This document discusses passive ventilation systems. It begins with an introduction to ventilation systems and the types of ventilation - natural and mechanical. The benefits of natural ventilation are then outlined, including improved air quality, energy savings, and more. The document describes the two main types of natural ventilation - wind effect and stack effect. Wind effect ventilation uses wind direction and pressure differences to move air through cross or single opening ventilation. Stack effect relies on warm air rising to ventilate spaces. Examples of passive ventilation technologies like wind catchers are provided. Design considerations for natural ventilation systems include location and size of inlets and outlets. Landscaping elements that can help with passive cooling like trees and shading are also discussed. The presentation concludes with an overview

1. Prepared by
Dr. Nedhal Al-Tamimi
Arch. Eng. Dept.,
Faculty of Engineering
Najran University, KSA
naaltamimi@nu.edu.sa
Passive
ventilation
system
Lecture
No. 7
Climatic Design AE 353-2

2. Scope
of
Presentation
1. Introduction to Ventilation Systems
2. Natural Ventilation
3. The benefits of natural ventilation
4. Types of Natural Ventilation
5. Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
6. General considerations and rules
7. Land Scape Elements for cooling

3. Bioclimatic chart
EXAMPLE:
Determine the viable
passive strategies for
Dodge City,

4. Bioclimatic chart
EXAMPLE:
Determine the viable
passive strategies for
Najran City,

5. EXAMPLE:
Determine the viable
passive strategies for
Najran City,
https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/psychro-chart2d.html
Bioclimatic chart

6. Ventilation Systems
Natural
Ventilation Mechanical
Ventilation
Ventilation Systems is:
The process of removing or supplying air by natural or
mechanical means to and from a space.
There are two types of ventilations:

7. Natural Ventilation
▪ Natural Ventilation is: the process of supplying and removing
air through an indoor space by natural means
▪ It facilitate outside air to inside of a building through
windows, doors, ventilation or other openings.
▪ Openings should not be less than 1/20th or (5%) of the floor
area.
▪ It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a
result of pressure or temperature differences

8. Natural Ventilation

9. The benefits of natural ventilation
The benefits of natural ventilation include:-
1. Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ) (level of Oxygen,
Carbon Dioxide)
2. Energy savings by lowering the heat level
3. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
4. Control the moisture level
5. Remove dust and odors
6. Reduction in occupant illness
7. Increased worker productivity

10. Types of Passive ventilation system
The rate of ventilation by natural means depends on:
Wind effect
Stack effect

11. Wind effect
▪ Ventilation is effected by the
direction and velocity of outside
wind. In addition to the size and
position of the openings.
▪ Wind creates pressure
differences and when it blows
against a building, a positive
pressure is created on the
windward side and negative
pressure on leeward side.

12. Wind effect

13. Wind effect
Single opening ventilation
▪ Rooms with windows on one side
only. Cold air will stream in, and
warm air will stream out again
through the same window.
▪ This kind of ventilation is normal
and generally practised, but it is
only useful up to a certain room
depth.

14. Double opening ventilation
▪ An advancement of the single
sided principle provides a double
opening, which is considerably
more efficient.
Wind effect

15. Cross ventilation
▪ In the case of cross-
ventilation, (windows open
on both sides of the
room/building)
▪ The pressure difference is
used between the side of
the building facing the wind
and the side away from the
wind.
Wind effect

16. Cross ventilation
▪ The positive pressure on the windward
and/or a vacuum effect on the leeward
side of the building, causes air
movement through the building from the
windward to the leeward side.
▪ In order to obtain the optimal airflow with
minimal draught, the windows on the
windward side are opened less than on
the lee side.
Wind effect

17. Stack effect
Stack ventilation
▪ Depends upon very low openings to
admit outdoor air and very high
openings to exhaust air; it is driven
by the principle that hot air rises.
▪ Stack ventilation is generally weaker
than cross‐ventilation—except when
there is no wind at all.

18. Stack effect
▪ Air movement is created by cool
air being drawn to space low
down to replace warmer air
▪ To obtain cooling, incoming air
must be cooler than internal
temperature
▪ Also known as chimney effect

19. Wind catcher
▪ The function of this tower is to catch
cooler breeze that prevail at a higher
level above the ground and to direct
it into the interior of the buildings.
▪ A water management system used
to provide a reliable supply of water
to human settlements or for
irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid
climates

20. Examples of wind catcher

21. Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
▪ Number of air changes depend upon type of buildings and its
occupancy.
▪ Air changes per hour (ACH) is the volume of outside air
allowed in a room in one hour compared with the volume of
the room.
For example: In residential buildings
▪ Living rooms and bedrooms: 3 air changes per hour
▪ Kitchen: 6 air changes/h
▪ Bathrooms and W.C: 6 air changes/h
▪ Halls and passages: 1 air change/h

22. General considerations and rules for natural ventilation
▪ Inlet openings in the building should be well distributed
and should be located in the windward side at low level.
▪ The outlet openings should be located on the leeward
side near the ceiling in the side walls and in roofs.
▪ Inlet and outlet openings should preferably to be of
equal size for greatest air flow, but when outlet is in the
form of a roof opening the inlet should be larger in size.
Where the wind direction is variable, provide openings in
all walls

23. General considerations and rules for natural ventilation
▪ Inlet openings should not be obstructed by
obstructions in the path of flow (adjoining buildings,
trees, signboards, partitions, etc.)
▪ Increased height of the room gives better ventilation
due to stack effect
▪ The long narrow room should be ventilated by
providing suitable openings in short sides

24. General considerations and rules for natural ventilation
▪ Provide ventilators as close to the ceilings as
possible
▪ For cross ventilation, the position of outlets should be
just opposite to inlets
▪ If the room is to be used for burning gas or fuel,
enough quantity of air should be supplied by natural
ventilation for meeting the demands of burning as
well as ventilation of the room.

25. MECHANICAL NATURAL
Use fan Not use any fan
Need to be install Ready fix to building
Allow warmer air escape faster Depend on weather
High cost More economic
High maintenance No maintenance
Create air all time Same in temperature
Noise Silent
High electricity bill No electricity bill
General considerations and rules for natural ventilation

26. Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)

27. Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)
▪ In the summer, trees block 70-90% of the sun’s radiation
on a clear summer day. When properly placed, trees can
reduce air conditioning demands by 10-30%.
▪ In desert climate, where temperatures typically cool in the
evening, shading a home may adequately moderate
temperatures without the expense of air conditioning.

28. Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)

29. Shade streets are 10 to 40 degrees cooler and have higher market values.
▪ Another important cooling technique is to shade
pavement and other heat-storing materials like the patio
and driveway.
▪ Also, minimizing paved surfaces helps keep the living
area cool.
Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)

30. Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)
Vegetation can be
used to shade the
building and create a
cool micro climate
around the building.

31. Land Scape Elements for cooling (Surface)
Landscape and
shading devices
can be used in
combination to
provide an area
of cooling around
the building.

32. Natural Lighting
Next Lecture
8
1. Principles of Natural Lighting
2. Variables Effect Illumination Level
3. Innovative Daylighting
Technologies
4. Controlling Daylight
5. Daylighting Design Guides

33. Climatic Design Thank You
Dr. Nedhal Al-Tamimi
AE 353-2