This document provides an overview of share capital of a company, including key terms like shares, stock, equity shares, and preference shares. It discusses the types of shares a company can issue like cumulative/non-cumulative preference shares. It also summarizes SEBI guidelines for public issues, such as a minimum 25% of issue size being offered to public and minimum application amounts. The document is intended to introduce concepts related to the capital structure and financing of a company.
A company raises finance by issuing shares to the public at different prices. Shares can be issued at par, where the price is equal to the face value; at a premium, where the price is higher than face value; or at a discount, where the price is lower than the face value. Issuing shares allows a company to generate capital from the public according to the type of share issue.
This document discusses accounting for the issue, forfeiture, and re-issue of shares. It begins with an outline of the unit topics, including the meaning and types of shares, accounting for share issues, rights issues, bonus shares, and forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Several key aspects of share capital are defined, such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, and paid-up capital. An example journal entry for a share issue transaction is provided. The document also covers equity shares, preference shares, and sweat equity shares.
Share capital refers to the total monetary value of shares issued by a company. It includes the authorized share capital, which is the maximum amount allowed, as well as the issued, subscribed, called up, paid up, and uncalled share capital, which refer to portions of the authorized capital that have been offered, applied for, demanded as payment, paid, and not yet demanded as payment by the company. Shares represent ownership units in a company and provide rights to profits, while stock refers to consolidated fully paid up shares. Companies can issue different types of shares such as equity shares, preference shares, cumulative/non-cumulative preference shares, and more. Allotment of shares must follow certain legal procedures and restrictions.
The document discusses the different types of share capital that a company may have, including:
1) Authorized/registered capital, which is the maximum capital amount set in the company's registration documents.
2) Issued capital, which is the amount of authorized capital that has been issued for public subscription.
3) Subscribed capital, which is the amount of issued capital that has actually been subscribed to by shareholders.
4) Called-up capital, which is the amount of subscribed capital that shareholders have been asked to pay.
5) Paid-up capital, which is the amount of the called-up capital that has actually been paid by shareholders.
1) Shares represent ownership in a company, with each share representing a unit of the company's total share capital. Share capital is the total funds raised by a company through the issue and sale of shares.
2) There are two main types of shares - preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares carry preferential rights to dividends and repayment of capital. Equity shares do not have preferential rights.
3) Within preference shares, there are various sub-types including cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, and redeemable preference shares. Equity shares represent the residual claim on a company's assets and earnings.
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
Issuing stock is one way for corporations to raise money by selling ownership stakes to investors. To decide whether to issue stock, a company must determine how much capital is needed and the number of shares to issue at a set value per share. While issuing stock dilutes the founder's ownership stake, it provides cash that does not need to be repaid and makes the company appear less risky to investors than taking on debt. The company must comply with securities laws and draft legal documents like stock subscription agreements to properly issue shares.
This document provides an overview of share capital of a company, including key terms like shares, stock, equity shares, and preference shares. It discusses the types of shares a company can issue like cumulative/non-cumulative preference shares. It also summarizes SEBI guidelines for public issues, such as a minimum 25% of issue size being offered to public and minimum application amounts. The document is intended to introduce concepts related to the capital structure and financing of a company.
A company raises finance by issuing shares to the public at different prices. Shares can be issued at par, where the price is equal to the face value; at a premium, where the price is higher than face value; or at a discount, where the price is lower than the face value. Issuing shares allows a company to generate capital from the public according to the type of share issue.
This document discusses accounting for the issue, forfeiture, and re-issue of shares. It begins with an outline of the unit topics, including the meaning and types of shares, accounting for share issues, rights issues, bonus shares, and forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Several key aspects of share capital are defined, such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, and paid-up capital. An example journal entry for a share issue transaction is provided. The document also covers equity shares, preference shares, and sweat equity shares.
Share capital refers to the total monetary value of shares issued by a company. It includes the authorized share capital, which is the maximum amount allowed, as well as the issued, subscribed, called up, paid up, and uncalled share capital, which refer to portions of the authorized capital that have been offered, applied for, demanded as payment, paid, and not yet demanded as payment by the company. Shares represent ownership units in a company and provide rights to profits, while stock refers to consolidated fully paid up shares. Companies can issue different types of shares such as equity shares, preference shares, cumulative/non-cumulative preference shares, and more. Allotment of shares must follow certain legal procedures and restrictions.
