Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Lattice Energy LLC-Are LENRs Occurring in Compact Fluorescent Lights-March 7 ...Lewis Larsen
Peer-reviewed paper by Mead et al. just published in February (Environmental Science & Technology) contains amazing new experimental data on anomalous shifts in abundances of Mercury isotopes found in compact fluorescent lights (CFL) used in homes and businesses. When viewed through the conceptual lens of the Widom-Larsen theory, their carefully collected Hg isotope data suggests that low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) transmutations may actually be occurring at extremely low rates in CFLs during normal operation. We discuss their paper and its implications in a new 102-slide Lattice PowerPoint presentation dated March 7, 2013. Therein, we conclude that if the intriguing possibility about LENRs in CFLs unveiled in this data is substantiated by further experimentation, it provides yet more proof that LENRs are likely to be a truly ‘green’ nuclear technology that has great promise for use in CO2-free power generation, providing LENR device heat outputs and operational longevity can be scaled dramatically upwards by applying and adapting recently acquired technical knowledge found in nanotech, plasmonics, and advanced materials science.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012Lewis Larsen
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene: the rich, rapidly advancing chemistry of fullerenes and Graphene/Graphane might be fruitfully applied to the design and fabrication of better devices having LENR-active surfaces
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009Lewis Larsen
Commercializing a next generation source of safe nuclear energy: low energy nuclear reactions or LENRs. Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations, nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and Lattice's road to commercialization
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Lattice Energy LLC-Are LENRs Occurring in Compact Fluorescent Lights-March 7 ...Lewis Larsen
Peer-reviewed paper by Mead et al. just published in February (Environmental Science & Technology) contains amazing new experimental data on anomalous shifts in abundances of Mercury isotopes found in compact fluorescent lights (CFL) used in homes and businesses. When viewed through the conceptual lens of the Widom-Larsen theory, their carefully collected Hg isotope data suggests that low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) transmutations may actually be occurring at extremely low rates in CFLs during normal operation. We discuss their paper and its implications in a new 102-slide Lattice PowerPoint presentation dated March 7, 2013. Therein, we conclude that if the intriguing possibility about LENRs in CFLs unveiled in this data is substantiated by further experimentation, it provides yet more proof that LENRs are likely to be a truly ‘green’ nuclear technology that has great promise for use in CO2-free power generation, providing LENR device heat outputs and operational longevity can be scaled dramatically upwards by applying and adapting recently acquired technical knowledge found in nanotech, plasmonics, and advanced materials science.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012Lewis Larsen
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene: the rich, rapidly advancing chemistry of fullerenes and Graphene/Graphane might be fruitfully applied to the design and fabrication of better devices having LENR-active surfaces
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009Lewis Larsen
Commercializing a next generation source of safe nuclear energy: low energy nuclear reactions or LENRs. Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations, nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and Lattice's road to commercialization
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012Lewis Larsen
Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Fusion Energy: When might it become economically feasible?Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss the technological trends that might make fusion energy economically feasible in the future. Steady improvements in superconductors are improving the economic feasibility of magnetic confinement, which can be measured by the "triple product." this triple product includes temperature, plasma density, and controlled reaction time. these superconductors are currently being improved for other applications such as MRI and energy transmission. Improvements in inertial laser confinement are also occurring through improvements in lasers, which are also being used in other applications. What does this mean for policy?
Overview-Lattice Energy LLC Gamma Shielding Patent US 7893414 b2 Issued Feb 2...Lewis Larsen
More details will now be provided about the Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of a built-in gamma ‘shielding’ mechanism that we believe occurs at LENR-active sites in condensed matter systems. What is referred to as ‘shielding’ in this context is really a dynamic process of absorption and direct conversion of locally emitted gammas into many more less energetic infrared photons (has tiny, highly variable soft X-ray ‘tail’) at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012Lewis Larsen
Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Fusion Energy: When might it become economically feasible?Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss the technological trends that might make fusion energy economically feasible in the future. Steady improvements in superconductors are improving the economic feasibility of magnetic confinement, which can be measured by the "triple product." this triple product includes temperature, plasma density, and controlled reaction time. these superconductors are currently being improved for other applications such as MRI and energy transmission. Improvements in inertial laser confinement are also occurring through improvements in lasers, which are also being used in other applications. What does this mean for policy?
