Relay logic uses electrical relays connected in configurations to implement combinational logic in electrical control circuits. Ladder logic diagrams depict relay logic circuits as a series of lines or rungs, with each rung controlling an output based on a combination of input conditions connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel configurations. Relay logic diagrams represent the physical interconnection of devices using a standardized numbering system to identify individual wires.
TOPIC 2- Electrical Theories and Electrical System Circuits.pptxMartMantilla1
Auxiliary services on ships are powered electrically, including thrusters, cranes, pumps, fans, winches, lighting, and air conditioning. The electrical power system provides a secure supply to all loads with built-in protection. It commonly generates 380V or 440V AC power from diesel or gas turbine generators. Lower voltages of 220V and 48V are used for lighting and portable equipment via transformers. Electrical diagrams like block, power, circuit, and wiring diagrams are used to understand and troubleshoot the system. Safety is crucial when working with electricity onboard due to the high voltages and currents.
This document discusses electric fields, electric current, and electrical circuits. It defines an electric field as a region where electric charges experience force, represented by field lines. An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charges in a circuit provided by a battery or other power source. Electrical circuits must form a closed loop for current to flow between components like batteries, wires, light bulbs and switches. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
An elementary diagram (also called a schematic diagram) is defined as a diagram that shows in straight line form the detail wiring of the circuit and device elements without regard to physical relationships. These diagrams:
• are a development of some portions of the one-line diagram data
• provide supplemental wiring information that may not show on one-line
diagrams.
This document discusses power electronics and drives, including AC converters and electrical drives. It covers inverters that convert DC to AC, including half-bridge and full-bridge single-phase inverters. It also discusses AC-AC converters like AC voltage controllers and cycloconverters. For electrical drives, it defines them, compares mechanical and electrical drives, and shows the basic block diagram of an electrical drive system including the power source, power modulator, motor, load, and control unit.
This document discusses electrical automation circuits and components. It provides classifications of contactors based on actuation type, contact arrangement, voltage limits, and current class. It describes the parts of a contactor including the coil, magnetic circuit, and electrical contacts. Circuit diagrams are shown and contactor symbols and terminal identification are explained. The operating principle of an electromagnetically actuated contactor is also covered.
This document contains information about power system components and fault analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to one-line diagrams and their use in representing power systems through standardized schematic symbols. One-line diagrams simplify three-phase systems and are useful for power flow studies.
- Descriptions of impedance diagrams and reactance diagrams, which represent power system components through equivalent circuits by replacing elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines with their impedances or reactances.
- Examples of drawing one-line, impedance, and reactance diagrams for given power system configurations. Resistances are often omitted from reactance diagrams for fault analysis calculations.
- Explanations of symmetrical components and their use
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and ladder logic programming. It discusses how PLC programs are loaded into microprocessor-based systems using machine code. The IEC 61131-3 standard defines common PLC programming languages like ladder diagrams and function block diagrams. Ladder diagrams resemble electrical ladder diagrams and are read from left to right. They use contacts to represent inputs and coils to represent outputs. Basic logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT are used to write simple PLC programs in ladder logic.
Relay logic uses electrical relays connected in configurations to implement combinational logic in electrical control circuits. Ladder logic diagrams depict relay logic circuits as a series of lines or rungs, with each rung controlling an output based on a combination of input conditions connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel configurations. Relay logic diagrams represent the physical interconnection of devices using a standardized numbering system to identify individual wires.
TOPIC 2- Electrical Theories and Electrical System Circuits.pptxMartMantilla1
Auxiliary services on ships are powered electrically, including thrusters, cranes, pumps, fans, winches, lighting, and air conditioning. The electrical power system provides a secure supply to all loads with built-in protection. It commonly generates 380V or 440V AC power from diesel or gas turbine generators. Lower voltages of 220V and 48V are used for lighting and portable equipment via transformers. Electrical diagrams like block, power, circuit, and wiring diagrams are used to understand and troubleshoot the system. Safety is crucial when working with electricity onboard due to the high voltages and currents.
This document discusses electric fields, electric current, and electrical circuits. It defines an electric field as a region where electric charges experience force, represented by field lines. An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charges in a circuit provided by a battery or other power source. Electrical circuits must form a closed loop for current to flow between components like batteries, wires, light bulbs and switches. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
An elementary diagram (also called a schematic diagram) is defined as a diagram that shows in straight line form the detail wiring of the circuit and device elements without regard to physical relationships. These diagrams:
• are a development of some portions of the one-line diagram data
• provide supplemental wiring information that may not show on one-line
diagrams.
This document discusses power electronics and drives, including AC converters and electrical drives. It covers inverters that convert DC to AC, including half-bridge and full-bridge single-phase inverters. It also discusses AC-AC converters like AC voltage controllers and cycloconverters. For electrical drives, it defines them, compares mechanical and electrical drives, and shows the basic block diagram of an electrical drive system including the power source, power modulator, motor, load, and control unit.