The document discusses the different types of share capital that a company may have, including:
1) Authorized/registered capital, which is the maximum capital amount set in the company's registration documents.
2) Issued capital, which is the amount of authorized capital that has been issued for public subscription.
3) Subscribed capital, which is the amount of issued capital that has actually been subscribed to by shareholders.
4) Called-up capital, which is the amount of subscribed capital that shareholders have been asked to pay.
5) Paid-up capital, which is the amount of the called-up capital that has actually been paid by shareholders.
1) Shares represent ownership in a company, with each share representing a unit of the company's total share capital. Share capital is the total funds raised by a company through the issue and sale of shares.
2) There are two main types of shares - preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares carry preferential rights to dividends and repayment of capital. Equity shares do not have preferential rights.
3) Within preference shares, there are various sub-types including cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, and redeemable preference shares. Equity shares represent the residual claim on a company's assets and earnings.
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
Issuing stock is one way for corporations to raise money by selling ownership stakes to investors. To decide whether to issue stock, a company must determine how much capital is needed and the number of shares to issue at a set value per share. While issuing stock dilutes the founder's ownership stake, it provides cash that does not need to be repaid and makes the company appear less risky to investors than taking on debt. The company must comply with securities laws and draft legal documents like stock subscription agreements to properly issue shares.
This document discusses different types of business organizations and share capital structures. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Key points include:
- Sole proprietorships are businesses owned and operated by one individual who is personally liable for all debts and profits/losses.
- Partnerships involve two or more individuals who agree to share profits/losses of a business. Partners have unlimited liability.
- Companies are legal entities separate from their owners. They have features like perpetual existence, transferable shares, separation of ownership and control, and limited liability for shareholders.
- Share capital refers to funds contributed by shareholders. It is divided into types like authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and
Corporations have several key characteristics including separate legal entity status, limited liability for shareholders, transferable ownership through share trading, and continuous life regardless of ownership changes. A corporation is formed through registration and establishes a board of directors elected by shareholders to oversee policy and delegate daily operations. Financial statements include an income statement, statement of retained earnings, and balance sheet that account for transactions involving shares, earnings, dividends and retained earnings.
This document summarizes key aspects of company law related to shares and share capital in India. It defines what a share is, discusses the nature and types of shares such as preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers topics like allotment of shares, share certificates, transfer of shares, issue of shares at premium, types of share capital, rights of ordinary and preference shareholders, alteration and reduction of share capital, and reorganization of capital. The document provides definitions and classifications to concisely outline some fundamental concepts in company financial structure and securities.
Basics of company accounts and issue of sharesTej Kiran
The document provides information on company accounts including:
1. Types of companies such as statutory, government, foreign, registered, private and public companies.
2. Key aspects of shares such as types (equity, preference), issue, allotment, calls and forfeiture.
3. Maintaining of proper books of accounts and preparation of key financial statements for a company.
The document discusses various types of shares and securities that can be issued by a company. It explains key differences between shares and stock, and outlines the different types of shares such as preference shares, equity shares, redeemable shares, sweat equity shares, and their characteristics. It also summarizes regulations around issuing shares at premium or discount, buyback of shares, further issue of capital, and allotment of shares to existing shareholders on a pro-rata basis to maintain their equity.
Shares represent ownership interests in a company. There are two main types of shares - equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares represent ownership and voting interests, while preference shares provide a fixed dividend that takes priority over equity shares. Companies can also issue other types of shares like sweat equity shares, which are issued to directors or employees for providing intellectual property or value additions to the company. Sweat equity shares must be approved by shareholders and issued within 12 months at a valuation determined by a registered valuer. They are subject to a 3-year lock-in period from the date of allotment.
This document defines shares and types of shares under company law. It discusses that shares represent ownership in a company and can be of two main types - equity shares and preference shares. Preference shares have priority over equity shares in dividend payments and repayment of capital. The document further describes different types of preference shares such as cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, redeemable, convertible etc. It also discusses the distinction between equity and preference shares and the process of converting shares into stock.
This document discusses shares and share capital. It defines what a share is and the different types of shares including equity shares and preference shares. It describes the characteristics of each type of preference share such as cumulative vs. non-cumulative, participating vs. non-participating, redeemable vs. irredeemable, and convertible vs. non-convertible shares. It also discusses share capital components including nominal capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. Finally, it covers topics such as issue of shares, calls on shares, forfeiture of shares, and relevant accounting entries.
