1. 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Alcohol has been around in various cultures for almost 10 000 years.
It is widely used in Canada, and is closely associated with parties and
celebrations. In 2009, alcohol was consumed by 77% of Canadians aged 15
and over (Health Canada). It has a huge presence in the College and
University environments, and most students claim to have drunk alcohol at
some point during their time at school.
Alcohol is produced by fermenting and sometimes distilling various
fruits, vegetables, or grains. Fermentation is the process where sugars such
as gluctose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and
carbon dioxide. When we consume alcohol, it provides our bodies with
energy;each gram of alcohol contains 7 calories of energy. By comparison,
one gram of fat contains 9 calories, one gram of carbohydrate or protein 4
calories.
Interestingly, ethanol has had a wide variety of uses apart from being
found in alcoholic beverages. Among other things, it has been used as a fuel
source, an antiseptic and even an antidote for poisoning for other more toxic
alcohols.
Alcohol is classified as a drug. It is a toxic substance that depresses
the central nervous system and has the capacity to produce physical and
2. 2
behavioural dependency. It is the depressant action of alcohol that brings
about most of the commonly observed effects of drinking. The initial
euphoric effect makes it appear to be a stimulant however this soon gives
way to lethargy and a less active response as deeper structures of the brain
are affected.
In small doses, alcohol leaves people feeling relaxed and pleasantly
happy. At higher doses, alcohol can cause decreased awareness, judgement,
coordination and vision. At very high levels, it can lead to loss of motor
function, stupor, unconsciousness (a complete inability to respond to
stimuli), depressed respiration and even death.
Based on the explanation above, we can conclude that alcohol have
even more useless effect for our body, our mind and etc. Allah says in Holy
Qur’an, Al-Baqarah : 219
ِ
ﱠﺎسﻨِﻠﻟ ُ
ﻊِﻓَﺎﻨَ
ﻣَ
و ٌ
ﲑِﺒَ
ﻛ ٌْ
ِﰒإ َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻴﻓ ْ
ﻞُﻗ ِ
ﺮِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ِ
ﻦَ
ﻋ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳ
َ
ِﻚﻟَ
ﺬَ
ﻛ َ
ﻮْ
ﻔَ
ﻌْﻟا ِ
ُﻞﻗ َ
نُﻮ
ﻘِ
ﻔُﻨﻳ َاذَﺎ
ﻣ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳَ
و َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻌْ
ﻔﱠـﻧ ِﻦ
ﻣ ُ
ﺮَ
ـﺒْ
ﻛَأ َﺎ
ﻤُ
ﻬُْ
ِﲦإَ
و
ُ
ﻜَﻟ ُﻪّﻠاﻟ ُﱢ
ُﺒﲔﻳ
َ
نُو
ﺮﱠ
ﻜَ
ﻔَ
ـﺘَ
ـﺗ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻜﱠﻠَ
ﻌَﻟ ِ
َﺎتﻳاﻵ ُ
ﻢ
-
٢١٩
-
They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great
sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." They
ask thee how much they are to spend; Say : “ What is beyond your needs”
Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs : in order ye may consider.
(Holy Qur’an, 2:219 )
3. 3
But, alcohol also has a bright side, that can give an advantage for human,
for example, alcohol can became a cleaner for wound and perfume solvent.
So how about alcohol usage in islamic prespective ? is it permitted for all
kind of product that contains alcohol ? this research will give a little
explanation for this problem.
B. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. What is the notion of Alcohol ?
2. How about Alcohol usage in Islamic prespective ?
3. How about the Law of using alcoholic perfume ?
4. How about the law of consuming alcohol beverages ?
C. RESEARCH PURPOSES
1. To know about the mean of alcohol
2. To understand the alcohol usage on around us in islamic prespective
3. To comprehend the law of using alcoholic perfume based on islamic
Law
4. To initialize the law of consuming alcohol beverages based on islamic
Law
D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In finishing this writing, the writer takes library method as one of the
usual ways. That one is easy as it does not need many hard efforts. She
reads books, and the other printed materials in connection with the object,
and connection to the internet for additional materials. In writing this paper,
4. 4
the writer uses the methodology to get data that valid to accelerate the
process of statement of this paper. They are as follows :
1. Type of Research
The writer uses qualitative research especially library study because
she uses books as data source. This method was used by the writer to
seek information or data about sunnah way of eating, their kinds, their
miracles and other by searching information and data from internet or by
reading books or opening documents and other printed thing to support
and carry out this paper perfectly.
2. Method of Collecting Data
The data of this paper is written text from any books, internet, or other
printed thing. The writer uses indirect method in collecting the data. It is
writing the substance from the source data indirectly.
3. Method of Data analysis
The writer uses these steps to analysis the data:
a. Arrange the data
b. Verification of data
c. Take Conclusion
Certainly, an extra thinking and observation to support and carry out this
writing into be complete.
5. 5
CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
5
CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
5
CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
6. 6
Ethanol is widely used industrially as solvents for paint, perfume,
varnish, dyes, cough mixtures, food additives, printing ink and as an
antiseptic. It can also be used as fuel but its use is limited due to its high
production costs. Ethanol is also used in the production of other substances
like synthetic rubber, vinegar and other solvents. Ethanol is the main content
of alcoholic beverages and the amount is measured by the percentage of
alcohol by volume.
Ethanol can be produced in two ways:
(i) by the fermentation of sugars in grapes and malt in brewing and
wine-making
(ii) by the addition of steam (water) to ethene which is a product of
petroleum
In the preparation of ethanol, both fermentation and ethene + steam
methods can be carried out on a massive industrial scale. Fermentation is
too slow so the second way is used to produce ethanol for use other than in
drinks.
Alcohol also has been interpreted as substances that cause intoxication
or as intoxicants and is harmful to our body. The intake of alcohol and wine
is considered as intentional intake of intoxicant. Alcohol can be produced
through various processes such as fermentation, chemical processes or
others methods. It is also used as an ingredient or processing aids in many
products such as medicine, soft drink and cosmetics. Their uses in these
7. 7
products are not intentionally meant to be as an intoxicating drink or
substance such as beer or wine. It acts as stabilizing agent in soft drinks and
its special characteristic that is good organic solvents make alcohol or its
derivatives usable in many types of oil and fat products.
Alcohol is a drug. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows
down vital functions—resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement,
disturbed perceptions and an inability to react quickly. As for how it affects
the mind, it is best understood as a drug that reduces a person’s ability to
think rationally and distorts his or her judgment.
Although classified as a depressant, the amount of alcohol consumed
determines the type of effect. Most people drink for the stimulant effect,
such as a beer or glass of wine taken to “loosen up.” But if a person
consumes more than the body can handle, they then experience alcohol’s
depressant effect. They start to feel “stupid” or lose coordination and
control. Alcohol overdose causes even more severe depressant effects
(inability to feel pain, toxicity where the body vomits the poison, and finally
unconsciousness or, worse, coma or death from severe toxic overdose).
These reactions depend on how much is consumed and how quickly.
II. THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL
Paradoxically, it was Muslim chemists who were responsible for
developing distillation to a high level of sophistication and transmitting it to
Europe via Spain. Although distillation is a process which arose
8. 8
independently in different places in the world, Muslims greatly improved
distillation technology.
