directly with
household income.
This direct relationship may not hold for poor societies;
2) The Microeconomic Household Theory of Fertility
40. Cont....
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
40
Demand for Children Equation can be;
Where;
The strength of demand for children where
Function of the given level of household income (Y)
The “net” price of children
The prices of all other goods
The tastes for goods relative to children
41. Cont,...
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
41
Under standard neoclassical conditions, we would expect
the following (expressed both mathematically and in
words):
The higher the Y, the greater the demand for children.
The higher the Pc, the lower the quantity demanded.
The higher the Px, relative to children, the greater
the quantity of children demanded.
The greater the strength of tastes for goods relative to
children, the fewer children demanded.
43. Cont,...
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
43
The number of desired (surviving) children, , is
measured along the horizontal axis, and the total
quantity of goods consumed by the parents, , is
measured on the vertical axis.
Any point (or combination of goods and children) on a
“higher” indifference curve that is, on a curve farther
out from the Origin represents a higher level of
satisfaction than any point on a lower indifference
curve.
But each indifference curve is a “constant satisfaction”
locus.
44. Cont,..
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
44
According to the demand-based theory of fertility, the
household chooses from among all attainable
combinations the one combination of goods and children
that maximizes family satisfaction on the basis of its
subjectively determined preferences.
Therefore, children & goods will be demanded.
45. The Demand for Children in Developing Countries
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
45
The economic theory of fertility assumes that the
household demand for children is determined by:
Family preferences for a certain number of
surviving (usually male) children
In regions of high mortality, parents may produce
more children than they actually desire in the
expectation that some will not survive,
The price or “opportunity cost” of rearing these
children, and by levels of family income.
46. Cont,...
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
46
Children in poor societies are seen partly as economic
investment goods.
There is an expected return in the form of both child
labor and the provision of financial support for
parents in old age.
However, in many developing countries, there is a strong
intrinsic psychological and cultural determinant of
family size,
So the first two or three children should be viewed as
“consumer” goods for which demand may not be very
responsive to relative price changes.
47. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
47
Where the principal benefits are the expected income
from :
1) Child labor, usually on the farm, and
2) Eventual financial support for elderly parents.
Balanced against these benefits are the two principal
elements of cost:
A) The opportunity cost of the mother’s time
the income she could earn if she were not at home caring
for her children) and
B) The cost of educating children.
48. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
48
Households in developing countries generally do not
act in a “unitary” manner depicted with this traditional
model.
Instead, men and women have different objective
functions;
Eg., husbands may prefer to have more children than
wives.
Household behavior is then explained as a result of
bargaining between husbands and wives.
49. Cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
49
Implications. Fertility lower if;
–Raise women’s education, role, and status
–More female nonagricultural wage employment
–Rise in family income levels
–Reduction in infant mortality
–Development of old-age and social security
–Expanded schooling opportunities
This fact alone underlines the importance of
educating women and improving public health
and child nutrition programs in reducing fertility
levels.
50. The Consequences of High Fertility: Some
Conflicting Perspectives
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
50
For many years, development economists and other
social scientists have debated the seriousness of the
consequences of rapid PG
In other hand, Population growth
Might be an asset or a burden for a country.
It depends on the country’s state of development.
If a country is developing like Ethiopia, an increase in
population may result in disproportionate growth of
subsistence food & number of population.
51. Cont’d
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
51
While for advanced country, having advanced
technology and improved supply of food, increase in
population contribute to production than
consumption so population become an asset.
On the one hand, we must recognize that population
growth is not the only, or even the primary, source of
low levels of living, eroding self-esteem, and limited
freedom in developing nations
52. It’s Not a Real Problem
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
52
We can identify three general lines of argument on the part of
people who assert that population growth is not a cause for
concern:
1) The problem is not population growth but other issues.
2) PG is a false issue deliberately created by DCs country agencies
and institutions to keep LDCs in their dependent condition.
3) For many LDCs and regions, PG is in fact desirable/attractive.
53. cont’d
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
53
Many observers from both rich and poor nations argue
that the real problem is not population growth per se;
But one or all of the following four issues.
1. Underdevelopment
2. World Resource Depletion and Environmental
Destruction
3. Population Distribution
4. Subordination of Women
54. 1. Underdevelopment.
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
54
According to this argument,
underdevelopment is the real problem, and
development should be the only goal.
If correct strategies are pursued and lead to;
higher levels of living,
greater self-esteem, and
expanded freedom, population will take care of itself.
55. 2. World Resource Depletion and Environmental
Destruction
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
55
Population can only be an economic problem in relation to
the availability and utilization of scarce natural and
material resources.
The fact is that DCs, with less than 1/4 of the world’s
population, consume almost 80% of the world’s resources.
In terms of the depletion of the world’s limited
resources,
The addition of another child in the developed
countries is as significant as the birth of many times
as many additional children in the underdeveloped
countries.
According to this argument, developed nations should
limit their excessively high consumption standards
instead of asking less developed nations to restrict
their population growth.
56. 3. Population Distribution.
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
56
According to this third argument;
It is not the number of people per se that is causing popn
problems but their distribution in space.
Gov’t should therefore strive not to moderate the rate of
popn growth
But rather to bring about a more natural spatial
distribution of the population in terms of available
land and other productive resources.
57. 4. Subordination of Women
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
57
Women often bear the disproportionate burdens of
poverty, poor education, and limited social mobility.
According to this argument, population growth is a
natural outcome of women’s lack of economic
opportunity.
If women’s health, education, and economic well-being
are improved along with their role and status in both the
family and the community,
This empowerment of women will inevitably
lead to smaller families and lower population
growth.
58. It Is a Real Problem
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
58
Positions supporting the need to curtail population
growth because of the negative:
Economic ,
Social, and
Environmental consequences are typically based on
one of the following arguments.
59. The Extremist Argument: Population and Global
Crisis
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
59
Unrestrained population increase is seen as the major
crisis facing humankind today.
It is regarded as the principal cause of :
Poverty,
Low levels of living,
Malnutrition,
Ill health,
Environmental degradation, and
A wide array of other social problems.
60. The Theoretical Argument: Population-Poverty Cycles and the
Need for Family-Planning Programs
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
60
The population-poverty cycle theory is the main argument
advanced by economists who hold that too rapid population
growth yields:
Negative economic consequences and thus should be a real
concern for LDCs.
Intensify and exacerbate the economic, social, and psychological
problems associated with the condition of underdevelopment.
To retard the prospects for a better life for the already born by
reducing savings rates at the household and national levels.
Population growth is thus seen as both a cause and a
consequence of underdevelopment!
61. Some Policy Approaches
9/30/2023
By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
61
Three areas of policy can have important direct and
indirect influences on the well-being of present and
future world populations:
General and specific policies that LDCs and DCs Gov’t
can initiate to :
1. Influence and perhaps even control their PG
and distribution ==>(LDCs)
2. Lessen their disproportionate consumption of
limited world resources ==>(DCs)
3. To help developing countries achieve their
population objectives ==>(DCs)
62. Other Empirical Arguments: Seven Negative
Consequences of Population Growth
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By: Yerosan S.B. (MSc.)
62
Economic Growth
Poverty and Inequality
Education
Health
Food
Environment
International Migration