This document discusses electrical automation circuits and components. It provides classifications of contactors based on actuation type, contact arrangement, voltage limits, and current class. It describes the parts of a contactor including the coil, magnetic circuit, and electrical contacts. Circuit diagrams are shown and contactor symbols and terminal identification are explained. The operating principle of an electromagnetically actuated contactor is also covered.
This document contains information about power system components and fault analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to one-line diagrams and their use in representing power systems through standardized schematic symbols. One-line diagrams simplify three-phase systems and are useful for power flow studies.
- Descriptions of impedance diagrams and reactance diagrams, which represent power system components through equivalent circuits by replacing elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines with their impedances or reactances.
- Examples of drawing one-line, impedance, and reactance diagrams for given power system configurations. Resistances are often omitted from reactance diagrams for fault analysis calculations.
- Explanations of symmetrical components and their use
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and ladder logic programming. It discusses how PLC programs are loaded into microprocessor-based systems using machine code. The IEC 61131-3 standard defines common PLC programming languages like ladder diagrams and function block diagrams. Ladder diagrams resemble electrical ladder diagrams and are read from left to right. They use contacts to represent inputs and coils to represent outputs. Basic logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT are used to write simple PLC programs in ladder logic.
Ladder diagrams are a type of graphic language used to represent logic systems for industrial control. They resemble a ladder, with two vertical power rails and circuits connected horizontally in rungs. Standard symbols are used to represent components like switches, relays, and outputs. Logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT can be depicted using these symbols. Ladder diagrams are used to program PLCs and show control circuits for machines, depicting inputs, logic functions, and outputs.
Digital Current Mode Controller for Buck ConverterIJMREMJournal
Power electronics applications are widely used in different fields of engineering like computer,
Telecommunication, electrical power and Mechanical), one of the most useful power electronics converters is
DC-DC buck converter. Owing to its numerous applications, its performance needs to be improved through a
suitable controller. In this Paper, A digital current mode controller is proposed and implemented for Buck
converter. Proposed current mode control technique is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and results are
validated through hardware implementation. Both simulation and experimental analysis show effectiveness of
the proposed controller.
Ch 2 Ladder Basics 1
Chapter 2 Ladder Basics
Understanding Electrical Ladder Drawings
Before discussing or understanding the Programmable Logic Controller, we must first
understand the devices the PLC was invented to replace. That was the ladder diagram. The
ladder diagram or electrical schematic or elementary diagram can be divided into two distinct
portions. The first is the power portion and the second is the control. Showing flow of power to
a motor or other device in a factory environment is the primary focus of the power portion.
Showing control of that motor is the focus of the control portion. While power flow is
important, the focus is to dissect the control portion. Items such as fuses and disconnect devices
may appear in both power and control circuits. The use of symbols is important for both power
and control. The types of symbols vary and are somewhat arbitrary based on where you are
located and, in some cases, the company you work for. This is contrary to the symbols used in
the PLC which must be fixed or uniform. The use of symbols is a descriptive description of the
device being used. A list of some symbols and the function of the device is given below:
SPST SPDT
DPST DPDT
Spring
return
Spring
return
Pushbutton
make
Pushbutton
break
Pushbutton
2-circuit
Selector
switch
Shorting
selector
Proximity
limit switch
Time delay
make
Time delay
break
Safety
interlock
Flow
actuated
Liquid level
actuated
Pressure
activated
Temperature
activated
Inertia
switch
Relay
contact
NO
Relay
coil
Relay
contact
NC
Pilot
light
Fig. 2-1a Examples of American
Symbols used in Electrical Diagrams
Ch 2 Ladder Basics 2
Make
contact
Break
contact
Two way
contact
Passing
make-contact
Spring
return
Circuit
breaker
Limit
switch
Stay put
Time delay
make
Time delay
break
Liquid level
actuated
Gas flow
actuated
Temperature
switch
Fuse
Some of the symbols are used in examples on the following pages. Many devices follow the
pattern of how the device actually works. For example, notice how the foot switch resembles an
actual foot switch or how a flow or sail switch resembles a sail on a sailboat. Also, note that
different combinations of open and closed contacts can be furnished on the same device to give
multiple combinations of functions to the control circuit either through hard-wired circuits or to
the PLC and then through its logic to the appropriate output.
Many times, the input devices are said to be either normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
The normally open or closed status refers to the shelf state of the device. If a device is normally
open, a resistance check of the device with a digital multi-meter will give a reading of OL. If the
device is normally closed, a resistance check will give a reading of 0.0.
The normally open and normally closed state of the de ...
The document discusses transfer function representation of DC and AC servomotors. It provides details on the construction, working principle, and transfer function modeling of field controlled and armature controlled DC servomotors. It also discusses AC servomotor construction, torque-speed characteristics, and transfer function. Finally, it covers synchro transmitters and receivers, their working principles, and applications in angular position control from a remote location.
Space Vector Modulation Strategy for NPC ConverterIRJET Journal
This document describes a control strategy for an eight-switch neutral point clamped (NPC) converter. The NPC converter uses only two legs instead of the conventional three legs to reduce the number of switches. A simplified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm is used to calculate the time durations of the voltage vectors and generate control pulses for the switches. Computer simulations are presented to verify that the control strategy can regulate the DC bus voltage and draw sinusoidal line currents with unity power factor from the AC mains.
