Lung Volumes and Capacities are referred to the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Important part of the assessment of Pulmonary Tests
Lung Volumes and Capacities are referred to the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Important part of the assessment of Pulmonary Tests
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Test to Check the lung volume capacity. It is also known as Pulmonary Function Test. Spirometery is also used to increase the Lung capacity and Respiratory Muscle Strength. This device also used as a Breathing training exercise and Breathing resistance Exercise.
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Test to Check the lung volume capacity. It is also known as Pulmonary Function Test. Spirometery is also used to increase the Lung capacity and Respiratory Muscle Strength. This device also used as a Breathing training exercise and Breathing resistance Exercise.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
1. Surface tension of alveolar fluid
2. Compliance of lungs
3. Airway resistance
3. 1. Surface tension of alveolar fluid:
• thin layer of alveolar fluid coats the luminal surface of
alveoli and exert a force known as surface tension
• It arises as liquid surround the air sphere
• It produces and inward-directed force
• Surfactant (mixture of phospholipid and lipoprotein)
present in alveolar fluid reduces the surface tension.
• Deficiency of surfactant causes respiratory distress
syndrome.
5. Cont.…
2. Compliance of the lungs
• How much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest
wall
• Depends on elasticity and surface tension
• Present during
1. Tuberculosis
2. pulmonary edema
3. produce deficiency in surfactant
4. impede lung expansion e.g. paralysis of muscles
5. Emphysema: destruction of elastic fibers
6. Cont.…
3. Airways resistance
• Present in airways esp. bronchioles
• Rate of airflow through airways depend on both pressure
difference and the resistance
• Larger diameter airways have decreased resistance
• Signals from sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system
cause relaxation of smooth muscles of in the wall of airways which
result in bronchodilation and decreased resistance
• Asthma, COPD, Emphysema, chronic bronchitis
7. Spirometry
Definition:
• “The technique /process of recording the volume (amount) & speed
(flow) of air into & out of the lungs is known as Spirometry.”
• It is also known as pulmonary function test.
Apparatus:
• The apparatus use for Spirometry is known as Spirometer or
respirometer.
Graph:
• Graphical representation of changes in the lungs volumes is known as
spirogram.
8. Lung volumes and capacities
• The volume of one breath is called the tidal volume (VT).
• Minute ventilation (MV) = total volume of air inhaled and exhaled
each minute
• Normal healthy adult averages 12 breaths per minute, moving about
500 ml of air in and out of lungs (tidal volume)
• MV = 12 breaths/min x 500 ml/ breath
= 6 liters/ min
10. Pulmonary volumes
• “Amount of air present in the lungs during
inspiration & expiration”
• These are of 4 types.
1. Tidal volume
2. Inspiratory reserve volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume.
4. Residual volume.
12. Volumes of Air Exchange
Tidal volume - amount of air exhaled normally after a typical
inspiration. Normal - about 500 ml
Expiratory Reserve volume - additional amount of air forcibly
expired after tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml).
Inspiratory Reserve volume - (deep breath) amount of air that
can be forcibly inhaled over and above normal (1900-3100) .
Residual volume - amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli
(about 1.2 liters).
13. Pulmonary capacities
• The combination of specific lung volumes is known as
pulmonary capacities
• These are of 4 types.
1. Inspiratory capacity
2. Functional residual capacity
3. Vital capacity
4. Total lung capacity
14. Inspiratory capacity & Functional residual
capacity
• Inspiratory capacity
• Total Inspiratory ability of lungs. Or
• Inspiratory capacity = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve
volume
• Value: 500+3100=3600ml in males
• 500+1900= 2400 in female
• Functional residual capacity
• Volume of air remaining in the lungs at normal expiration or
• functional residual capacity = Expiratory reserve volume+
residual volume
• Value: 1200+1200=2400ml and 110=700= 1800 in female
15. Vital capacity
• Max amount of air that a person can expel forcefully from lungs after
taking deep inspiration.
• Or
• Vital capacity = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume
• Value: 4800ml in male and 3100 in female
16. Total lung capacity
• Max volume of air to which lungs can be expanded with
greatest possible Inspiratory effort
• Or
• Max volume of air present in the lungs after deep
inspiration.
• Vital capacity + residual volume
• Value:
• 4800+1200=6000ml in males
• 3100+1100=4200 in females