In the eighth century Muslims developed that distinctively shaped
apparatus which is a staple of every chemistry laboratory—the alembic—for
the efficient collection of distillate through a descending condensation tube.
The words "alembic" and "alcohol" both came into English from Arabic (a/-
is the prefix "the" in Arabic). The word "alcohol' comes from alkuhul,
Arabic for "powdered antimony," or "a fine powder," later "essence," and
still later alcool vini,, shortened in the nineteenth century to "alcohol."
Muslims also developed and introduced into Europe the cultivation of
sugar cane and an efficient process for sugar extraction which, combined
with distillation technology, gave birth to the production of rum. Despite its
formal religious prohibition, the consumption of alcohol has never been
eradicated under Islam.
The continuing importance of alcohol can be seen through the
literatures of the areas to which Islam spread. In both Arabic and Persian
poetry the consumption of alcohol remained an important theme, even after
the introduction of Islam. In the Arab world this is attested by the
flourishing genre of khamriyya (wine, or bacchic) poetry and the work of
the ibahi (licentious) poets. Abu Nuwas is perhaps the most famous of these
early poets who glorified wine and drunkenness. Wine also figures
prominently in the work of Hispano-Arabic poets of the tenth to the
fifteenth centuries, such as the Cordoban zajal poet Ibn Quzman, the
9. 9
satirical muwashshahat poet al-Abyad (who was crucified by the Almoravid
governor of Cordoba), Ibn Bajja of Saragossa, and Ibn Zuhr (the latter two
both were poisoned). In this poetry, alcohol is often associated with other
vices, such as homoeroticism with handsome cupbearers (Monroe 1974).
The Persians had a flourishing genre of wine poetry before and after
Islam—with Sadi , the ghazal poet Hafez, and Omar Khayyam, best known
among Westerners through Edward Fitzgerald's famous (and Somewhat
inaccurate) translation.
In the Iranian-influenced world, the consumption of wine was part of
a courtly tradition—built into the royal job description, so to speak. In
Persian and Arabic poetry wine is often a metaphor which does not
necessarily reflect actual alcohol consumption, as in the metaphor of
drunkenness to represent religious ecstasy in mystic Sufi poetry. After the
death of Muhammad, Islam spread westward across North Africa and into
Europe, north into the Middle East and Central Asia, east into Southeast
Asia, and south into subSaharan Africa.
The Ottoman Empire extended Islam into Eastern Europe.Under the
Arabs and Ottomans subject peoples such as Christians And Jews were
usually allowed to maintain their traditions, including the production and
consumption Of alcohol, although they had to pay special taxes. Thus there
has been alcohol production throughout The Islamic world for minority
groups, combined with different degrees of illicit consumption by Muslims.
10. 10
III. THE KIND OF ALCOHOL AND IT’S USEFULNESS
Based on the position of the carbon atoms in the compound binds to
the hydroxyl group of alcohol, the alcohol is grouped into 3 categories,:
a) Primary alcohols: is an alcohol with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
attached to a primary carbon atom. primary carbon atom is a carbon
atom with a carbon atom other
b) Secondary alcohol: an alcohol group (-OH) attached to a secondary
carbon atom. secondary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to two
other carbon atoms
c) Tertiary alcohol : an alcohol group (-OH ) attached to a tertiary
carbon atom. Tertiary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to three
other carbon atoms.
Alcohol is a substance that has a relatively high boiling point
compared to hydrocarbons same number of carbon atoms. this is due to the
intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules due
to the hydroxyl group polat.
Alcohol having less than five carbon atoms soluble in water. solubility
is caused by the similarity between the structure of alcohols (R-OH) and
water (H-OH), therefore, the longer the carbon chain of the alcohol
solubility in water dwindle
1) Methanol is made on a large scale through a hardwood distillation
produces about 225 gallons of distillate containing 6% methanol,
95% methanol is currently produced through the hydrogenation of
11. 11
CO with the catalyst (ZnO, Cr2O3) and heated in stages with high
pressure that occurs following reaction CO (g) +2 H2 (g)> CH3OH
(l). in the methanol industry is used as a raw material for making
formaldehyde, antifreeze and as a solvent like liquid varnish. on
motor vehicles, methanol is used as auto fuel formula
2) Ethanol has been known and used in the past, both as a solvent
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beverages such as beer, wine and
whiskey. Ethanol can be made by fermentation that changes class
compound polysaccharides, such as starch was destroyed in a
simpler form with the help of enzymes (yeast)
Alcohol production from starch (corn, rice and wheat), initially
involves the enzymatic conversion of starch into glucose. subsequently
converted into alcohol with the help zymase, an enzyme produced by the
fungus live1
.
IV. THE BRIGHT SIDE OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol made from fruits or vegetables are fermented. Fermentation
is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into
alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce the important stuff - like cheese
and medicine. Alcohol has different forms and can be used as a cleanser,
antiseptic, or a sedative.
So, if alcohol is a natural product, why would someone need to worry
about drinking it? When a person drinks alcohol, the alcohol will be
1
Sunarya Yayan, S.Agus, Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Kimia, ( Jakarta, PT.Grafindo Mediatama,2004 ) hal
159-163
12. 12
absorbed into the blood. From there, the alcohol will affect the central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body
functions
Alcohol is a depressant, which means that alcohol slows the function
of the central nervous system. Alcohol blocks the messages delivered to the
brain. It changed the perception of people, emotions, movement, vision, and
hearing.
In a very small amount, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or
reduce anxiety. Large amounts of alcohol causes changes in the brain,
resulting in a drunken state, people would be staggering, loss of
coordination, and speech will change. They will probably be confused and
distraught. drunk can make someone very friendly and talkative or very
aggressive and angry, it depends on the person.
When a drunk person will feel noticeably slower time. Why are
people not allowed to drive while drunk?. That's because the people who
think that drunk they move even though they do not move. They act very
different from their own character.
A person who consumes a lot of alcohol in a short period of time can
result in alcohol poisoning. Mild symptoms of alcohol poisoning are
vomiting. And extreme symptoms are unconsciousness, difficulty breathing,
low blood sugar, high blood pressure, liver cancer, heart attacks, and even
can cause death2
.
2
Nn, Teknologi Sains;Dampak Positif Alkohol terhadap Tubuh,www.cuplik.com, diakses 23 April 2013
13. 13
About alcohol, our impression or most people are probably not useful.
But one thing you should know, for the health, alcohol is usually used as a
cleaner or antiseptic.
The benefits of alcohol are in the following :
1) Reduce The Risk of Disease and Heart Attack
When consumed in low doses, alcohol can reduce blood
pressure. Conversely, when consumed in excess, alcohol has a
negative effect on the body. Alcohol helps to clear fat from the
arteries and reduce blood clotting. This may limit the possibility
of disease and heart attack.
2) Reduce The Risk of Stroke
Drinking alcohol in limited amounts can lower the risk of
heart attack and stroke risk. The most common type of stroke is
called an ischemic stroke. This occurs when vessels that carry
blood to the brain is blocked. Other types of ischemic stroke is
hemorrhagic. Hemorrhage occurs when blood seeps out of the
blood vessels in the brain.