The document discusses modelling of DC-DC converters. It describes:
1) DC-DC converters regulate output voltage by varying the duty cycle of switching signals to transistors and diodes.
2) Buck and boost converters are analyzed, determining equations for inductor current, capacitor voltage, and minimum inductance for continuous mode.
3) Parameters like maximum current, output ripple, and filtering capacitor value are calculated based on duty cycle, switching frequency, and load.
This document summarizes a study on modelling and automating a Controllable Network Transformer (CNT). The CNT augments an existing load tap-changing transformer with an AC chopper to control voltage magnitude and phase angle. The study models the CNT using MATLAB and automates its response to system voltage variations. Simulation results demonstrate the CNT's ability to dynamically control output voltage between taps by varying the chopper's pulse width. An automatic tap and pulse selector subsystem chooses the appropriate tap and pulse width based on the required voltage. The automated CNT model proves CNT is a valuable solution for future grid network links by providing flexible voltage matching and bidirectional power flow control.
The document discusses different types of measurement instruments including PMMC instruments, ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It provides details on the construction and working principles of PMMC instruments which use a permanent magnet and moving coil. It describes how ammeters and voltmeters work to measure current and voltage respectively based on their placements in series or parallel in a circuit. It also explains the types and uses of analog and digital ohmmeters to measure resistance. Finally, it provides an overview of clamp-on meters which allow current measurements to be taken without disconnecting wires.
The document describes the design and construction of a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by keeping the panels aligned with the sun throughout the day. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. When tested, the design is intended to demonstrate improved energy production over static panels.
This document describes an experiment using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to bi-directionally control a DC motor. The objectives are to understand controlling a DC motor in two directions and become familiar with relay applications. The equipment used includes a Delta PLC training kit and banana plug wires. The document explains DC motor theory and types of DC motors. It provides the experimental procedures which use push buttons and relays in a control circuit to change the polarity of the motor coils and reverse the motor's direction of rotation. Diagrams illustrate the circuit and relay operations when each push button is pressed.
This document describes an experiment using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to bi-directionally control a DC motor. The objectives are to understand controlling the motor in two directions and learn about relay applications. The equipment used includes a Delta PLC training kit and banana plug wires. The document explains DC motor theory and types of DC motors. It provides the experimental procedures which use push buttons and relays in the PLC to change the polarity of the motor, reversing its direction of rotation. Diagrams illustrate the control circuit and how it operates to turn the motor right or left.
Improvement in Power Transmission Capacity by Simultaneous AC-DC Transmissiontheijes
Now days in power transmission systems mainly the high voltage three phase AC or HVDC transmission lines for greater efficiency at very long distances are used. In this paper, we have to show the scheme of AC and DC power transmission system which can be developed by converting double circuit ac line into composite AC and DC power transmission line and also comparing simulation results with the simple EHVAC transmission system and HVDC transmission system having six pulses PWM generator. The main object of thesis is to show that by superimposing DC in AC transmission, the capacity of the transmission line can be increased by nearly 70 % of that if only AC is transmitted. In our existing transmission system, long extra high voltage (EHV) AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this project, it is possible to load these lines close to their thermal limits. The conductors are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it, without altering the original line conductors, tower structures, and insulator strings has been presented.
The document discusses relay pin configuration and implementation. It describes how a relay works as an electromagnetic switch with common, normally closed, and normally open terminals. When a coil is energized with DC voltage, it creates a magnetic field that attracts a connector pin and switches the connection from the normally closed to the normally open terminal. The document then provides an example of how to use two relays to control the direction of a DC motor connected to one power source by switching the polarity. Pushing one button energizes the relays in one configuration to run the motor in one direction, while pushing the other button energizes the relays in the opposite configuration to run the motor in the reverse direction.
Slides of DC Machines with detailed explanationOmer292805
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including DC motors and generators. It discusses the basic components and principles of operation for DC machines. Some key points:
- DC machines convert mechanical energy to electrical energy (generators) or vice versa (motors). They are commonly used to drive industrial loads.
- The main parts are the stator, rotor/armature, commutator, and brushes. The commutator converts the AC voltage in the rotor to DC.
- DC motors operate by applying a DC current to the armature in a magnetic field, producing a torque via the Lorentz force. Speed and torque can be regulated by controlling field and armature circuits.
-
This document provides an introduction to classic control components including relays, circuit breakers, contactors, overloads, timers, and counters. It describes the basic components of a classic control system including the control panel. It explains what each component is, including its structure and principles of operation. Methods for selecting, connecting, testing and addressing damages to these components are also covered. The document is an introductory overview of classic control targeted towards technical education students.