Share capital refers to the total capital collected from shareholders for a company's business operations. There are several types of share capital:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount of capital a company is allowed to raise as stated in its registration documents.
2) Issued capital is the portion of authorized capital that is offered to the public for subscription.
3) Subscribed capital is the portion of issued capital that is actually subscribed to by the public.
4) Called-up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company calls on shareholders to pay.
Issue of Shares-Comapanies Act 2013 (CS/CA/CMA/B.COM/LLB)The Legal Magister
This document discusses various provisions around issuing shares under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It covers different types of shares like equity shares, preference shares, sweat equity shares. It discusses rules around issuing shares at premium or discount, differential voting rights, further issue of shares, bonus shares, employee stock options. Key points include what constitutes share capital, types of preference shares, conditions for issuing shares with differential voting rights, prohibitions on issuing shares at discount, rules for issuing sweat equity shares and utilization of securities premium.
This document provides an overview of share capital, including its definition, types, and key regulations. It discusses authorized capital, paid-up capital, called-up capital, and uncalled capital. It also covers the different classes of shares such as preference shares, ordinary shares, deferred shares, and redeemable preference shares. The document outlines regulations around issuing new shares, increasing or reducing share capital, transferring shares, transmitting shares, and buying back shares.
The document discusses various aspects of issuing shares by a company. It defines key terms like shares, share capital, types of shares and shareholder rights. It explains the different types of shares a company can issue such as preference shares, equity shares, redeemable shares, etc. It also discusses the different ways shares can be issued including at par value, at a premium or at a discount. The capital structure of a company and terms like authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital and paid up capital are also summarized.
Share capital, capital stock & it’s componentsRohan Monis
This document discusses share capital and its components for a joint stock company. It defines various types of share capital such as authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. It also discusses accounting treatments for different types of share issuances, such as issuance at par value, premium, discount, and for non-cash assets. The document provides examples to illustrate accounting entries for share capital transactions.
The document discusses various aspects of share capital of a company including:
1. Share capital refers to the total amount of money raised by a company through the issue of shares to private and public sources. It is divided into units called shares that are held by shareholders.
2. There are various types of share capital such as authorized/nominal capital, issued capital, called up capital, paid up capital, and types of shares like equity, preference, redeemable, non-redeemable etc.
3. The capital structure and types of shares can be altered through procedures like increase in authorized capital, consolidation/sub-division of shares, conversion of shares into stock etc. as permitted by law.
The document discusses key concepts in business law related to companies and shares. It defines a company and share capital, and outlines the main types of shares like preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers related topics such as share certificates, share warrants, nomination of shares, and the process of transferring shares. The Companies Act of 1956 establishes the legal framework for forming companies and responsibilities of a company's directors in India.
Retained earnings represent undistributed corporate earnings. They are divided into appropriated and unappropriated portions. Appropriated retained earnings are set aside for specific purposes, while unappropriated retained earnings are available for distribution as dividends. Common appropriations include those for treasury shares, bond redemption, share capital redemption, and plant expansion. The statement of changes in shareholders' equity reports changes in capital, retained earnings, and other equity accounts over a period.
Corporations raise capital by issuing stock. Equity financing through stock issuance is less risky than debt financing through bonds. When profits are not paid out as dividends, the cash can be reinvested in expanding operations. A corporation is a legal entity separate from its shareholders, with unlimited life, transferable shares, and limited liability for shareholders. Key components include incorporators, shareholders, directors, and officers.
The document defines and describes 5 types of capital for a company:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount a company is allowed to raise as specified in its Memorandum of Association.
2) Issued capital is the part of authorized capital that is offered for subscription to members.
3) Subscribed capital is the nominal value of issued shares that have been purchased by members.
4) Called up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company has requested members pay.
5) Paid up capital is the portion of the called up capital that members have actually paid.
This document provides an overview of corporation accounting, including:
1) It discusses the process of forming a corporation through incorporation and securing equity financing through the issuance of stock. Some key advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form are outlined.
2) It covers different financing options like debt versus equity, and how stocks work on private and public corporations. The roles of common stock and preferred stock are defined.
3) Key terms related to stock like authorized shares, issued shares, outstanding shares, and treasury stock are explained.
The document summarizes key aspects of accounting information systems and the accounting cycle, including:
1) It explains the basic accounting equation and double-entry system of debit and credit entries.
2) It outlines the steps in the accounting cycle from journalizing transactions to preparing financial statements and closing entries.