3) Improve The Quality of Sleep at Night
For some people, a glass of alcohol before bedtime has a
positive effect on the body. However, excessive consumption
actually disrupt your sleep. Instead of a deep sleep, you awake all
night and exposed even insomnia.
14. 14
4) Has a Diuretic Effect
Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it has the effect of pushing
el agua out of the body faster. Heavy drinkers may be dehydrated
due to frequent urination. Consumption in moderation, has a
diuretic effect that is not harmful.
5) Improve Social Interaction
Alcohol can increase the cognition that makes people more
friendly personality. People who often drink at the bar, they will
be easier to open a conversation with a stranger. In fact, they've
got a lot of jokes to laugh at. Alcohol is thought to be similar
psychotropic can change a person's psychological condition.
6) Interfere with Other Drugs Reaction
Alcohol consumption can interfere with drug reactions or
other compounds in the body. That means the drugs are processed
in the liver, it will not be digested quickly. As a result, a person
will feel the effects of the drug are much more powerful.
7) Important warnings!
Alcohol does have a positive impact on health. However, it
does not mean you can eat them in excess. Remember!
Everything overstated always bad for health3
.
3
Merdeka.com day Wednesday, August 29, 2012
15. 15
CHAPTER III
SAMPLE OF OBSERVATION
ALCOHOL BEVERAGES
I. THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethyl alcohol
which is commonly referred to as ethanol. Alcoholic beverages are
divided into three general classes fortaxation and regulation of
production: beers, wines, and spirits (or distilled beverage). They are
legally consumed in most countries with over 100 countries having
laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.
The production and consumption of alcohol occurs in most
cultures of the world, from hunter-gathererpeoples to nation-
states. Alcohol is widely available with beer being the third-most
popular drink overall in the world, after water and tea
A distilled beverage, spirit, or liquor is an alcoholic beverage
produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol
produced by means of fermentinggrain, fruit, or vegetables.
Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that have an
alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits. For the most
common distilled beverages, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol
content is around 40%. The term hard liquor is used in North America
16. 16
to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones (implicitly
weaker). Vodka, gin, baijiu, tequila, whisky, brandy, and soju are
examples of distilled beverages.
Distilling concentratesthe alcohol and eliminates some of
the congeners. Freeze distillation concentrates ethanol along
with methanol and fusel alcohols (fermentation by-products partially
removed by distillation) in applejack. Paracelsus gave alcohol its
modern name, which is derived from an Arabic word that means
“finely divided” (a reference to distillation).
a) Neutral grain spirit (también llamado pure grain alcohol
(PGA) o grain neutral spirit (GNS)) is a claro, colorless,
flammable liquid que se ha distilled from a grain-based mash to
a muy high level of ethanol content. The term neutral refers to the
spirit's lacking the flavor that would have estado presente if the
mash ingredients were distilled a un menor nivel of alcoholic
purity, así como lacking any aroma añadido to it después de la
destilación (como se hace, for example, with gin) .
Other kinds of spirits, such as whisky, are distilled to
a alcohol inferior percentage con el fin de preserve the flavor of
the mash. As a defined standard of identification bajo US law,
"neutral spirits" o "neutral alcohol" are distilled spirits produced
from cualquier material at or above 95% alcohol by volume.
17. 17
b) "Rectified spirit" or "rectified alcohol" is neutral alcohol which
has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e., repeated
distillation). It will contain at least 95% ABV. It is normally used
for medicinal purposes but can also be used to make
homemade liqueurs. It can be a grain spirit or can be made from
other plants. Rectified spirits are used in mixed drinks, in the
production of liqueurs, for medicinal purposes, and as a household
solvent. In chemistry, a tincture is a solution that has alcohol as its
solvent.
The term alcohol-free (e.g. alcohol-free beer) is often used to
describe a product that contains 0% ABV. As such, it is permitted
by Islam, and is also popular in countries that enforce alcohol
prohibition, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.
Most of the alcohol-free drinks sold in Sweden's state-run
liquor store monopoly Systembolaget actually contain alcohol, with
experts calling the label "misleading" and a threat to
recovering alcoholics. Systembolaget define alcohol-free as a drink
that contains a maximum of 0.5 percent alcohol by volume.
Interestingly, the drug policy of Sweden is based on zero tolerance.
18. 18
II. ALCOHOL PROHIBITION TRIP
Most Muslims would agree that alcohol is forbidden, but how
to apply this prohibition is not always clear. To begin with, what is it
exactly that is forbidden? Abu Dawud gives a Hadith in which
Muhammad (to which list the Caliph 'Umar added millet and left out
honey);
َ
◌
َ
َﺎلﻗ ﻋﻨﻪ اﷲ رﺿﻲ َ
ﺮَ
ﻤُﻋ ْ
ﻦَ
ﻋَ
و
) :
ْ
ﻤَْ
َﳋا ُﱘِ
ﺮَْ
ﲢ َ
َل
ﺰَـﻧ
ِ
ﺮ
,
ِ
ﺔَ
ﺴَْ
ﲬ ْ
ﻦِ
ﻣ َ
ﻲِ
ﻫَ
و
:
ِ
َﺐﻨِﻌْﻟَا ْ
ﻦِ
ﻣ
,
ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤﱠﺘَاﻟ
و
,
ِ
َﻞ
ﺴَ
ﻌْﻟَا
و
,
ِ
ﺔَﻄْﻨِْ
ﳊَا
و
,
ُ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
َاﳋ
و ِ
ﲑِﻌﱠ
ﺸَاﻟ
و
:
َ
ﺮَ
ﻣَﺎ
ﺧ َﺎ
ﻣ
َ
ﻞْ
ﻘَ
ﻌْﻟَا
(
ْﻪﻴَﻠَ
ﻋ ٌ
ﻖَ
ﻔﱠ
ـﺘُ
ﻣ
“Umar said: there was a verse to prohibit arrack that made from five
materials, they are : grapes, dates, honey, wheat dan sya'ir. Arrack is
something that can change human mind. Muttafaq Alaihi”
Does this mean that alcohol from the fermentation of products
other than these is allowable? Are liquids that are not explicitly
permitted forbidden? Or are liquids that are not explicitly forbidden
permitted—such as rum distilled from sugar made from cane? The
Prophet is reported to have consumed fermented liquid to which water
had been added, saying "If these drinks climb to your head, break
their benefit with water" (Gatje 1996:202, 206), which would seem to
contradict Hadith
19. 19
َ
◌
َ
َﺎلﻗ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ِ
ﻪﱠﻠَﻟا َ
ُﻮل
ﺳَ
ر ﱠ
نَأ ﻋﻨﻪ اﷲ رﺿﻲ ٍ
ﺮِﺑَﺎ
ﺟ ْ
ﻦَ
ﻋَ
و
:
)
ُﻩُﲑِﺜَ
ﻛ َ
ﺮَ
ﻜْ
ﺳَأ َﺎ
ﻣ
,
ٌ
مَا
ﺮَ
ﺣ ُﻪُﻠِﻴﻠَ
ﻘَ
ـﻓ
(
ُ
ﺪَْ
َﲪأ ُﻪَ
ﺟَ
ﺮْ
ﺧَأ
,
َُﺔ
ﻌَـﺑْ
َرْ
َاﻷ
و
.