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
PLC y Electroneumática: UF0458 Montaje y reparación de sistemas eléctricos y ...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
This document discusses electrical and electronic systems installation and repair for industrial equipment and machinery. It covers topics such as power and control cable systems, including motor connections, starters, and protection devices. Specific circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate direct motor starts, star-delta starting, and motor reversing. The document also discusses automation design processes, signaling elements like panels and lights, and protection components like fuses, circuit breakers and relays.
This document discusses per unit systems used in power systems analysis. It defines single line diagrams, impedance diagrams, and reactance diagrams used to represent power systems. It then explains the per unit method for simplifying calculations by expressing all values relative to a common base. Key advantages are simplified calculations, consistent representation of components between different rated systems, and elimination of ideal transformers in diagrams. Some equations are modified in per unit systems and equivalent circuits become more abstract.
Applications of power electronic device to power systemswathiammu7
This presentation summarizes power electronic devices used in power systems, including the SCR and TRIAC. It describes the introduction, structure, operating modes, characteristics and applications of the SCR. The SCR's applications include motor starters and regulators. It also discusses the TRIAC's structure, operating quadrants, VI characteristics and applications such as LED drivers for street lighting. The presentation concludes with noting that power systems are networks for supplying, transferring and using electrical power to homes and industry.
Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring and Electronic Circuits (TCEC) ....DannyverFullo1
1) The document discusses electrical wiring and circuit diagrams. It defines key terms like load, source, and switch symbols.
2) It explains the basic steps for single pole and 3-way switch wiring installations, including connecting the source lines and load lines.
3) Examples of schematic and actual wiring diagrams are provided for single pole and 3-way switch connections to illustrate the concepts.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Ladder diagrams are a type of graphic language used to represent logic systems for industrial control. They resemble a ladder, with two vertical power rails and circuits connected horizontally in rungs. Standard symbols are used to represent components like switches, relays, and outputs. Logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT can be depicted using these symbols. Ladder diagrams are used to program PLCs and show control circuits for machines, depicting inputs, logic functions, and outputs.
Digital Current Mode Controller for Buck ConverterIJMREMJournal
Power electronics applications are widely used in different fields of engineering like computer,
Telecommunication, electrical power and Mechanical), one of the most useful power electronics converters is
DC-DC buck converter. Owing to its numerous applications, its performance needs to be improved through a
suitable controller. In this Paper, A digital current mode controller is proposed and implemented for Buck
converter. Proposed current mode control technique is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and results are
validated through hardware implementation. Both simulation and experimental analysis show effectiveness of
the proposed controller.
Ch 2 Ladder Basics 1
Chapter 2 Ladder Basics
Understanding Electrical Ladder Drawings
Before discussing or understanding the Programmable Logic Controller, we must first
understand the devices the PLC was invented to replace. That was the ladder diagram. The
ladder diagram or electrical schematic or elementary diagram can be divided into two distinct
portions. The first is the power portion and the second is the control. Showing flow of power to
a motor or other device in a factory environment is the primary focus of the power portion.
Showing control of that motor is the focus of the control portion. While power flow is
important, the focus is to dissect the control portion. Items such as fuses and disconnect devices
may appear in both power and control circuits. The use of symbols is important for both power
and control. The types of symbols vary and are somewhat arbitrary based on where you are
located and, in some cases, the company you work for. This is contrary to the symbols used in
the PLC which must be fixed or uniform. The use of symbols is a descriptive description of the
device being used. A list of some symbols and the function of the device is given below:
SPST SPDT
DPST DPDT
Spring
return
Spring
return
Pushbutton
make
Pushbutton
break
Pushbutton
2-circuit
Selector
switch
Shorting
selector
Proximity
limit switch
Time delay
make
Time delay
break
Safety
interlock
Flow
actuated
Liquid level
actuated
Pressure
activated
Temperature
activated
Inertia
switch
Relay
contact
NO
Relay
coil
Relay
contact
NC
Pilot
light
Fig. 2-1a Examples of American
Symbols used in Electrical Diagrams
Ch 2 Ladder Basics 2
Make
contact
Break
contact
Two way
contact
Passing
make-contact
Spring
return
Circuit
breaker
Limit
switch
Stay put
Time delay
make
Time delay
break
Liquid level
actuated
Gas flow
actuated
Temperature
switch
Fuse
Some of the symbols are used in examples on the following pages. Many devices follow the
pattern of how the device actually works. For example, notice how the foot switch resembles an
actual foot switch or how a flow or sail switch resembles a sail on a sailboat. Also, note that
different combinations of open and closed contacts can be furnished on the same device to give
multiple combinations of functions to the control circuit either through hard-wired circuits or to
the PLC and then through its logic to the appropriate output.
Many times, the input devices are said to be either normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
The normally open or closed status refers to the shelf state of the device. If a device is normally
open, a resistance check of the device with a digital multi-meter will give a reading of OL. If the
device is normally closed, a resistance check will give a reading of 0.0.
The normally open and normally closed state of the de ...
The document discusses transfer function representation of DC and AC servomotors. It provides details on the construction, working principle, and transfer function modeling of field controlled and armature controlled DC servomotors. It also discusses AC servomotor construction, torque-speed characteristics, and transfer function. Finally, it covers synchro transmitters and receivers, their working principles, and applications in angular position control from a remote location.
