Lecture 3_forces and capillary bridge.pdf
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1. The document discusses various intermolecular and surface forces including van der Waals forces, dipole interactions, and capillary forces. 2. It introduces the van der Waals equation of state to account for the behavior of real gases beyond the ideal gas law. Parameters 'a' and 'b' are added to represent intermolecular attraction and excluded molecular volume. 3. Capillary bridges can generate attractive forces between surfaces due to differences in capillary pressure inside and outside the bridge, which scales with surface tension and relative curvature of the surfaces.
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Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
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Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
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3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
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Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
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Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
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Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
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Lecture 3_forces and capillary bridge.pdf
- 1. 1 Fundamentals of Capillarity and Wetting (CLL763)
- 2. 2 Fundamental Forces in Nature Typically, four fundamental forces 1. Strong force – make stable nucleus of an atom (10-5nm) 2. Weak force – β decay in the nucleus 3. Gravitational force – 𝑭 = 𝑮 𝒎𝟏𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 4. Electromagnetic force – 𝑭 = 𝟏 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟐 Electromagnetic force: Origin of all intermolecular forces that determines the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, solution behaviour, chemical reactions and the organization of biological structures
- 3. 3 van der Waals equation of state Started with the fact that real gases does not obey ideal gas law: PV= RT 𝑷 = 𝑹𝑻 𝑽 ; 𝑽 − 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 van der Waals introduced two parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’ in ideal gas law to capture the behavior of real gas. b→ excluded volume to account for the finite size of molecules. It accounts for the increase in pressure. a→ signifies the attractive force that decreases pressure. 𝑷 = 𝑹𝑻 𝑽 − 𝒃 ; 𝑽 − 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
- 4. 4 van der Waals equation of state Due to the intermolecular attraction, pressure is reduced at the wall. The amount by which the pressure is reduced is = 𝒂 𝑽𝟐 So, the final pressure due to the finite particle size and intermolecular attraction: 𝑷 = 𝑹𝑻 𝑽−𝒃 − 𝒂 𝑽𝟐 => 𝑷 + 𝒂 𝑽𝟐 𝑽 − 𝒃 = 𝑹𝑻 It is now gradually accepted that intermolecular forces exist. But the origin and the nature of the forces were not still clear. Understanding of different forces at different length scales were confusing.
- 5. 5 Cataloguing Forces Gravity– attractive Ideal gas– repulsive Condensed phases– attractive molecules do not collapse; meaning some kinds of repulsive forces. Decreasing length scale Intermolecular forces are not of a simple nature
- 6. 6 Understanding IMFs… What about the interactions between two molecules. For short range IMFs, n>3 𝑭(𝒓) = − 𝒅𝒘 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 ; 𝒘 𝒓 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒘 𝒓 = − 𝑪𝒎𝟏𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝒏 ; 𝑪 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕; 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝑭 = − 𝒅𝒘 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 = − 𝒏𝑪𝒎𝟏𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝒏+𝟏 homework
- 7. 7 Understanding IMFs… vein Mie pair potential → 𝒘 𝒓 = − 𝑨 𝒓𝒏 + 𝑩 𝒓𝒎 Lennard-Jones pair potential → 𝒘 𝒓 = − 𝑨 𝒓𝟔 + 𝑩 𝒓𝟏𝟐 Attractive component; operates at long distances repulsive component; operates at short distances For interaction between two atoms: A=10-77 Jm6; B=10-134 Jm12 𝑭(𝒓) = − 𝒅𝒘 𝒓 𝒅𝒓
- 8. 8 Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) In nature, there are different types of IMFs which give rise to macroscopic behaviour of materials 0.0 Steric repulsion (Pauli exclusion principle) 0.1 Coulombic Interaction (Charge-Charge/dipole) 1 Dipole-Dipole (Keesom or orientational interaction) 2 Dipole-Induced dipole (Debye or Inductive) 3 Induced dipole- induced dipole (London Dispersion) }van der Waals
- 9. 9 Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) Dipole-Dipole Dipole- Induced Dipole Induced Dipole- Induced Dipole w(r)= − 𝑢1𝑢2 3 4𝜋𝜖0 2𝑘𝑇 𝑟6 u→ electric dipole moment 𝝐𝟎→dielectric permittivity of vacuum k→ Boltzmann constant w(r)= − 𝑢𝛼 4𝜋𝜖0 2 𝑟6 𝜶→ electric polarizability w(r)= − 3 ℎν𝛼2 4 4𝜋𝜖0 2 𝑟6 𝝂→ ionization freq.
- 10. 1 0 Surface Forces (SFs) 1 van der Waals (vdW) force between surfaces (adhesion and cohesion) 2 Electric double layer force (EDL) 3 Steric forces 4 Capillary forces (vdW force between molecules in a meniscus) 5 Friction and lubrication forces }DLVO }Entropically driven forces
- 11. 1 1 Capillary bridge and adhesion h
- 12. 1 2 Capillary bridge and adhesion θ R 𝑹′ h/2 θ
- 13. 1 3 Capillary bridge and adhesion R1 = R and R2 = R’ 𝑹’ = ൗ 𝒉 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝜟𝒑 = 𝝈 ( 𝟏 𝑹 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ൗ 𝒉 𝟐 ) Capillary pressure within the bridge: 𝜟𝒑 = 𝝈 ( 𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 )
- 14. 1 4 Capillary bridge and adhesion A= π R2 Force due to capillary pressure: FC = 𝜟𝒑 𝑨 FC = π R 2 𝝈 ( 𝟏 𝑹 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ൗ 𝒉 𝟐 ) If R >> h ; ׀ FC ׀ ~ π R 2 ( 𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒉 )
- 15. 1 5 Capillary bridge and adhesion concave cylinder convex sphere Attractive capillary force FC = 0
- 16. 16 Drop bouncing and spreading
- 17. 17 Drop bouncing and spreading Ruiter J, et. al. Nature Physics, 11, 2015.
- 18. 18 Normal force component in Young equation 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑬 = 𝝈𝑺𝑽 −𝝈𝑺𝑳 𝝈 Young equation ❖ In mechanical equilibrium, all forces must balance each other; otherwise contact line will start to move along the surface. ❖ Gradual increase in σSV will gradually decrease 𝜽𝑬 and at some point, it will reach to zero. This is called wetting transition. ❖ What happens with normal force component of σ?
- 19. 19 Normal force component in Young equation