ُﻪَ
ﺤﱠ
ﺤَ
ﺻَ
و
ِ
ﺣ ُ
ﻦْﺑِا
ﱠﺎنﺒ
From Jabir R.A : The Prophet Muhammad SAW said : Of that which
intoxicates in a large amount, a small amount is haram"
although perhaps not, since the dilution story is from the Meccan
period. Other kinds of questions arise.
If wine is forbidden then is vinegar, which is a product of
wine, (although it does not contain alcohol) also forbidden? When a
container is used for wine is it then contaminated, such that one
should not drink from it ? If the container is thoroughly washed then
can one use it for another liquid, such as milk? Is a perfume which has
an alcohol base permitted, since it is for external use only?
Can one take medicines which contain alcohol ? If alcohol
based medicines are forbidden, are they forbidden even if prescribed
by a doctor for a life-threatening illness? Can one attend a social event
at which alcohol is served if one does not consume alcohol at the
event? If one is offered alcohol, should one refuse, or is it acceptable
to hold the glass in one's hand but not drink from it?
For such questions, Muslims have recourse to religious
scholars. The opinion of a Muslim scholar in response to such a
20. 20
question is called a fatwa. As has been mentioned earlier, Islam has
no central authority or hierarchy, so that different scholars may give
different fatwa-s in response to the same question. Muslims follow the
scholars whose opinions they respect or believe most authoritative,
just as Christians of different denominations follow different
prescribed practices but consider themselves co-religionists.
a. First Stage : Alcohol not Prohibited but Mildly Discouraged
In the early period of revelat'ons to Muhammad there
was no prohibition against alcohol. On Holy Qur’an, Allah
said :
َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻴﻓ ْ
ﻞُﻗ ِ
ﺮِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ِ
ﻦَ
ﻋ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳ
ِ
ﱠﺎسﻨِﻠﻟ ُ
ﻊِﻓَﺎﻨَ
ﻣَ
و ٌ
ﲑِﺒَ
ﻛ ٌْ
ِﰒإ
َ
ِﻚﻟَ
ﺬَ
ﻛ َ
ﻮْ
ﻔَ
ﻌْﻟا ِ
ُﻞﻗ َ
نُﻮ
ﻘِ
ﻔُﻨﻳ َاذَﺎ
ﻣ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳَ
و َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻌْ
ﻔﱠـﻧ ِﻦ
ﻣ ُ
ﺮَ
ـﺒْ
ﻛَأ َﺎ
ﻤُ
ﻬُْ
ِﲦإَ
و
َ
نُو
ﺮﱠ
ﻜَ
ﻔَ
ـﺘَ
ـﺗ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻜﱠﻠَ
ﻌَﻟ ِ
َﺎتﻳاﻵ ُ
ﻢُ
ﻜَﻟ ُﻪّﻠاﻟ ُﱢ
ُﺒﲔﻳ
-
٢١٩
-
“They ask thee concerning wine and gambling, Say : in them is great
sin, and some profit, for men, but the sin is greater than the profit.
They ask thee how much they are to spend; Say: what is beyond your
needs. Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs: In order that ye
my consider” ( Holy Qur’an, 2:219 )
This verse ( ayat ) is apparently an early revelation,a mild
injunction associating alcohol with gambling, acknowledging that
there is some good in both practices, but stating that on balance the
21. 21
bad in both out weighs the good. The text implies that both should be
avoided, but does not go so far as to forbid either practice.
ِ
ﰲ ﱠ
نِإ ًﺎَﻨ
ﺴَ
ﺣ ًﺎْﻗ
ِز
رَ
و ًاﺮَ
ﻜَ
ﺳ ُﻪْﻨِ
ﻣ َ
نُو
ﺬِ
ﱠﺨﺘَ
ـﺗ ِ
َﺎبﻨْﻋَﻷَا
و ِ
ﻴﻞِ
ﱠﺨﻨاﻟ ِ
َات
ﺮََ
ﲦ ِﻦ
ﻣَ
و
َ
نُﻮﻠِ
ﻘْﻌَـﻳ ٍ
ْم
َﻮ
ﻘﱢﻟ ًﺔَﻳﻵ َ
ِﻚﻟَذ
-
٦٧
-
“And from the fruit of the palm and the vine, ye get out strong drink
and wholesome food: behold, in this also is a sign for those who are
wise” ( Holy Qur’an, 16:67 )
Similarly, this verse suggests that "those who are wise" will be
able to distinguish the "wholesome drink and food" of "the date palm
and the grape vine," implying that the fermented date and grape
products might be unwholesome, but not explicitly prohibiting them.
The First verse and and the second are both thought to date from the
early revelations in Mecca, before the Prophet went to Medina.
b. Second Stage : Alcohol Prohibited for Certain Occasion
Problems arose when some of the followers of
Muhammad SAW came to prayer having consumed alcohol to the
point of drunkenness. This led to a prohibition against coming to
prayer under the influence of alcohol as mention on Holy Qur’an
َ
ﻣ ْاﻮُ
ﻤَﻠْﻌَ
ـﺗ َﱠ
َﱴ
ﺣ َى
رَﺎ
ﻜُ
ﺳ ْ
ﻢُﺘَﻧأَ
و َةَﻼﱠ
ﺼاﻟ ْاﻮُﺑَ
ﺮْ
ﻘَ
ـﺗ َﻻ ْاﻮُﻨَ
ﻣآ َ
ﻦِﻳ
ﺬﱠﻟا َﺎ
ﻬﱡـﻳَأ َﺎﻳ
ﺎ
ْاﻮُﻠِ
َﺴﺘْﻐَ
ـﺗ َﱠ
َﱴ
ﺣ ٍ
ِﻴﻞﺒَ
ﺳ ِي
ﺮِﺑَﺎ
ﻋ ﱠﻻِإ ًﺎُﺒﻨُ
ﺟ َﻻَ
و َ
نُﻮﻟﻮُ
ﻘَ
ـﺗ
...........
-
٤٣
-
22. 22
“ O ye who believe ! approach not prayers in a state of intoxication,
until ye can understand all that ye say, nor in a state of ceremonial
impurity except when you’re passing by ( through the mosque ) until
after washing your whole body” ( Holy Qur’an, 4:43 )
Since an observant Muslim prays five times a day, at intervals
of a few hours, it would be difficult to drink to excess and be sober for
the next prayer, as mention in Holy Qur’an :
ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ِ
ﰲ َﺎء
ﻀْﻐَ
ـﺒْﻟَا
و َةَ
َاو
ﺪَ
ﻌْﻟا ُ
ﻢُ
ﻜَﻨْ
ـﻴَـﺑ َ
ﻊِﻗُﻮﻳ َنأ ُ
نَﺎﻄْﻴﱠ
ﺸاﻟ ُ
ﺪِﻳ
ﺮُﻳ ﱠَﺎ
ﳕِإ
َ
نُﻮ
ﻬَ
ـﺘﱡﻨ
ﻣ ُﻢﺘَﻧأ ْ
ﻞَ
ﻬَ
ـﻓ ِةَﻼﱠ
ﺼاﻟ ِ
ﻦَ
ﻋَ
و ِ
ﻪّﻠاﻟ ِ
ﺮْ
ﻛِ
ذ َﻦ
ﻋ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻛﱠ
ﺪُ
ﺼَﻳَ
و ِ
ﺮِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و
-
٩١
-
“Satan’s plan is ( but ) to excite enmity and hatred between you, wih
intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the rememberance of
Allah, and from prayer, will ye not the abstain?” ( Holy Qur’an, 5:91 )
Revelations the verse above ( verse 4:43 ) with this verse are thought
to have come from the later period, when the Prophet was the leader
of the community in Yathrib (later known as Medina).