3) It describes the purpose and preparation of adjusting and closing journal entries to update revenue, expenses and inventory accounts.
This document discusses subsidiary books, which are books of original entry where transactions are first recorded. It provides examples of common subsidiary books like purchase books, sales books, cash books, bills receivable books and bills payable books. It also discusses the advantages of using subsidiary books and their various formats.
The document discusses various topics related to company shares and capital structure under Indian law. It defines shares, preference shares, equity shares, and different types of share capital including authorized, issued, subscribed, paid-up, called-up, and uncalled capital. It also covers share classification, allotment of shares, transfer of shares, dividends, and the key contents required in a prospectus for public issuance of shares.
This document discusses different types of business organizations and share capital structures. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Key points include:
- Sole proprietorships are businesses owned and operated by one individual who is personally liable for all debts and profits/losses.
- Partnerships involve two or more individuals who agree to share profits/losses of a business. Partners have unlimited liability.
- Companies are legal entities separate from their owners. They have features like perpetual existence, transferable shares, separation of ownership and control, and limited liability for shareholders.
- Share capital refers to funds contributed by shareholders. It is divided into types like authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and
Corporations have several key characteristics including separate legal entity status, limited liability for shareholders, transferable ownership through share trading, and continuous life regardless of ownership changes. A corporation is formed through registration and establishes a board of directors elected by shareholders to oversee policy and delegate daily operations. Financial statements include an income statement, statement of retained earnings, and balance sheet that account for transactions involving shares, earnings, dividends and retained earnings.
This document summarizes key aspects of company law related to shares and share capital in India. It defines what a share is, discusses the nature and types of shares such as preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers topics like allotment of shares, share certificates, transfer of shares, issue of shares at premium, types of share capital, rights of ordinary and preference shareholders, alteration and reduction of share capital, and reorganization of capital. The document provides definitions and classifications to concisely outline some fundamental concepts in company financial structure and securities.
Basics of company accounts and issue of sharesTej Kiran
The document provides information on company accounts including:
1. Types of companies such as statutory, government, foreign, registered, private and public companies.
2. Key aspects of shares such as types (equity, preference), issue, allotment, calls and forfeiture.
3. Maintaining of proper books of accounts and preparation of key financial statements for a company.
The document discusses various types of shares and securities that can be issued by a company. It explains key differences between shares and stock, and outlines the different types of shares such as preference shares, equity shares, redeemable shares, sweat equity shares, and their characteristics. It also summarizes regulations around issuing shares at premium or discount, buyback of shares, further issue of capital, and allotment of shares to existing shareholders on a pro-rata basis to maintain their equity.
Shares represent ownership interests in a company. There are two main types of shares - equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares represent ownership and voting interests, while preference shares provide a fixed dividend that takes priority over equity shares. Companies can also issue other types of shares like sweat equity shares, which are issued to directors or employees for providing intellectual property or value additions to the company. Sweat equity shares must be approved by shareholders and issued within 12 months at a valuation determined by a registered valuer. They are subject to a 3-year lock-in period from the date of allotment.
This document defines shares and types of shares under company law. It discusses that shares represent ownership in a company and can be of two main types - equity shares and preference shares. Preference shares have priority over equity shares in dividend payments and repayment of capital. The document further describes different types of preference shares such as cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, redeemable, convertible etc. It also discusses the distinction between equity and preference shares and the process of converting shares into stock.
This document discusses shares and share capital. It defines what a share is and the different types of shares including equity shares and preference shares. It describes the characteristics of each type of preference share such as cumulative vs. non-cumulative, participating vs. non-participating, redeemable vs. irredeemable, and convertible vs. non-convertible shares. It also discusses share capital components including nominal capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. Finally, it covers topics such as issue of shares, calls on shares, forfeiture of shares, and relevant accounting entries.
Share capital refers to the total capital collected from shareholders for a company's business operations. There are several types of share capital:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount of capital a company is allowed to raise as stated in its registration documents.
2) Issued capital is the portion of authorized capital that is offered to the public for subscription.
3) Subscribed capital is the portion of issued capital that is actually subscribed to by the public.
4) Called-up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company calls on shareholders to pay.