Space Vector Modulation Strategy for NPC ConverterIRJET Journal
This document describes a control strategy for an eight-switch neutral point clamped (NPC) converter. The NPC converter uses only two legs instead of the conventional three legs to reduce the number of switches. A simplified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm is used to calculate the time durations of the voltage vectors and generate control pulses for the switches. Computer simulations are presented to verify that the control strategy can regulate the DC bus voltage and draw sinusoidal line currents with unity power factor from the AC mains.
The document discusses modelling of DC-DC converters. It describes:
1) DC-DC converters regulate output voltage by varying the duty cycle of switching signals to transistors and diodes.
2) Buck and boost converters are analyzed, determining equations for inductor current, capacitor voltage, and minimum inductance for continuous mode.
3) Parameters like maximum current, output ripple, and filtering capacitor value are calculated based on duty cycle, switching frequency, and load.
This document summarizes a study on modelling and automating a Controllable Network Transformer (CNT). The CNT augments an existing load tap-changing transformer with an AC chopper to control voltage magnitude and phase angle. The study models the CNT using MATLAB and automates its response to system voltage variations. Simulation results demonstrate the CNT's ability to dynamically control output voltage between taps by varying the chopper's pulse width. An automatic tap and pulse selector subsystem chooses the appropriate tap and pulse width based on the required voltage. The automated CNT model proves CNT is a valuable solution for future grid network links by providing flexible voltage matching and bidirectional power flow control.
The document discusses different types of measurement instruments including PMMC instruments, ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It provides details on the construction and working principles of PMMC instruments which use a permanent magnet and moving coil. It describes how ammeters and voltmeters work to measure current and voltage respectively based on their placements in series or parallel in a circuit. It also explains the types and uses of analog and digital ohmmeters to measure resistance. Finally, it provides an overview of clamp-on meters which allow current measurements to be taken without disconnecting wires.
The document describes the design and construction of a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by keeping the panels aligned with the sun throughout the day. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. When tested, the design is intended to demonstrate improved energy production over static panels.
This document describes an experiment using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to bi-directionally control a DC motor. The objectives are to understand controlling a DC motor in two directions and become familiar with relay applications. The equipment used includes a Delta PLC training kit and banana plug wires. The document explains DC motor theory and types of DC motors. It provides the experimental procedures which use push buttons and relays in a control circuit to change the polarity of the motor coils and reverse the motor's direction of rotation. Diagrams illustrate the circuit and relay operations when each push button is pressed.
This document describes an experiment using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to bi-directionally control a DC motor. The objectives are to understand controlling the motor in two directions and learn about relay applications. The equipment used includes a Delta PLC training kit and banana plug wires. The document explains DC motor theory and types of DC motors. It provides the experimental procedures which use push buttons and relays in the PLC to change the polarity of the motor, reversing its direction of rotation. Diagrams illustrate the control circuit and how it operates to turn the motor right or left.
Improvement in Power Transmission Capacity by Simultaneous AC-DC Transmissiontheijes
Now days in power transmission systems mainly the high voltage three phase AC or HVDC transmission lines for greater efficiency at very long distances are used. In this paper, we have to show the scheme of AC and DC power transmission system which can be developed by converting double circuit ac line into composite AC and DC power transmission line and also comparing simulation results with the simple EHVAC transmission system and HVDC transmission system having six pulses PWM generator. The main object of thesis is to show that by superimposing DC in AC transmission, the capacity of the transmission line can be increased by nearly 70 % of that if only AC is transmitted. In our existing transmission system, long extra high voltage (EHV) AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this project, it is possible to load these lines close to their thermal limits. The conductors are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it, without altering the original line conductors, tower structures, and insulator strings has been presented.
The document discusses relay pin configuration and implementation. It describes how a relay works as an electromagnetic switch with common, normally closed, and normally open terminals. When a coil is energized with DC voltage, it creates a magnetic field that attracts a connector pin and switches the connection from the normally closed to the normally open terminal. The document then provides an example of how to use two relays to control the direction of a DC motor connected to one power source by switching the polarity. Pushing one button energizes the relays in one configuration to run the motor in one direction, while pushing the other button energizes the relays in the opposite configuration to run the motor in the reverse direction.
Slides of DC Machines with detailed explanationOmer292805
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including DC motors and generators. It discusses the basic components and principles of operation for DC machines. Some key points:
- DC machines convert mechanical energy to electrical energy (generators) or vice versa (motors). They are commonly used to drive industrial loads.
- The main parts are the stator, rotor/armature, commutator, and brushes. The commutator converts the AC voltage in the rotor to DC.
- DC motors operate by applying a DC current to the armature in a magnetic field, producing a torque via the Lorentz force. Speed and torque can be regulated by controlling field and armature circuits.
-
This document provides an introduction to classic control components including relays, circuit breakers, contactors, overloads, timers, and counters. It describes the basic components of a classic control system including the control panel. It explains what each component is, including its structure and principles of operation. Methods for selecting, connecting, testing and addressing damages to these components are also covered. The document is an introductory overview of classic control targeted towards technical education students.