c. Third Stage : Full Prohibition of Alcohol
At a later stage, Muhammad entirely prohibited the
drinking of of alcohol at all times, elevating the drinking of alcohol to
a severe transgression with refers to Qur’an
23. 23
ْ
ﻦﱢ
ﻣ ٌ
ﺲْ
ﺟِ
ر ُ
مَﻻْ
َزﻷَا
و ُ
َﺎب
ﺼَﻧﻷَا
و ُ
ﺮِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و ُ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ﱠَﺎ
ﳕِإ ْاﻮُﻨَ
ﻣآ َ
ﻦِﻳ
ﺬﱠﻟا َﺎ
ﻬﱡـﻳَأ َﺎﻳ
َ
نُﻮ
ﺤِﻠْ
ﻔُ
ـﺗ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻜﱠﻠَ
ﻌَﻟ ُﻩُﻮﺒِﻨَﺘْ
ﺟَﺎﻓ ِ
نَﺎﻄْﻴﱠ
ﺸاﻟ ِ
َﻞ
ﻤَ
ﻋ
-
٩٠
-
ْﻴﱠ
ﺸاﻟ ُ
ﺪِﻳ
ﺮُﻳ ﱠَﺎ
ﳕِإ
ُ
نَﺎﻄ
َﻦ
ﻋ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻛﱠ
ﺪُ
ﺼَﻳَ
و ِ
ﺮِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ِ
ﰲ َﺎء
ﻀْﻐَ
ـﺒْﻟَا
و َةَ
َاو
ﺪَ
ﻌْﻟا ُ
ﻢُ
ﻜَﻨْ
ـﻴَـﺑ َ
ﻊِﻗُﻮﻳ َنأ
َ
نُﻮ
ﻬَ
ـﺘﱡﻨ
ﻣ ُﻢﺘَﻧأ ْ
ﻞَ
ﻬَ
ـﻓ ِةَﻼﱠ
ﺼاﻟ ِ
ﻦَﻋَ
و ِ
ﻪّﻠاﻟ ِ
ﺮْ
ﻛِ
ذ
-
٩١
-
“O ye who believe! intoxicants and gambling, sacrifing to stones and
divination by arrows are an abomination of satan’s handiwork; eschew
such (abomination ) that ye may prosper ( 90 )Satan’s plan is (but) to
excite enmity and hatred between you, wih intoxicants and gambling,
and hinder you from the rememberance of Allah, and from prayer,
will ye not the abstain? (91)”
Stories of the life of Muhammad recount that at that point
Muslims threw out all their wine and that the streets of Medina flowed
with wine. This is reflected by the Hadith that prohibit even moderate
drinking and even indirect association with alcohol against dealing in
wine grapes as reflection from Hadith "If someone stockpiles grapes
during harvest time and holds them in order to sell to a Jew or
Christian or anyone else (even if he be a Muslim) who produces
khamr, he will be leaping into the Fire with his eyes open." [Tabarani,
Hafiz] or producing, serving, transporting, selling or buying wine or
wine grapes
24. 24
اﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﺔﻮاﶈﻤو وﺣﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ وﻣﻌﺘﺼﺮﻫﺎ
)
اﻟﻨﺴﺎئو ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻩور
(
Allah cursing arrack drinker, who serve it, who sell it, who buy it,
who order to make, who bring it and who accept it ( Hadith Muslim
and Nasa’i )
and by analogy against any substance which intoxicates or clouds the
brain like mentioned before.
There is general agreement that the usual penalty prescribed
by Muhammad's first successor, Abu Bakr, was 40 blows with a palm
branch or a sandal, and that Khalid ibnWalid increased this to 80
blows (Wensinck & Sadan 1985).4
َ
◌
ﻋﻨﻪ اﷲ رﺿﻲ ٍ
ِﻚﻟَﺎ
ﻣ ِ
ﻦْﺑ ِ
َﺲﻧَأ ْ
ﻦَ
ﻋ
)
وﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﱠِ
ﱠﱯﻨﻟَا ﱠ
نَأ
َ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
َﳋا َ
ِب
ﺮَ
ﺷ ْ
ﺪَﻗ ٍ
ُﻞ
ﺟَ
ﺮِﺑ َﻰﺗَأ
,
َ
ﲔِﻌَﺑْ
َرأ َ
ﻮَْ
ﳓ ِْ
َﲔ
ـﺗَ
ﺪِﻳ
ﺮَِ
ﲜ ُﻩَ
ﺪَﻠَ
ﺠَﻓ
.
َ
َﺎلﻗ
:
ُﻪَﻠَ
ﻌَ
ـﻓَ
و
ٍ
ﺮْ
ﻜَﺑ ُﻮﺑَأ
,
َ
ﱠﺎسﻨﻟَا َ
رَﺎ
ﺸَﺘْ
ﺳِا ُ
ﺮَ
ﻤُﻋ َ
نَﺎ
ﻛ ﱠﺎ
ﻤَﻠَ
ـﻓ
,
ُ
ﻦْﺑ ِ
ﻦَْ
ﱠﲪ
ﺮَﻟا ُ
ﺪْﺒَ
ﻋ َ
َﺎل
ﻘَ
ـﻓ
ٍ
ْف
َﻮ
ﻋ
:
ُْ
ﳊَا ﱠ
َﻒ
ﺧَأ
َ
نُﻮﻧََﺎ
ﲦ ِ
دُو
ﺪ
,
ُ
ﺮَ
ﻤُﻋ ِ
ﻪِﺑ َ
ﺮَ
ﻣَﺄَﻓ
(
ِ
ﻪْﻴَﻠَ
ﻋ ٌ
ﻖَ
ﻔﱠ
ـﺘُ
ﻣ
From Anas Ibnu Malik that the Prophet Muhammad SAW ever visited
by the drinker of arrack then hit him with both of palm branch 40
blows, Abu Bakar also did like that. When Umar become Leader, Umar
4
Michalak, Laurence dan Trocki, Karen/Contemporary Drug Problems 33/Alcohol and Islam:an
Overview/2006
25. 25
discussed this problem with the society, then Abdurrahman Ibnu ‘Auf
said : the lightest punishment is 80 blows then Umar order to do this (
Muttafaq Alaihi )
III. THE LAW OF CONSUMING ALCOHOL BEVERAGES
Khamr is the kind of drink that can intoxicate and anaesthetize
someone who is drunk. And alcohol falls into the kind khamr. Khamr is
forbidden by Allah for a Muslim to have much less mengkonsumsinya.
