Skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) form long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers that contract to generate movement. Each fiber contains bundled myofibrils composed of actin and myosin filaments. Nerve impulses trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing myosin heads to attach to actin and generate force as they detach due to ATP hydrolysis, shortening the sarcomere. Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium is resequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, detaching actin and myosin.
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanis...HM Learnings
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanism I General Physiology I
The slide will be about :
1. Definition of homeostasis
2. What is internal environment ?
3. Why ECF is considered as an internal environment for cell ?
4. Homeostatic mechanism
5. Components of homeostatic mechanism
6. Feedback mechanism
7. Negative feedback mechanism
8. Positive feedback mechanism
9. Feedforward mechanism
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
Unit-III, Chapter-1- Respiratory System.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. First Year, Sem:II,
Unit III
Respiratory system 10 hours
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanis...HM Learnings
Homeostasis I Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanism I Feedforward Mechanism I General Physiology I
The slide will be about :
1. Definition of homeostasis
2. What is internal environment ?
3. Why ECF is considered as an internal environment for cell ?
4. Homeostatic mechanism
5. Components of homeostatic mechanism
6. Feedback mechanism
7. Negative feedback mechanism
8. Positive feedback mechanism
9. Feedforward mechanism
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
Unit-III, Chapter-1- Respiratory System.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. First Year, Sem:II,
Unit III
Respiratory system 10 hours
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
skeletal, cardiac & smooth Muscles by Thiru Murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Unit III – The Muscular System - Anatomy
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups
Alterations in disease
Applications and implications in nursing
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band and Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarized light) appear light in color.
I band divided into 2 portions by a narrow dark line called “Z” line or “Z” Disc.
This “Z” line is formed by protein which does not permit the light.
The part in between 2 “Z” lines called “sarc
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
2. Contractile cells
generate motile forces through contraction.
Contractile proteins are MYOSIN and ACTIN
1.Myoepithelial cells* - in secretory glands
function to expel secretions from glandular acini.
1.Pericytes* - surround blood vessels.
2.Myofibroblasts* - have a contractile function as
well as a role in secretion of extracellular matrix.
inconspicuous in normal tissues
becomes dominant cell during scar formation in
tissue repair.
Specialized Contractile cells - single cell contractile units
4. Muscle cells myofibers /
myocytes
contractile cells that function by forming
multicellular contractile units.
3 types of muscles cells – based on structure,
contractile properties, and control mechanisms
1.Skeletal muscle – for movement of skeleton, eye
globe, and tongue
2.Smooth muscle - visceral muscle (blood
vessels, GIT, uterus and urinary bladder)
3.Cardiac muscle - rhythmic contractions of heart.
5.
6. Skeletal Muscle
Referred as voluntary muscle.
The primary function - to move the skeleton.
The muscle contractions required for movement
also produce heat, which contributes to the
maintenance of a constant body temperature.
Special terminology:
Plasma membrane – sarcolemma
Cytoplasm – sarcoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum – sarcoplasmic
reticulum
7. Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
• A muscle is composed of
FASCICLES of fibers,
wrapped by CT-
EPIMYSIUM.
• Each fascicle is composed of
MYOFIBERS, the cells of
skeletal muscle.
• Each fascicle is
wrapped by CT –
PERIMYSIUM
• Each myofiber is
wrapped by CT –
ENDOMYSIUM
SKELETAL MUSCLES are subdivided by CT
8. Connective Tissue wrappings
Epimysium - dense, irreg. CT; collagen;
binds the fascicles into a single muscle.
Perimysium – less dense, irreg. CT; collagen;
surrounding individual fasciculi through which larger
vessels and nerves run.
Endomysium - barely visible; delicate support;
mainly of reticulin fibres and a small amount of
collagen
surrounding each muscle fiber.
conveys numerous small blood vessels, lymphatics
and nerves throughout the muscle.
9.
10. Skeletal muscle fibers (muscle
cells/myofiber)
Long
Cylindrical
multinucleated cells
with peripheral nuclei
Multiple nuclei – due to the fusion of muscle cell
precursor myoblasts during the embryonic
development.
11. Each myofiber contains MYOFIBRILS that extend the length of the fiber
• Orderly arrays of filamentous subunits
12. Myofibrils are made of MYOFILAMENTS formed by the contractile proteins
• Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
13.
14. IMPORTANT role of CT in muscle
- to mechanically transmit the forces generated by
contracting muscle cells, because in most instances,
individual muscle cells do not extend from one end of a
muscle to the other.
Two orientations when cut:
- transverse and longitudinal muscle fibers
19. Skeletal muscles are “striated” muscles due to
distinct cross-striation patterns.
In LM, light I bands and dark A bands are in each
muscle fiber.
Light bands are I bands ; formed by thin actin
filaments
Dark bands are A bands ; located in the middle of
sarcomere.
A bands are formed by overlapping actin and
myosin filaments.
20. I Band is bisected by Z-line that divide each myofibril into numerous
contractile units called SARCOMERE (2 Z-lines).
Each A band is bisected by the lighter H band and the darker M line
Actin
THIN
Myosin
THICK
21. • As the muscle contracts the sarcomere shortens the Z
lines are drawn closer together -- the thick and thin filaments
slide past each other.
• I and H bands shorten, while A bands stay the same.
• SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
22. Muscles are arranged around the skeleton so
as to bring about a variety of movements.
The two general types of arrangements
-opposing antagonists
• muscles that have opposing or opposite functions.
- cooperative synergists
• muscles with the same function or those that work together to
perform a particular function.
Antagonists
23. The role
of the brain
The contraction of
skeletal muscles
depends on the brain.