Closed Loop Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy Tuned PI...IJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motors are widely used for many industrial applications because of their high efficiency, high
torque and low volume. This paper proposed an improved Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller to control the speed of
BLDC motor. This paper provides an overview of different tuning methods of PID Controller applied to control
the speed of the transfer function model of the BLDC motor drive and then to the mathematical model of the
BLDC motor drive. It is difficult to tune the parameters and get satisfied control characteristics by using normal
conventional PI controller. The experimental results verify that Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller has better control
performance than the conventional PI controller. The modeling, control and simulation of the BLDC motor have
been done using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Also, the dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor (i.e.
speed and torque) as well as currents and voltages of the inverter components are observed by using the
developed model.
PLC y Electroneumática: UF0458 Montaje y reparación de sistemas eléctricos y ...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
This document discusses electrical and electronic systems installation and repair for industrial equipment and machinery. It covers topics such as power and control cable systems, including motor connections, starters, and protection devices. Specific circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate direct motor starts, star-delta starting, and motor reversing. The document also discusses automation design processes, signaling elements like panels and lights, and protection components like fuses, circuit breakers and relays.
This document discusses per unit systems used in power systems analysis. It defines single line diagrams, impedance diagrams, and reactance diagrams used to represent power systems. It then explains the per unit method for simplifying calculations by expressing all values relative to a common base. Key advantages are simplified calculations, consistent representation of components between different rated systems, and elimination of ideal transformers in diagrams. Some equations are modified in per unit systems and equivalent circuits become more abstract.
Applications of power electronic device to power systemswathiammu7
This presentation summarizes power electronic devices used in power systems, including the SCR and TRIAC. It describes the introduction, structure, operating modes, characteristics and applications of the SCR. The SCR's applications include motor starters and regulators. It also discusses the TRIAC's structure, operating quadrants, VI characteristics and applications such as LED drivers for street lighting. The presentation concludes with noting that power systems are networks for supplying, transferring and using electrical power to homes and industry.
Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring and Electronic Circuits (TCEC) ....DannyverFullo1
1) The document discusses electrical wiring and circuit diagrams. It defines key terms like load, source, and switch symbols.
2) It explains the basic steps for single pole and 3-way switch wiring installations, including connecting the source lines and load lines.
3) Examples of schematic and actual wiring diagrams are provided for single pole and 3-way switch connections to illustrate the concepts.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
(Q)SAR Assessment Framework: Guidance for Assessing (Q)SAR Models and Predict...hannahthabet
The webinar provided an overview of the new OECD (Q)SAR Assessment Framework for evaluating the scientific validity of (Q)SAR models, predictions, and results from multiple predictions. The QAF provides assessment elements for existing principles for evaluating models, as well as new principles for evaluating predictions and results. In addition to the principles, assessment elements, and guidance for evaluating each element, the QAF includes a checklist for reporting assessments.
This new Framework provides regulators with a consistent and transparent approach for reviewing the use of (Q)SAR predictions in a regulatory context and increases the confidence to accept alternative methods for evaluating chemical hazards. The OECD worked closely together with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), supported by a variety of international experts to develop a checklist of criteria and guidance for evaluating each criterion. The aim of the QAF is to help establish confidence in the use of (Q)SARs in evaluating chemical safety, and was designed to be applicable irrespective of the modelling technique used to build the model, the predicted endpoint, and the intended regulatory purpose.
The webinar provided an overview of the project and presented the main aspects of the framework for assessing models and results based on individual or multiple predictions.
1. UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ELE-410 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
LECTURE # 04
BY DR. ADAM KHAN
1
2. • Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems
• By Frank D Petruzella 2nd Edition
Chapter 2: Understanding Electrical Drawings
2
3. Part 1: Symbols—Abbreviations—Ladder
Diagrams
• Motor Symbols
• A motor control circuit can be defined as a means of supplying power
to and removing power from a motor.
• The symbols used to represent the different components of a motor
control system can be considered a type of technical shorthand.
• Symbols make circuit diagrams less complicated and easier to read
and understand.
• In motor control systems, symbols and related lines show how the
parts of a circuit are connected to one another.
3
6. Abbreviations for Motor Terms
• AC alternating current
• ARM armature
• AUTO automatic
• BKR breaker
• COM common
• CR control relay
• CT current transformer
• DC direct current
• DB dynamic braking
• FLD field
• FWD forward
• TRANS transformer
6
GND ground
HP horsepower
L1, L2, L3 power line
connections
LS limit switch
MAN manual
MTR motor
M motor starter
NEG negative
NC normally closed
NO normally open
OL overload relay
PH phase
PL pilot light
POS positive
PWR power
PRI primary
PB push button
REC rectifier
REV reverse
RH rheostat
SSW safety switch
SEC secondary
1PH single-phase
SOL solenoid
SW switch
T1, T2, T3 motor terminal connections
7. Motor Ladder Diagrams
• Motor control drawings provide information on circuit operation,
device and equipment location, and wiring instructions.