It is also due to the type of beverage Khamr harm or disadvantage is
much larger than the benefits contained therein. Allah says:
ِ
ْﺴﻴَ
ﻤْﻟَا
و ِ
ﺮْ
ﻤَْ
اﳋ ِ
ﻦَ
ﻋ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳ
ِ
ﱠﺎسﻨِﻠﻟ ُ
ﻊِﻓَﺎﻨَ
ﻣَ
و ٌ
ﲑِﺒَ
ﻛ ٌْ
ِﰒإ َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻴﻓ ْ
ﻞُﻗ ِ
ﺮ
َ
ِﻚﻟَ
ﺬَ
ﻛ َ
ﻮْ
ﻔَ
ﻌْﻟا ِ
ُﻞﻗ َ
نُﻮ
ﻘِ
ﻔُﻨﻳ َاذَﺎ
ﻣ َ
َﻚﻧُﻮﻟَﺄْ
ﺴَﻳَ
و َﺎ
ﻤِ
ﻬِﻌْ
ﻔﱠـﻧ ِﻦ
ﻣ ُ
ﺮَ
ـﺒْ
ﻛَأ َﺎ
ﻤُ
ﻬُْ
ِﲦإَ
و
َ
نُو
ﺮﱠ
ﻜَ
ﻔَ
ـﺘَ
ـﺗ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻜﱠﻠَ
ﻌَﻟ ِ
َﺎتﻳاﻵ ُ
ﻢُ
ﻜَﻟ ُﻪّﻠاﻟ ُﱢ
ُﺒﲔﻳ
-
٢١٩
-
They ask about khamr and gambling. Say to them is great sin,
and some profit, for men. But the sin is greater than the benefits. (Holy
Qur’an, Al Baqarah: 219).
The verse above is the verse was revealed to be a bad habit
warns Arabs khamr drink. This bad habit is very often done by Arabs
moment. Then God gives emphasis on drinking ban khamr to his word
in the Qur'an:
26. 26
َﺎ
ﻣ ْاﻮُ
ﻤَﻠْﻌَ
ـﺗ َﱠ
َﱴ
ﺣ َى
رَﺎ
ﻜُ
ﺳ ْ
ﻢُﺘَﻧأَ
و َةَﻼﱠ
ﺼاﻟ ْاﻮُﺑَ
ﺮْ
ﻘَ
ـﺗ َﻻ ْاﻮُﻨَ
ﻣآ َ
ﻦِﻳ
ﺬﱠﻟا َﺎ
ﻬﱡـﻳَأ َﺎﻳ
َ
نُﻮﻟﻮُ
ﻘَ
ـﺗ
...
"O ye who believe, do not praying are you drunk until you
understand what you are saying". (Surat An-Nisa.: 43).
To be sent down the verse on it reinforced how khamr is
prohibited consumed by prohibiting the believers to prayer drunk by
drinking khamr. And once again it sent down revelation that very strictly
forbids a believer to approach khamr as mentioned in Surah Al Maidah
verse 90 above.
In a hadith, the Prophet said,
ٌ
مَا
ﺮَ
ﺣ ٍ
ﺮِ
ﻜْ
ﺴُ
ﻣ ﱡ
ﻞُ
ﻛَ
و ٌ
ﺮَْ
ﲬ ٍ
ﺮِ
ﻜْ
ﺴُ
ﻣ ﱡ
ﻞُ
ﻛ
Abdullah bin Umar, the Prophet said: "Every intoxicant is
khamr (including khamr) and every khamr is forbidden." (Narrated by
Ahmad and Abu Dawud)
Bukhari and Muslim narrated that Umar bin Khattab orate:
"After this, O man, has indeed revealed law banning khamr. It is made
from one of the five elements: grapes, palm, honey, corn and wheat.
Khamr is something that perplex your mind. "What did Umar bin Khttab
as Commander of the Faithful at the same time in no way opposed by
other companion
27. 27
Khamr is a drink that can perplex someone who drank
common sense and has adverse effects on the health for consume it. This
is a cause for every believer Khamr forbidden to have much less
consumed it.
28. 28
ALCOHOLIC PERFUME
I. THE NOTION OF PERFUME
A fragrance is not a single material of clearly defined
properties, but rather a mixture of individual chemicals, each behaving
according to its own unique attributes. Characterizing these chemicals
separately, and then combining their effects, allows the behavior of
the complete fragrance composition in diverse media to be
understood.
Important properties of fragrance chemicals include volatility,
polarity, surface activity and stability. Each fragrance component
interacts with the chemical and structural nature of the environment to
determine the aesthetic and the physical characters of the final system.
The combined talents of the perfumer and the technical staff,
working closely together, are needed to create a successful
commercial product.
Perfume or fragrance is a blend of essential oils and aroma
compounds (aroma compound) fixatives and solvents used to give
fragrance to the human body or space object. The amount and type of
solvent mixed with perfume used to determine whether a perfume is
considered as extract perfume Eau de parfum Eau de toilette or Eau de
Cologne.
Perfume has been known since thousands years ago - the word
"perfume" comes from the Latin per fume that mean "through smoke".
29. 29
One of the oldest perfume uses a form of burning incense and
aromatic herbs used in religious services, often for aromatic gums and
myrrh incense collected from the tree. Egypt was the first to
incorporate perfume into their culture followed by the ancient Chinese
Arabic Greek Hindu Israel Carthaginians and Romans. The earliest
use of perfume bottles is in Egypt around 1000 BC. Egypt found the
glass and perfume bottles were one of the first public used of glass
Its very important to recognize the type of perfume before
wear it, because we can recognize what type of perfume that suits for
us and fits in the moment that we will use the perfume .
Perfumes mean an extracted oil from plants and fruit,
combined with some chemical and water that formulated and issued
fragrance..
Types of Oil Perfume consists of three kinds:
Eau de perfume: The perfume with a low alcohol content, but
contens the highest levels of essence among the other types of
perfume but it has a strong scent and can survive long enough.
Suitable for a party or event at night.
Eau de Toilette: The perfume with high level of alcohol content with
a suitable essence content for its soft aroma not too strong and
durable. Suitable for use on any occasion..
Eau de Cologne: This fragrance is light and the standard type of
fragrance with the highest alcohol content among the other type of
30. 30
perfume. This fragrance type has low levels of essence and also
commonly used after bathing to refresh exhausted body.
The fragrance pyramid
Perfume oils need to be diluted with a solvent because
essential oil / pure oil (either natural or synthetic) contain high
concentrations of volatile components that will cause an allergic
reactions and possibly injury when used directly on the skin or
clothing. Essential oils also evaporate the solvent and help them
spread into the air.
The most commonly used solvent for perfume oil dilution is
ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. Perfumes oils can also be
diluted by neutralize the smell of grease using fractionated coconut oil
or wax.
31. 31
The percentage concetrate volume of perfume oil in the
following:
Perfume extract: 20% -40% aromatic compounds
Eau de perfume: 10-30% aromatic compounds
Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds
Eau de cologne: 2-5% aromatic compounds
The highest amount of aromatic essence precentage will create
an intencity and long-lasting aroma5
.
The fragrance wheel
II. HISTORY OF PERFUMERY
People’s use of scents, aromas and fragrances has been used
for many centuries, and when and why people started to prepare and
use them seems lost to us. However, over the years, evidence has
been found through archeological findings, as well as texts written by
our ancestors, that has shown just how aromas were being used. In
5
Pelapak Iklan Baris Gratis, Salsa Parfum Aroma Khas Indo,www.google.com, diakses 12 April 2013
32. 32
the very early civilizations, scented flowers and herbs were used by
people to worship the Gods, and when burned, some of these plants
would release strong aromas. Such scented fires became part of many
religious rituals. In fact, you will find that many religions still use
scented fires today.