Issue of Shares-Comapanies Act 2013 (CS/CA/CMA/B.COM/LLB)The Legal Magister
This document discusses various provisions around issuing shares under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It covers different types of shares like equity shares, preference shares, sweat equity shares. It discusses rules around issuing shares at premium or discount, differential voting rights, further issue of shares, bonus shares, employee stock options. Key points include what constitutes share capital, types of preference shares, conditions for issuing shares with differential voting rights, prohibitions on issuing shares at discount, rules for issuing sweat equity shares and utilization of securities premium.
This document provides an overview of share capital, including its definition, types, and key regulations. It discusses authorized capital, paid-up capital, called-up capital, and uncalled capital. It also covers the different classes of shares such as preference shares, ordinary shares, deferred shares, and redeemable preference shares. The document outlines regulations around issuing new shares, increasing or reducing share capital, transferring shares, transmitting shares, and buying back shares.
The document discusses various aspects of issuing shares by a company. It defines key terms like shares, share capital, types of shares and shareholder rights. It explains the different types of shares a company can issue such as preference shares, equity shares, redeemable shares, etc. It also discusses the different ways shares can be issued including at par value, at a premium or at a discount. The capital structure of a company and terms like authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital and paid up capital are also summarized.
Share capital, capital stock & it’s componentsRohan Monis
This document discusses share capital and its components for a joint stock company. It defines various types of share capital such as authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. It also discusses accounting treatments for different types of share issuances, such as issuance at par value, premium, discount, and for non-cash assets. The document provides examples to illustrate accounting entries for share capital transactions.
The document discusses various aspects of share capital of a company including:
1. Share capital refers to the total amount of money raised by a company through the issue of shares to private and public sources. It is divided into units called shares that are held by shareholders.
2. There are various types of share capital such as authorized/nominal capital, issued capital, called up capital, paid up capital, and types of shares like equity, preference, redeemable, non-redeemable etc.
3. The capital structure and types of shares can be altered through procedures like increase in authorized capital, consolidation/sub-division of shares, conversion of shares into stock etc. as permitted by law.
The document discusses key concepts in business law related to companies and shares. It defines a company and share capital, and outlines the main types of shares like preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers related topics such as share certificates, share warrants, nomination of shares, and the process of transferring shares. The Companies Act of 1956 establishes the legal framework for forming companies and responsibilities of a company's directors in India.
Retained earnings represent undistributed corporate earnings. They are divided into appropriated and unappropriated portions. Appropriated retained earnings are set aside for specific purposes, while unappropriated retained earnings are available for distribution as dividends. Common appropriations include those for treasury shares, bond redemption, share capital redemption, and plant expansion. The statement of changes in shareholders' equity reports changes in capital, retained earnings, and other equity accounts over a period.
Corporations raise capital by issuing stock. Equity financing through stock issuance is less risky than debt financing through bonds. When profits are not paid out as dividends, the cash can be reinvested in expanding operations. A corporation is a legal entity separate from its shareholders, with unlimited life, transferable shares, and limited liability for shareholders. Key components include incorporators, shareholders, directors, and officers.
The document defines and describes 5 types of capital for a company:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount a company is allowed to raise as specified in its Memorandum of Association.
2) Issued capital is the part of authorized capital that is offered for subscription to members.
3) Subscribed capital is the nominal value of issued shares that have been purchased by members.
4) Called up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company has requested members pay.
5) Paid up capital is the portion of the called up capital that members have actually paid.
This document provides an overview of corporation accounting, including:
1) It discusses the process of forming a corporation through incorporation and securing equity financing through the issuance of stock. Some key advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form are outlined.
2) It covers different financing options like debt versus equity, and how stocks work on private and public corporations. The roles of common stock and preferred stock are defined.
3) Key terms related to stock like authorized shares, issued shares, outstanding shares, and treasury stock are explained.
The document summarizes key aspects of accounting information systems and the accounting cycle, including:
1) It explains the basic accounting equation and double-entry system of debit and credit entries.
2) It outlines the steps in the accounting cycle from journalizing transactions to preparing financial statements and closing entries.
3) It describes the purpose and preparation of adjusting and closing journal entries to update revenue, expenses and inventory accounts.
This document discusses subsidiary books, which are books of original entry where transactions are first recorded. It provides examples of common subsidiary books like purchase books, sales books, cash books, bills receivable books and bills payable books. It also discusses the advantages of using subsidiary books and their various formats.
The document discusses various topics related to company shares and capital structure under Indian law. It defines shares, preference shares, equity shares, and different types of share capital including authorized, issued, subscribed, paid-up, called-up, and uncalled capital. It also covers share classification, allotment of shares, transfer of shares, dividends, and the key contents required in a prospectus for public issuance of shares.