• Symbols used to represent switches consist of node points (places
where circuit devices attach to each other), contact bars, and the
specific symbol that identifies that particular type of switch as shown
in Fig.
7
8. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• A variety of control diagrams and drawings are used to install,
maintain, and troubleshoot motor control systems.
• These include ladder diagrams, wiring diagrams, line diagrams, and
block diagrams.
• A “ladder diagram” (considered by some as a form of a schematic
diagram) focuses on the electrical operation of a circuit, not the
physical location of a device.
• For example, two stop push buttons may be physically at opposite
ends of a long conveyor, but electrically side by side in the ladder
diagram.
8
9. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Ladder diagrams, such as the
one shown in Figure 2-3, are
drawn with two vertical lines and
any number of horizontal lines.
• The vertical lines (called rails)
connect to the power source and
are identified as line 1 (L1) and line
2 (L2).
• The horizontal lines (called rungs)
are connected across L1 and L2
and contain the control circuitry.
9
10. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Ladder diagrams are designed to be read like a book, starting at the
top left and reading from left to right and top to bottom.
• Because ladder diagrams are easier to read, they are often used in
tracing through the operation of a circuit.
• Most programmable logic controllers (PLCs) use the ladder
diagramming concept as the basis for their programming language.
• Some motor ladder diagrams illustrate only the single phase control
circuit connected to L1 and L2, and not the three-phase power circuit
supplying the motor.
10
11. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Figure 2-4 shows both the power
circuit and control circuit wiring.
• On diagrams that include power
and control circuit wiring, you may
see both heavy and light
conductor lines.
• The heavy lines are used for the
higher current power circuit and
the lighter lines for the lower-
current control circuit.
11
12. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Conductors that cross each other but make no electrical contact are
represented by intersecting lines with no dot.
• Conductors that make contact are represented by a dot at the
junction.
• In most instances, the control voltage is obtained directly from the
power circuit or from a step-down control transformer connected to
the power circuit.
• Using a transformer allows a lower voltage (120 V AC) for the control
circuit while supplying the three-phase motor power circuit with a
higher voltage (480 V AC) for more efficient motor operation.
12
13. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• A ladder diagram gives the necessary information for easily following the
sequence of operation of the circuit.
• It is a great aid in troubleshooting as it shows, in a simple way, the effect
that opening or closing various contacts has on other devices in the circuit.
• All switches and relay contacts are classified as normally open (NO) or
normally closed (NC).
• The positions drawn on diagrams are the electrical characteristics of each
device as would be found when it is purchased and not connected in any
circuit.
• This is sometimes referred to as the “off-the-shelf ” or deenergized state.
13
14. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• The de energized position refers to the component position when the
circuit is de energized, or no power is present on the circuit.
• This point of reference is often used as the starting point in the
analysis of the operation of the circuit.
• A common method used to identify the relay coil and the contacts
operated by it is to place a letter or letters in the circle that represents
the coil (Figure 2-5).
14
15. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Each contact that is operated by
this coil will have the coil letter or
letters written next to the symbol
for the contact.
• Sometimes, when there are
several contacts operated by one
coil, a number is added to the
letter to indicate the contact
number ‘‘separated by dash” or
other text to be consistent.
15
16. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• A load is a circuit component that has
resistance and consumes electric power
supplied from L1 to L2, as illustrated in
Figure 2-6.
• Control coils, solenoids, horns, and pilot
lights are examples of loads.
• At least one load device must be included
in each rung of the ladder diagram.
• Without a load device, the control devices
would be switching an open circuit to a
short circuit between L1 and L2.
16
17. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Contacts from control devices such as switches, push buttons, and
relays are considered to have little or no resistance in the closed
state.
• Connection of contacts in parallel with a load also can result in a short
circuit when the contact closes.
• Normally loads are placed on the right side of the ladder diagram next
to L2 and contacts on the left side next to L1.
• One exception to this rule is the placement of the normally closed
contacts controlled by the motor overload protection device as
shown in Fig. 2.7.
17
18. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• When two or more loads are required
to be energized simultaneously, they
must be connected in parallel.
• This will ensure that the full line voltage
from L1 and L2 will appear across each
load.
18
19. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Control devices such as switches, push
buttons, limit switches, and pressure
switches operate loads.
• Devices that start a load are usually
connected in parallel, while devices that
stop a load are connected in series.
• For example, multiple start push buttons
controlling the same motor starter coil
would be connected in parallel, while
multiple stop push buttons would be
connected in series (Figure 2-8).
19
20. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Often an additional numerical suffix is
used to differentiate multiple devices
of the same type.
• For example, a control circuit with
two motor starters might identify the
coils as M1 (contacts 1-M1, 2-M1,
etc.) and M2 (contacts 1-M2, 2-M2,
etc.), as illustrated in Figure 2-9.
20
21. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• As the complexity of a control circuit
increases, its ladder diagram increases in
size, making it more difficult to read and
locate which contacts are controlled by
which coil.