Both the Assyrian’s and Egyptians used scented oils. Because
of this, the demand for the raw materials needed to produce both
fragrances and remedies led to the discovering of new ways of
extracting scents from the plants they used. Such techniques as
pressing, decoction, pulverization and maceration were developed and
mastered by both the Assyrian’s and the Egyptians. They even made
attempts at trying to produce essential oils by distillation.
Slowly, the use of perfumes spread to Greece, where not only
were they used in religious ceremonies, but also for personal purposes
as well. When the Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, they
began to use fragrances even more lavishly. There are many
manuscripts around describing the herbs which they brought from all
over the world to produce the fragrances they used.
However, as the Roman Empire fell, so the use of aromas for
personal use began to decline. However, during the Middle Ages,
perfumes again were being used only in churches in Europe for
religious ceremonies and to cover the stench caused by the many
diseases which abounded at this time.
33. 33
Then when trade with the Orient was reestablished at the
beginning of the 13 th Century, exotic flowers, herbs and spices
became more readily available around Europe. Venice quickly became
the center of the perfume trade. It was not long before perfumery
soon spread to other European countries. The perfume trade then
developed even further, as those returning from the crusades
reintroduced perfume for personal use.
However by the late 18 th Century, the synthetic material
fragrance was being produced, and this was the beginning of
perfumery in the modern age. Thus with the introduction of
synthetics, perfumes would no longer be exclusively used by the rich
and famous. Also, because synthetics were now being used to
produce perfumes, they could now be made on a much larger scale,
although naturals were still also being used to help soften the
synthetics.
Today, natural products still remain a very important part of
the production of perfumes in modern formulations. But today, more
and more people are turning away from the industrial techniques of
producing perfume, and preferring to make it themselves instead. But
for many people making their own perfumes, not only is it easy to do,
but it is also a great source of pleasure and fun for them6
.
6
Nn, How to Make Your Own Perfume, www.tipnut.com, 2013
34. 34
III. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND KHAMR
Now, we will talk more about alcohol. Most of moslem don’t
know how to differ between alcohol ethanol or alcoholic beverages.
And they feel uncertain to consume a variety kind of things that
contains alcohol.
Alcohol is the most name to call ethanol, that also
named grain alcohol; and sometimes used to name alcoholic
beverages . It is because ethanol is the main component of alcohol
(not methanol or the other alcohol groups)that contained in that
beverages. And ethanol is the alcohol that used in farmation side. But
actually alcohol in chemistry has a wider mean than explained before.
In chemistry, alcohol is the generally term for all of organic
compound that contains hydroxcyl cluster (-OH) that bide by carbon
atom, and also bide by hydrogen atom or other carbon atom. Can we
conclude here based on its function compound, alcohol has many
class. The simple class are methanol and ethanol. And the crucial class
like cyclohexanol (used in nylon industry) that ring shaped, and also
sorbitol (like sucrose that often we find in beverages) that shaped
macromolecul.
Ethanol, also called grain alcohol, pure alcohol is a sort of
volatile, flammable and colorless liquid, has a specific smell and its an
alcohol that right usually use in daily activity. Ethanol is psychoactive
35. 35
medicine and can detectable in alcoholic beverages and modern
termometer. Ethanol is one of the oldest recreation medicine. Ethanol
belongs to single core alcohol, with chemistry formula C2H5OH and
empirical formula C2H6O. Ethanol is constitutional isometri from
dimetil eter. Ethanol often called briefly with EtOH, with "Et" that
abreviation from etil cluster (C2H5).
From explanation above, briefly alcohol used to call three
technical term:
First: Alcohol for chemistry compound which is have a function
cluster –OH, and its compound usually ended by alcohol or –nol
word.For example, alcohol in honeybee is : benzyl alcohol, beta-
methallyl alcohol, ethanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol,
3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-pentanol, n-butanol, n-
pentanol, n-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol.
Second: Alcohol usually used to named ethanol. Such as usually find
in perfume, mouth wash, deodorant, cosmetic and etc.
Third : Alcohol for alcoholic beverages., and it is intoxicated. In that
beverage, contains ethanol element but not at all.
For the third term, it is clear to call unlawful because it’s belonging to
khomr. As right as mention in Hadith,
ٌ
مَا
ﺮَ
ﺣ ٍ
ﺮِ
ﻜْ
ﺴُ
ﻣ ﱡ
ﻞُ
ﻛَ
و ٌ
ﺮَْ
ﲬ ٍ
ﺮِ
ﻜْ
ﺴُ
ﻣ ﱡ
ﻞُ
ﻛ
36. 36
“Every intoxicant is khamr, and every khamr is haram (unlawful).”
Ethanol for humans consume as alcohol bverages and fuel
produced by fermentation. Alcohol beverages produced by
fermentation of basic material that contents high enough glukose.
Common basic material that used is seedish like corn, rice, wheat ,
gerst, tubers like potato and kaspe cassava, fruits ( grapes, apple, pear
and cherry), palm trees (sugar palm, coconut, fan palm, and nipa
palm), cana sugar and beetroot, also molasses. Especially for material
from seeed, before going to fermentation process the material have to
processed first by soaked it into become a shoot or sprout, after that
you have to boil it and processed into a porridge and cooked again.
The common yeast that used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
This yeast produce an enzyme that used for break sugar either glucose
or fructose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
The prominent process is :
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
But fermentation is can’t be as simple as this process, beside produce
both of that essence, the process also produce glycerine and organic
acid. The fermentation process depends on the material that used and
goods that will be produced. Uncomplete fermentation process usually
take place during 1 – 2 weeks can produce a product with ethanol
content until 3-8 % example beer product. Besides, the complete
37. 37
fermentation needs a month even a year to produce a product with
ethanol contents until 7- 18 % as long as wine making process.
The ethanol contens of fermentation alcohol beverages usually
can reach 18 % because commonly the yeast can’t live on beverages
that contens ethanol over 18%. So, if you want to make a beverages
with the high ethanol contens you have to do distilation process
toward the product from fermentation process. The product from
distilation process called distilled beverages.
IV. ETHANOL WAS A PURE ESSENCE
This discussion will observe what is the law of dari ethanol
(C2H5OH) , is it pure and permitted? We will give a illustration for
this problem.