(voluntary or
conscious control)
The nerve impulses
for movement come
from the frontal lobes
of the cerebrum.
Motor areas of the frontal lobes generate electrochemical
impulses that travel along motor nerves to muscle fibers,
causing the muscle fibers to contract.
Frontal
lobe
24. Motor Unit - Muscles are innervated by large motor
nerves; supplying electrical impulse into the muscle and
groups of muscle fibers (neuromuscular junctions).
Motor unit
- muscle cells controlled
by one nerve cell.
25. Each muscle fiber has its own motor nerve
ending; the neuromuscular junction is where
the motor neuron terminates on the muscle fiber
28. Surrounding each
sarcomere in a repeating
fashion are the tubules of
sacroplasmic reticulum
and mitochondria T tubule is
surrounded on
each side by the
expanded
terminal
cisternae of the
SR and form
triads
Calcium ions
are stored in the
sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR).
29.
30. Myofilament components
1. ACTIN – Thin filament
- composed of two chains of G-actin (globular) that
forms F-actin (filamentous) arranged in helix.
31. • Tropomyosin - stabilizes the troponin and
attaches to actin filament.
• Troponin complex (TnT, TnC, TnI) –
initially covers the F-actin during muscle
rest
• TnT – attaches to tropomyosin
• TnC – (+) receptor for calcium ions
• TnI – inhibits contraction
32. a. The heavy chains of myosin molecules form the core of a thick filament.
b. Structure of a myosin
molecule.
2. MYOSIN – Thick filament
34. Skeletal Muscle
Contraction
Before the arrival of the nerve impulse to the muscle, the
muscle is relaxed and the calcium ions are stored in the
cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In summary, a nerve impulse causes depolarization of a
muscle fiber, and this electrical change enables the
myosin filaments to pull the actin filaments toward the
center of the sarcomere, making the sarcomere shorter.
36. Acetylcholine / Ach (neurotransmitter) is released from
motor neuron. Ach binds with receptors in the muscle
membrane opens Na+
Channel to allow sodium to enter.
37. Sodium influx causes the sarcolemma to depolarize,
becoming negative outside and positive inside.
This will generate an action potential in the
sarcolemma.
38. Action potential is propagated along the entire
length of the sarcolemma and transmitted
deep to every myofiber by the network of the
T tubules.
The T tubules bring the action potential to the
interior of the muscle cell.
39. Cisternae of the SR release calcium ions into the individual
sarcomeres and the overlapping thick and thin myofilaments of
the myofiber.
At each triad, the action potential is transmitted from the T tubules
to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane and stimulates the
release of calcium ions.
40. Calcium binds with troponin to move the troponin,
tropomyosin complex
Binding sites in the actin filament are exposed
Myosin head attach to binding sites and create a
power stroke
ATP detaches myosin heads and energizes them
for another contaction
When action potentials cease the muscle stop
contracting
41.
42.
43. SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
Initiated once calcium ions is released from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium ions activate binding between actin and
myosin that results in their sliding past each other
and muscle contraction.
When the stimulus subsides and the membrane
is no longer stimulated, calcium ions are actively
transported back into and stored in the cisternae
of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing muscle
relaxation.
44. Muscle sense
(proprioception)
is the brain’s ability to
know where our
muscles are and what
they are doing,
without our having to
consciously look at
them.
Stretch receptors
(proprioceptors or
muscle spindles)
45. Stretch receptors / muscle
spindles
Detect stretching of muscles and generate
impulses, which enable the brain to create a
mental picture to know where the muscles are
and how they are positioned.
Conscious muscle sense is felt by the parietal
lobes.
Unconscious muscle sense is used by the
cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movements.
46. References
Junquiera LC, Carneiro J. 2005. BASIC
HISTOLOGY : TEXT AND ATLAS 11th
Edition.
McGraw-Hill’s ACCESS MEDICINE.
Young B. 2009. WHEATER’S FUNCTIONAL
HISTOLOGY. 5TH
Edition. UK: Churchill
Livingstone. Distributor: Phils: C & E Publishing,
Inc.
47. Assignment
1. Explain the consequence of TETANUS AND
BOTULISM in skeletal muscle contraction.
What is BOTOX and how does it work?
1. Describe MYASTHENIA GRAVIS and give its
consequence to the process of muscular
contraction.
Editor's Notes
A motor unit is all the muscle cells controlled by one nerve cell. This diagram represents two motor units. Motor unit one illustrates two muscle cells controlled by one nerve cell. When the nerve sends a message it will cause both muscle cells to contract. Motor unit two has three muscle cells innervated by one nerve cell.
A Acetylcholine binds with receptors in the muscle membrane to allow sodium ions to enter the muscle.
The influx of sodium will create an action potential in the sarcolemma. Note: This is the same mechanism for generating action potentials for the nerve impulse. The action potential travels down a T tubule. As the action potential passes through the sarcoplamic reticulum it stimulates the release of calcium ions. Calcium binds with troponin to move tropomyosin and expose the binding sites. Myosin heads attach to the binding sites of the actin filament and create a power stroke. ATP detaches the myosin heads and energizes them for another contraction. The process will continue until the action potentials cease. Without action potentials the calcium ions will return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The actin filaments are moved by the heads of the myosin filaments. In step one the myosin head attaches to an actin filament to create a cross bridge. Step two shows that the attached myosin head bends to move the actin filament. The myosin head has expended energy to create this movement. This is a power stroke or working stroke. Step three shows that energy in the form of ATP will unhook the myosin head. In step 4 the myosin head is cocked and ready to attach to an actin filament to start another power stroke.
We do not have to see our muscles to be sure that they are performing their intended actions. Muscle sense also contributes to our ability to distinguish the shape of objects.