• “Rung numbering” is used to assist in
reading and understanding larger ladder
diagrams.
• Each rung of the ladder diagram is
marked (rung 1, 2, 3, etc.), starting with
the top rung and reading down.
21
22. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• “Numerical cross-referencing” is used
in conjunction with the rung
numbering to locate auxiliary contacts
controlled by coils in the control
circuit.
• Numbers used for normally closed
contacts are identified by underlining
or over scoring the number to
distinguish them from normally open
contacts.
• In this circuit, control relay coil 1CR
controls two sets of contacts: 1CR-1
and 1CR-2. This is shown by the
numerical code 2, 3.
22
23. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Some type of “wire
identification” is required to
correctly connect the control
circuit conductors to their
components in the circuit.
• The method used for wire
identification varies for each
manufacturer.
23
24. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Numbering starts with all wires that are connected to the L1 side of the
power supply identified with the number 1.
• Continuing at the top left of the diagram with rung 1, a new number is
designated sequentially for each wire that crosses a component.
• Wires that are electrically common are marked with the same numbers.
• Once the first wire directly connected to L2 has been designated (in this
case 5), all other wires directly connected to L2 will be marked with the
same number.
• The number of components in the first line of the ladder diagram
determines the wire number for conductors directly connected to L2.
24
25. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• Figure 2-13 illustrates an alternative method of assigning wire
numbers.
• With this method all wires directly connected to L1 are designated 1
while all those connected to L2 are designated 2.
• After all the wires with 1 and 2 are marked, the remaining numbers
are assigned in a sequential order starting at the top left of the
diagram.
25
26. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• A broken line normally indicates a mechanical connection.
• Do not make the mistake of reading a broken line as a part of the
electrical circuit. In Figure 2-14, the vertical broken lines on the
forward and reverse push buttons indicate that their normally closed
and normally open contacts are mechanically connected.
• The broken line between the F and R coils indicates that the two are
mechanically interlocked.
26
27. Motor Ladder Diagrams (Contd…)
• When a control transformer is required to have one of its secondary
lines grounded, the ground connection must be made so that an
accidental ground in the control circuit will not start the motor or
make the stop button or control inoperative.
• Figure 2-15a illustrates the secondary of a control transformer
properly grounded to the L2 side of the circuit.
• When the circuit is operational, the entire circuit to the left of coil M
is the ungrounded circuit (it is the “hot” leg).
• A fault path to ground in the ungrounded circuit will create a short-
circuit condition causing the control transformer fuse to open.
27
29. PART 2 Wiring—Single Line—Block Diagrams
• Wiring Diagrams
• Wiring diagrams are used to show the point-to-point wiring between
components of an electric system and sometimes their physical
relation to each other.
• They may include wire identification numbers assigned to conductors
in the ladder diagram and/or color coding.
• Coils, contacts, motors, and the like are shown in the actual position
that would be found on an installation.
• These diagrams are helpful in wiring up systems, because connections
can be made exactly as they are shown on the diagram.
29
30. Wiring Diagrams (Contd..)
• A wiring diagram gives the
necessary information for actually
wiring up a device or group of
devices or for physically tracing
wires in troubleshooting.
• However, it is difficult to determine
circuit operation from this type of
drawing.
• Figure 2-16 illustrates a typical
wiring diagram provided for a
motor starter.
30
31. Wiring Diagrams (Contd..)
• The routing of wires in
cables and conduits, as
illustrated in Figure 2-
17, is an important
part of a wiring
diagram.
• A conduit layout
diagram indicates the
start and the finish of
the electrical conduits
31
32. Wiring Diagrams (Contd..)
• The wiring diagram of Figure 2-17,
reduced to a simpler form, is shown in
Figure 2-18 with the internal
connections of the magnetic starter
omitted.
• Wires encased in conduit C1 are part
of the power circuit.
• Wires encased in conduit C2 are part
of the lower-voltage control circuit
32
33. Wiring Diagrams (Contd..)
• Wiring diagrams are often used in
conjunction with ladder diagrams to
simplify understanding of the control
process.
• An example of this is illustrated in Figure
2-19. The wiring diagram shows both the
power and control circuits.
33
34. Single-Line Diagrams
• A single-line (also called a one-line)
diagram uses symbols along with a
single line to show all major
components of an electric circuit.
• Some motor control equipment
manufacturers use a single-line
drawing, like the one shown in Figure
2-20, as a road map in the study of
motor control installations.
• The installation is reduced to the
simplest possible form
34
35. Single-Line Diagrams (Contd..)
• Power systems are extremely
complicated electrical networks that
may be geographically spread over
very large areas.
• For the most part, they are also
three-phase networks.
• These systems can be so complex that
a complete conventional diagram
showing all the connections is
impractical.
35
36. Block Diagrams
• A block diagram represents the major
functional parts of complex
electrical/electronic systems by blocks
rather than symbols. Individual
components and wires are not shown.
• Instead, each block represents
electrical circuits that perform specific
functions in the system.
• The functions the circuits perform are
written in each block.
36