Water sometimes mixed with another essence. Sometimes
water blende with lawful beverages. Sometimes also blended in
unlawful beverages like arrack. But, how the original law of water if
not mixed with another essence ? because we get back to the original
law of all things that is lawful or permitted. Allah was said in Holy
Qur’an,
ُ
ﻫ
ِ
ءَﺎ
ﻤﱠ
ﺴاﻟ َ
ِﱃإ َى
ﻮَ
ـﺘْ
ﺳا ُﱠ
ﰒ ًﺎ
ﻌَِﻴ
ﲨ ِ
ْض
اﻷر ِ
ﰲ َﺎ
ﻣ ْ
ﻢُ
ﻜَﻟ َ
ﻖَﻠَ
ﺧ ِي
ﺬﱠﻟا َ
ﻮ
ٌ
ﻢِﻴﻠَ
ﻋ ٍ
ءْ
َﻲ
ﺷ ﱢ
ﻞُ
ﻜِﺑ َ
ﻮُ
ﻫَ
و ٍ
َات
وََﺎ
ﲰ َ
ﻊْﺒَ
ﺳ ﱠ
ﻦُ
ﻫﱠا
ﻮَ
ﺴَﻓ
38. 38
“It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on earth ; then he
turned to the heaven and them into seven firmaments and of all things;
He hath perfect knowledge .” (Holy Qur’an, Al-Baqarah :29)
ِ
ْق
ﱢز
ﺮاﻟ َ
ﻦِ
ﻣ ِ
َﺎتﺒﱢﻴﱠﻄَاﻟ
و ِﻩِ
دَﺎﺒِﻌِﻟ َ
جَ
ﺮْ
ﺧَأ ِ
ﱠﱵﻟا ِ
ﻪﱠﻠاﻟ َﺔَﻨِﻳ
ز َ
مﱠ
ﺮَ
ﺣ ْ
ﻦَ
ﻣ ْ
ﻞُﻗ
ۗ◌
....
“Say; who hath forbidden the beautiful ( gifts ) of Allah , which he
hath produced for His servant and the things, clean and pure ( which
He hath provided ) for sustenance?" (Holy Qur’an , Al A’rof: 32)
If the water was mixed with another essence then the law
moved from law of water become the law of the mixed. Example for
alcohol beverages, the water was blended with forbidden things so the
law was unlawful ( haram )
If we applied the illustration above to ethanol, the law will be
same and ethanol was pure and permitted.
It will be different if ethanol mixed or blended in alcohol
beverages . At this moment ethanol also mixed with asetanilda,
propanol, butanol, and methanol that was identified poisonous. So, the
mixed was haram ( unlawful ) because it can be intoxicate and damage
mind.
But how if Ethanol only mixed with the water ? Is it unlawful?
The answer is comeback to the ethanol original law that is permitted.
But ethanol is toxic and not for consumed . If pure ethanol was
consumed it only can cause stomachache or death .
39. 39
Then, we can conclude that :
1. The original law of Ethanol if it not mixed with another
essence is halal ( permitted )
2. The law of ethanol can be changed haram ( unlawful ) if it
mixed with another forbidden things .
3. When ethanol was in alcohol beverages , the law is the law of
alcohol beverages not the ethanol.
V. THE LAW OF USING ALCOHOLIC PERFUME
Some Muslim scholars say that wearing alcohol-based
perfumes is allowed in Islam. In this regard, Al-Azhar House of Fatwa
issued the following Fatwa: "In Islam, it is unanimously held that all
things are supposed to be deemed pure, and that it is not necessary that
all what is declared forbidden is considered impure. This is because
impurity is a legal ruling that needs evidence. For example, drugs and
fatal poisons are forbidden, yet this by no means qualify them to be
impure.
For this reason, some scholars including Rabi`ah, Al-Layth
Ibn Sa`d, Al-Muzani (the companion of Ash-Shafi`i) and some other
scholars hold that wine is pure regardless of its being unlawful, and
that only drinking it is forbidden. However, the majority of jurists are
of the view that wine is impure and forbidden.
40. 40
Thus, we conclude that all that is impure is deemed forbidden,
but not vice versa. This is because regarding something as impure is to
forbid any physical contact with it, whereas regarding something as
unlawful is not necessarily to forbid any contact with it. To illustrate,
wearing gold and silk is unlawful (for men), yet they are considered
pure by the consensus of scholars and thus can be touched by men.
As far as perfumes containing alcohol is concerned, they
consist of many ingredients like water, perfume, and alcohol that
comprises the highest percentage. It is known that alcohol is produced
from sugarcane by way of distillation. Thus, according to the juristic
rule, which states that all things are presumed to be originally pure
and that being prohibited does not render something impure, perfumes
that contain alcohol are pure, particularly if we bear in mind that they
are used for cleaning and perfuming the body. Thus, it is permissible
to use these perfumes and there is nothing wrong in that."
Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi, former President of the Islamic
Society of North America, adds: "It is forbidden to drink alcohol. In
the perfumes usually denatured alcohol is used.
This alcohol is not unclean (najas). According to some jurists even
natural alcohol is not najas. According to the Shari`ah, there is nothing
wrong in using alcohol based perfumes."
Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (may Allah preserve
him) states in his monumental Arabic work Takmila Fath al-Mulhim:
41. 41
"With the above (explanation given by Shaykh Taqi on the different
types of alcohol), the ruling with regards to the various types of
alcohol, the usage of which has become widespread and they are used
in many medicines and perfumes, becomes known, in that if the
alcohol is extracted from grapes or dates, then there is no question of
it being permissible or pure.
However, if the alcohol is derived from other than grapes or
dates, then there is no problem according to the view of Imam Abu
Hanifa, in that it will not be unlawful to use such alcohol (m, and
perfumes and medicines made thereof) for medical or other lawful
purposes as long as the alcohol does not reach the level of
intoxication. And normally the alcohol used in medicines, perfumes,
etc is not extracted from grapes and dates, rather it is derived from
seeds, honey, chemicals, petrol, etc7
.
To summarise, it would be permitted to use the various types
of perfumes, deodorants and creams that contain alcohol due to the
fact that the alcohol contained in them is from other than grapes, dates
and barley or it is a synthetic alcohol (formulated from chemical
substances) and not the khamr (wine) that is absolutely impermissible
and filthy.
7
(Takmila Fath al-Mulhim Sharh Sahih Muslim, 3/608)
42. 42
However, it is more religiously precautionary to avoid using
such perfumes and deodorants, whenever reasonably possible, because
of the differences of opinion regarding it.
But it should be remembered that, occasionally certain
deodorants, perfumes, etc contain alcohol that is derived from grapes,
dates, etc, such as synthetic ethyl alcohol, thus making the perfume or
cream impure and unlawful to use.
43. 43
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
CONSLUSION
1. Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and
widely used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room
temperature with low boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a
distinctive smell of people who are drunk because of heavy intake of
alcohol.
2. A fragrance is not a single material of clearly defined properties, but
rather a mixture of individual chemicals, each behaving according to
its own unique attributes. Characterizing these chemicals separately,
and then combining their effects, allows the behavior of the complete
fragrance composition in diverse media to be understood.
3. Alcohol that used for fusing perfume is not khomr, but ethanol or
called grain alcohol or pure alcohol.
4. No one of verse in Alqur’an or hadith that forbid alcohol, but that
unlawful is khomr that can intoxicant human body.
5. Ethanol is a pure essence because it is not mixed another forbidden
essence that make ethanol become unlawful
6. Alcohol beverages contains ethanol and another essence that make the
beverages become intoxicant and damage our mind
44. 44
7. When ethanol was in alcohol beverages , the law is the law of alcohol
beverages not the ethanol.
8. Alcoholic perfume was lawful because the material that used was pure
and do not cause an intoxicant effect.
SUGGESTION
1. As good as moslem, we have to know that alcohol and khomr is
something differnet in many ways. And alcohol that used in perfume
was grain alcohol and do not intoxicant.
2. For the common society that have no knowledge about this problem,
use non-alcoholic perfume is better to keep ourselves.