The document provides an overview of the accounting process. It defines accounting and discusses its key principles and concepts. It describes the different branches and types of accounting. It then explains the accounting process which involves identifying transactions, preparing documents, recording transactions in a journal, posting to ledgers, preparing trial balances and final accounts such as profit and loss statements and balance sheets. It also discusses the different books of accounts used such as journals, ledgers and trial balances. Finally, it covers accounting systems and basics such as debits and credits, types of accounts and how to prepare and balance accounts.
The accounting process involves collecting documents, posting journal entries, transferring balances to ledger accounts, preparing a trial balance, making adjustments, creating an adjusted trial balance, preparing financial statements, making post-closing entries, and generating a post-closing trial balance. Source documents are collected and analyzed throughout the accounting period. Journal entries are posted using double entry accounting. Ledger accounts track debit and credit balances. An initial trial balance is prepared, then adjustment entries are made and an adjusted trial balance is created to develop financial statements showing the firm's profits, losses, and financial health. Finally, revenue and expense accounts are closed out and balances transferred in post-closing entries.
This chapter discusses depreciation of fixed assets, capital expenditures, and revenue expenditures. It defines depreciation and explains the need for and causes of depreciation. It also covers how to calculate and account for depreciation using different methods. The chapter distinguishes between capital expenditures, which increase asset value, and revenue expenditures, which are daily operating expenses. It explains how incorrectly treating expenditures can affect financial statements.
Recording of Special Transactions of Accounting in Saparate books, includes :
1."Cash Book" for Cash, Bank & Discount transactions
2. "Purchase Book" for Credit purchases of goods
3. "Returns Outward Book" for Return of Credit purchases goods
4. "Sales Book" : Credit Sale of goods
5."Return Inwards Book" for Return of Credit Sold goods; 6. "Bills Receivable" book: Details of Bills drawn &
7. "Bills Payable" Book.
8. "Journal Proper": for the remaining Transactions.
For more information visit - http://www.takshilalearning.com or call +91-8800999280
Accounting equation and account classification 06052013kennethcrisostomo
The document discusses the basic accounting equation of Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity. It defines key accounting concepts such as assets, liabilities, owner's equity, and how transactions affect accounts. Assets are resources owned, liabilities are amounts owed, and owner's equity is the residual claim. The accounting equation is expanded to track increases and decreases in owner's equity from revenues, expenses, investments, and withdrawals. Transactions are analyzed to show their dual effects on at least two accounts.
Financial statement of non - profit organisationGHSS Chavakkad
Non-profit organizations are established to provide services rather than earn profits. They are organized for social, educational, religious, or charitable purposes. Their main objectives are to serve members and society without trading or earning profits. Financial statements for non-profits include a receipts and payments account, income and expenditure account, and balance sheet. The receipts and payments account summarizes all cash receipts and payments, while the income and expenditure account records revenue and expenses to determine any surplus or deficit. The balance sheet presents assets, capital or fund balances, and liabilities at a point in time.
The document provides information on the types of joint stock companies. It discusses companies based on:
1) Method of formation - chartered, statutory, registered companies
2) Liability of members - companies limited by shares, guarantee, unlimited companies
3) Membership - private, public limited companies
4) Ownership - government companies
It also outlines the key characteristics and stages of promotion for establishing a joint stock company.
This chapter discusses accounting information systems and key related concepts. It addresses what an accounting information system is, why they are important to study, and how they provide information for decision making. The chapter also explores the concepts of systems, data, and information; the role of an AIS in an organization's value chain; and how an AIS's design is influenced by information technology, corporate strategy, and culture.
This document discusses key accounting concepts and conventions. It explains the separate entity, money measurement, going concern, accounting period, accounting cost, matching, dual aspect, realization, conservatism, full disclosure, consistency, and materiality concepts/conventions. These concepts and conventions provide the basic assumptions and guidelines for preparing financial statements according to accounting principles.
Taming the ever-evolving Compliance Beast : Lessons learnt at LinkedIn [Strat...Shirshanka Das
Just when you think you have your Kafka and Hadoop clusters set up and humming and you’re well on your path to democratizing data, you realize that you now have a very different set of challenges to solve. You want to provide unfettered access to data to your data scientists, but at the same time, you need to preserve the privacy of your members, who have entrusted you with their data.
