This document summarizes information about different alcohols and their medical uses, health effects of alcohol consumption, the chemical reactions involved in ethanol metabolism and how the drug Antabuse is used to treat alcoholism, blood alcohol tests to determine intoxication levels, and the replacement of diethyl ether as an anesthetic with less flammable halogenated ethers.
Alcohol is not an ordinary commodity. It has been part of human civilization for thousands of years, and while it is linked with connotations of pleasure and sociability in the minds of many, its use also has harmful consequences.
What are the impacts of alcohol consumption on human health, society and the economy?
Presentation explains about toxicity of alcohol and various methods used by the police to detect the presence of alcohol in the blood and various alcohol composition.
This is a case study on ethanol poisoning. Ethanol poisoning involves the consumption of over 25 mg/dL of ethanol. It affects age groups from young to elderly likewise. Treatment involves preliminary ABCD and administration of Disulfiram.
Alcohol is not an ordinary commodity. It has been part of human civilization for thousands of years, and while it is linked with connotations of pleasure and sociability in the minds of many, its use also has harmful consequences.
What are the impacts of alcohol consumption on human health, society and the economy?
Presentation explains about toxicity of alcohol and various methods used by the police to detect the presence of alcohol in the blood and various alcohol composition.
This is a case study on ethanol poisoning. Ethanol poisoning involves the consumption of over 25 mg/dL of ethanol. It affects age groups from young to elderly likewise. Treatment involves preliminary ABCD and administration of Disulfiram.
alcohol perturbs the balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences in the brain, resulting in Anxiolysis. An increased reaction time, diminished fine motor control, impulsivity, and impaired judgement be come evident when the concentionof alcohol in the blood is 20-30mg/dl.
More than 50% of persons are grossly intoxicated by a conc. Of 150mg/dl.
The defintion of intoxication varies by country.
Alcohol can be measured in saliva, urine,sweat,and blood, level in exheled air remains the primary method of assessing the level of intoxication.
Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) is a water-soluble alcohol that rapidly crosses cell membranes.
Absorption of ethanol occurs via the gastrointestinal system, primarily in the stomach (70 percent) and duodenum (25 percent), with a small amount absorbed by the remaining intestine .
When the stomach is empty, peak blood ethanol levels are reached between 30 and 90 minutes after ingestion.
alcohol perturbs the balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences in the brain, resulting in Anxiolysis. An increased reaction time, diminished fine motor control, impulsivity, and impaired judgement be come evident when the concentionof alcohol in the blood is 20-30mg/dl.
More than 50% of persons are grossly intoxicated by a conc. Of 150mg/dl.
The defintion of intoxication varies by country.
Alcohol can be measured in saliva, urine,sweat,and blood, level in exheled air remains the primary method of assessing the level of intoxication.
Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) is a water-soluble alcohol that rapidly crosses cell membranes.
Absorption of ethanol occurs via the gastrointestinal system, primarily in the stomach (70 percent) and duodenum (25 percent), with a small amount absorbed by the remaining intestine .
When the stomach is empty, peak blood ethanol levels are reached between 30 and 90 minutes after ingestion.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBeEx8MuI5EkN1QHmpanhZra
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
1. LECTURE ASSIGNMENT 10
CHEMISTRY 1
NAME: Tupaz, Ishi Pearl C. BMLS 1-E
1. What are the medically important alcohols? Discuss briefly their uses.
Methanol
Methanol is an important material in chemicalsynthesis.Its derivatives are
used in great quantities for building up a vast number of compounds,
among them many important synthetic dyestuffs, resins, pharmaceuticals,
and perfumes. It is also used in automotive antifreezes, in rocket fuels, and
as a general solvent. Methanol is also a high-octane, clean-burning fuel
that is a potentially important substitute for gasoline in automotive
vehicles. The methanol derived from wood is used chiefly for rendering
industrial ethyl alcohol unfit to drink.
Ethanol
Ethanol is widely used as a solvent. It is relatively safe and can be used to
dissolvemany organiccompounds that are insoluble in water. It is used, for
example, in many perfumes and cosmetics. Ethanol (also known as ethyl
alcohol) is used in many hand sanitizers and medical wipes. It is also used
as a fuel in its own right or in mixtures with petrol (gasoline). "Gasohol" is
a petrol/ethanol mixture containing approximately 10–20% ethanol.
Because ethanol can be produced by fermentation, this is a useful method
for countries without an oil industry to reduce the amount of petrol
imports.
2-Propanol
2-Propanol also called as isopropyl alcohol is one of the most common
members of the alcohol family of organic compounds.