Shirshanka Das and Tushar Shanbhag outline the path LinkedIn has taken to protect member privacy in its scalable distributed data ecosystem built around Kafka and Hadoop.
They also discuss three foundational building blocks for scalable data management that can meet data compliance regulations: a centralized metadata system, a standardized data lifecycle management platform, and a unified data access layer. Some of these systems are open source and can be of use to companies that are in a similar situation. Along the way, they also look to the future—specifically, to the General Data Protection Regulation, which comes into effect in 2018—and outline LinkedIn’s plans for addressing those requirements.
But technology is just part of the solution. Shirshanka and Tushar also share the culture and process change they’ve seen happen at the company and the lessons they’ve learned about sustainable process and governance.
This document provides information about the sequence and content of a lecture on business organizations and corporate governance. The lecture will cover forms of business organizations like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It will discuss important corporate concepts such as the memorandum of association, articles of association, prospectuses, and initial public offerings. The lecture will also cover corporate governance topics including the workings of corporate entities, basic governance principles, audit committees, and the workings of audit committees. The overall goals of the lecture are to educate about business organizational forms, corporate governance, and corporate accountability.
The chapter discusses different types of business organizations including private sector, public sector, and joint sector. Private sector includes sole proprietorships, partnerships, joint stock companies, and cooperatives. A public sector firm is owned and controlled by the government. The chapter also examines various theories of firm objectives, including profit maximization, sales revenue maximization, growth rate maximization, and behavioral theories. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of principal-agent problem and asymmetric information in organizational contexts.
Financial accounting mgt101 power point slides lecture 37Abdul Wadood Ansary
The document discusses key concepts related to share capital, including authorized share capital, share certificates, shares issued at a premium or discount. It also covers certificates of incorporation, a company as a separate legal entity, dividends, subscribers/sponsors, issuance of further capital through rights issues or bonus shares. The financial statements of limited companies in Pakistan are prepared according to international accounting standards and the Companies Ordinance 1984. The key components of financial statements include the balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement, statement of changes in equity, and notes to accounts.
This document provides an overview of financial accounting and company formation. It defines financial accounting as the maintenance of daily records of all financial transactions to help prepare information on a business's financial affairs. It also outlines the key steps in company formation, including promotion, incorporation by registering required documents, raising share capital, and obtaining a trading certificate to begin business operations. The document also distinguishes between private and public limited companies.
This document discusses organizational plans for an entrepreneurial venture, including developing a management team, legal business structures, taxes, and designing the organization. It covers forming an LLC or S corporation, tax implications of different structures, assembling a management team and culture, and establishing a board of directors or advisors to provide leadership, skills, and advice. The key roles and selection criteria for a board are also outlined.
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2. The main purposes of accounting are to plan finances, keep financial records, enable information sharing, and use data to make decisions.
3. Accounting provides both internal and external users with financial information to assess a business's performance and financial position.
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Financial accounting mgt101 power point slides lecture 31Abdul Wadood Ansary
This document discusses different types of business entities, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and limited companies. It provides details on key aspects of each type such as the number of owners, liability of owners, distribution of profits, and journal entries related to capital accounts, drawings, and profit allocation. Specific accounting treatments are covered for sole proprietors, partnerships, and limited companies.
The document provides information about accounting for managers, including:
1. It outlines a session plan for an accounting course covering topics like basic accounting concepts, the double entry system, preparing financial statements, and a class test.
2. It discusses different types of business entities like sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, private and public companies, and one person companies.
3. It provides evaluation criteria for the course, which will be based entirely on an online test.
The document discusses different types of business entities including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies. It outlines the key advantages and disadvantages of each structure in terms of control, financial liability, taxation, and other factors. When choosing a business entity, owners must evaluate legal liability, tax implications, costs, flexibility, and future needs. A sole proprietorship gives owners control but unlimited liability while a partnership shares control but also liability. A corporation provides liability protection but has more complex compliance requirements. A limited liability company combines characteristics of partnerships and corporations.
This document discusses different forms of business ownership including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies. It provides details on the key characteristics of each form such as division of profits, extent of liability, control, and taxation. The document also discusses factors to consider when choosing a form of ownership like the nature of the business, capital requirements, risk, and desire for control. Overall it serves as an introduction to the different forms of business and helps guide decisions around selecting an appropriate structure.
1. The document discusses the forms and economic roles of business organizations. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and cooperatives as the main forms of business.
2. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each form. Sole proprietorships are simple but have limited capital, partnerships allow more capital but partners have unlimited liability, corporations have more funding options but more regulations.
3. The document emphasizes that businesses play important roles in the economy by providing jobs, encouraging investment, producing goods and services, and generating government revenue through taxes. Successful businesses improve quality of life and contribute to overall economic growth.
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1. Financial Accounting
1
Lecture – 36
Maximum Number of Partners in a Partnership
• There can be a maximum of Twenty partners in a
partnership firm.
• Exceptions – Partnership firms of professional can have
more than twenty partners.
2. Financial Accounting
2
Lecture – 36
What is the Need to Form a Limited Company?
• Size of Project – The size of project may be so large that it
constantly requires more capital and therefore a large
number of persons is required to finance it.
• Limited Liability – In a limited company liability of the
shareholders is limited to the amount invested in the
company through the shares purchased.
• Tax Benefits – There are certain tax benefits that a limited
company enjoys as compared to a partnership firm.
3. Financial Accounting
3
Lecture – 36
Limited Companies
• In Pakistan, affairs of Limited Companies are controlled by
COMPANIES ORDINANCE issued in 1984.
• The formation of a company and other matters related to
companies are governed by SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN (SECP).
4. Financial Accounting
4
Lecture – 36
Types of Companies
Types of Companies
Public
Limited Companies
Private
Limited Companies
Listed
Public Limited Companies
Non-Listed
Public Limited Companies
Note: One Level to appear
at a time. In case of any
confusion plz contact me.
5. Financial Accounting
5
Lecture – 36
Types of Companies
• Private Limited Company:
Can not ask public at large to invest in its shares.
Can have a Minimum Two and Maximum Fifty members /
shareholders.
In case a shareholder decides to sell his shares, his
shares are first offered to existing shareholders. If all
existing shareholders decide not to purchase these
shares, only then an outsider can buy them.
6. Financial Accounting
6
Lecture – 36
• Private Limited Company (Management):
Minimum two persons are elected from the shareholders
to run the affairs of the company. These persons are
called directors.
These directors form the Board of Directors of the
company.
Head of the board of the directors is called Chief
Executive of the company.
7. Financial Accounting
7
Lecture – 36
Types of Companies
• Public Limited Company
Restriction mentioned in case of Private Limited
Company do not apply to Public Limited Companies.
Minimum Seven persons can form a limited company.
There is no restriction on the number of maximum
shareholders in a public limited company.
Minimum number of directors is Seven.
8. Financial Accounting
8
Lecture – 36
Types of Public Companies
• Non Listed Company
A company whose shares are not traded by general
public on a stock exchange.
• Listed company
Listed companies are those companies whose shares are
traded on a stock exchange.
9. Financial Accounting
9
Lecture – 36
• Name of the Company
Words and parentheses (Private) Limited are added at
the end of the name of a private limited company.
Example ABC (Private) Limited.
Word Limited is added at the end of the name of a public
limited company. Example ABC Limited.
Note: both points to appear
simultaneously
10. Financial Accounting
10
Lecture – 36
Formation of Companies
• Steps in the Formation of a Company:
Availability of name of the company.
Memorandum and Articles of Association Memorandum
of Association
11. Financial Accounting
11
Lecture – 36
Formation of Companies
• Memorandum of Association
• Contains Following Information
Objectives of the company.
Place of registered office of the company
Capital of the company.
Division of capital into shares.
Name, addresses and N.I.C. numbers of the persons
forming the company.
12. Financial Accounting
12
Lecture – 36
Formation of Companies
• Articles of Association
A document that contain the policies and procedures to
run the company.
These are also signed by the persons forming the
company.
13. Financial Accounting
13
Lecture – 36
Share Capital
• Authorized Share Capital
Maximum amount of the capital that a company can raise
is called Authorized Capital.
Authorized Capital can be enhanced with the prior
approval of SECP.
This total capital is divided into smaller denominations
called shares.
14. Financial Accounting
14
Lecture – 36
Preliminary Expenses
All expenses incurred before the registration
(incorporation) of the company are called Preliminary
Expenses.
15. Financial Accounting
15
Lecture – 36
Share Capital
• Issued Capital
The actual amount of capital raised is called Issued
Capital.
It is also called Paid Up Capital.
Accounting entry is recorded for Issued / Paid Up Capital
and not for Authorized Capital.