Isopropyl alcohol is mixed with water for use as a rubbing-alcohol
antiseptic. It is also used in aftershave lotions, hand lotions, and other
cosmetics. In industry it is used as an inexpensive solvent for cosmetics,
drugs, shellacs, and gums, as well as for denaturing ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
Added to wet gas, it helps to prevent separation and freezing of a water
layer. 2-Propanol is easily oxidized to acetone, another important solvent.
2. Ethylene Glycol
It is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2. It is mainly used for
two purposes, as a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fibers and
for antifreeze formulations. It is an odorless, colorless, sweet-tasting,
viscous liquid. Another important use is as a coolant in engines. In modern
engines, higher running temperatures mean better fuel efficiency and
reduced emissions. Water is by far the best coolant, having a low viscosity,
high specific heat capacity and high thermal conductivity, but is limited in
its use because of its relatively high freezing point, low boiling point and it
corrodes metals.
2. What are the health effects of alcohol consumption?
Many of us drink alcohol to relax and socialize. Alcohol can be part of a
healthy lifestyle if you drink in moderation and also exercise and have a
good diet. But excessive alcohol consumption can affect your physical and
mental health. Here are some of the more common negative health
consequences of excessive alcohol consumption.
o liver disease, including cirrhosis and life-threatening liver failure
requiring a liver transplant
o a higher risk of high blood pressure, heart failure, and dementia
o a higher risk of certain cancers, including those of the digestive
tract (including colon cancer), breast, and liver
o a higher risk of injury, especially from drunk driving and falls —
homicides and suicides are also often alcohol-related
o lapses in judgement — For example, people who are drunk may
engage in risky sexual behavior or use other drugs
o a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and addiction which may, in
turn, affect one’s ability to establish and maintain social
relationships and employment
o Alcohol poisoning — many people don’t realize that if you drink
enough alcohol over a short period of time, it can be fatal
o fetal alcohol syndrome — alcohol can damage a baby’s developing
brain and cause other developmental abnormalities.
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause health problems not only for the
drinker, but also for their family, friends, coworkers, and employers.
3. Write out the chemical reactions that occur during the metabolism of ethanol. Explain
how Antabuse is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase occur
during the metabolism of ethanol. Antabuse (disulfiram) was the first
3. medicine approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the
treatment of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Disulfiram or
Antabuse works by blocking the processing of alcohol in the body. This
causes you to have a bad reaction when you drink alcohol. When alcohol
enters the body, it is converted into acetaldehyde and then into aceticacid.
Disulfiram blocks the conversion from acetaldehyde to acetic acid,
resulting in an upsurge of acetaldehyde, which is toxic and causes the
individual to become ill. It is important to note that disulfiram does not
treat withdrawal from alcohol nor does it reduce cravings for alcohol. It is
designed as a deterrent to drinking. Disulfiramshould be taken regularly to
ensure the metabolic cycle continues, reducing the desire to drink alcohol.
4. What test is used to determine the level of alcohol content in an alcohol in toxicated
person? Describe the test and write out the chemical reaction that occur in this test.
Blood Alcohol test is a standard measurement used to describe how drunk
a person may be. Different percentages of alcohol in the blood lead to
different levels of mental and physical changes and risks.
Chemical Reaction occur in this test
The sulfuric acid removes the alcohol from the air into a liquid solution.
The alcohol reacts with potassium dichromate to produce: chromium
sulfate potassium sulfate acetic acid water
The silver nitrate is a catalyst, a substance that makes a reaction go faster
without participating in it. The sulfuric acid, in addition to removing the
alcohol from the air, alsomight provide the acidiccondition needed for this
reaction. During this reaction, the reddish-orange dichromate ion changes
color to the green chromium ion when it reacts with the alcohol; the
degree of the color change is directly related to the level of alcohol in the
expelled air. To determine the amount of alcohol in that air, the reacted
mixture is compared to a vialof unreacted mixture in the photocell system,
which produces an electric current that causes the needle in the meter to
move from its resting place. The operator then rotates a knob to bring the
needle back to the resting place and reads the level of alcohol from the
knob -- the more the operator must turn the knob to return it to rest, the
greater the level of alcohol.
5. Give an example of a halogenated ether commonly used as an anesthetic. Give 2 reasons
why halogenated ether are now used in place of diethyl ether as anesthetic.
Enflurane is halogenated ether used as an anesthetic.
Diethyl ether is very flammable, especially in the presence of enriched
oxygen mixtures. Due to this, there have been many fires and even
explosions in operating rooms during surgery. This is the most important
4. reason as to why diethyl ether was replaced as ageneral anesthetic, though
it is still used commonly as a solvent and reagent in organic chemistry
laboratories. Originally, non-flammable halogenated hydrocarbons like
chloroform replaced diethyl ether. In addition, diethyl ether was also
replaced, because less hazardous anesthetics were utilized.