Overview-Lattice Energy LLC Gamma Shielding Patent US 7893414 b2 Issued Feb 2...Lewis Larsen
More details will now be provided about the Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of a built-in gamma ‘shielding’ mechanism that we believe occurs at LENR-active sites in condensed matter systems. What is referred to as ‘shielding’ in this context is really a dynamic process of absorption and direct conversion of locally emitted gammas into many more less energetic infrared photons (has tiny, highly variable soft X-ray ‘tail’) at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in Li-ion batteries? - July 16 2010Lewis Larsen
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) in advanced batteries and other condensed matter environments; could LENRs be involved in some Li-ion battery fires? Local electric fields greater than 10*11 V/m on nanometer to micron length-scales near fractal structures, sharp tips, and nanoparticles: if heavy-mass e* electrons and ultra low momentum neutrons are produced in such spots, what are the potential implications for advanced batteries?
Lattice Energy LLC-Observed Variations in Rates of Nuclear Decay-Nov 23 2012Lewis Larsen
Lattice’s technical comments regarding: “Half-life strife: Seasons change in the atom's heart,” by
Stuart Clark published in “New Scientist” magazine issue #2891 on November 21, 2012. An extension of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs published on Jan. 10, 2012, in a 3-page MS-Word document titled, "New possibilities for developing minimal mass, extremely sensitive, collective many-body, quantum mechanical neutrino 'antennas'," successfully explains the published experimental results of Jenkins and Fischbach with regard to Manganese-54 (Mn-54) and other isotopic decays involving the weak interaction (e.g., beta decays and inner-shell electron captures). This theoretical explanation for the phenomenon involves a rather straightforward application of the Pauli Exclusion Principle to all types of neutrinos, which are fermions (NOT bosons). Changes in nuclear decay rates observed in laboratory samples of beta-decaying isotopes located on earth are caused by local interactions of beta-unstable atoms in samples with varying fluxes of speed-of-light neutrinos emitted from various electroweak processes occurring in the sun's core, in the "carpet" of magnetic flux tubes on its 'surface', and in the organized magnetic structures of energetic solar flares.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs ca 1950s-Sternglass Expts-Einstein & Bethe-Nov 25 2011Lewis Larsen
Readers may enjoy reading this amazing tale of a brilliant LENR-related experimental discovery back in 1951 --- followed by its descent into total obscurity. Simply lost and forgotten by mainstream physics. In the history of science, it seems that experimental results that don't somehow fit within some sort of contemporary conceptual paradigm often tend to get ignored. Sadly, in many cases such results are never reported anywhere in peer-reviewed journals for posterity. In that regard, this cover note is combined with scanned page images from Chapter 6 in Dr. Ernest Sternglass' little 1997 book, “Before the Big Bang - the Origin of the Universe.”
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-PAHs and LENRs-Nov 25 2009
1. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)
Condensed matter nuclear science meets chemistry –
Mizuno experiments with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Technical Overview
Lewis Larsen, President and CEO
“Out of intense complexities ,
intense simplicities emerge.”
Winston Churchill
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1
2. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Contents
Overview: I through II……..…………………………………………………….……. 3 - 4
Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs - I through VII …… 5 - 11
Recapping W-L in condensed matter metallic hydrides ………………….…… 12 - 21
Recapping LENR carbon-seed nucleosynthetic networks ………………….... 22 - 25
2008: Mizuno’s LENR experiments with phenanthrene ……………………….. 26 - 40
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs and aromatic rings …………………………… 41 - 48
Do PAHs and LENRs extend into the astrophysical realm? …………………… 49 - 54
Further thoughts and possibilities for the future ………………………………… 55
Technical issues that merit further investigation ……………………..…… 56
Oil industry’s new bridge to the future? PAHs as LENR fuel ……….……. 57
Canada/Venezuela: petronuclear Saudi Arabias of the future? ……….. 58
Final remarks on alchemy, LENRs, and chemistry ………………………... 59
Ending quotation: Robert Laughlin (2005) ……………….……………………….. 60
In memoriam: Andrei Lipson (1956 - 2009) …………..…………………………… 61
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 2
3. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Overview I
For more detailed explanation of various concepts and information underlying
this presentation, please see 78-slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview
dated June 25, 2009, a 65-slide Lattice SlideShare Technical Overview dated
September 3, 2009, as well as a periodically updated Resource Guide for
Readers that was initially published on SlideShare during September 2009.
Recapping – in the September 3 Overview we discussed W-L theory in context
of experiments involving LENR carbon-seed nucleosynthetic networks. On
Slide #59, we hypothesized that the π electrons found on surfaces of planar
graphene or curvilinear fullerene carbon structures oscillate collectively, just
like SPP electrons on metals; that hydrogen atoms (protons) sticking ‘above’
the surfaces of such hydrogenated graphene and/or fullerenes also oscillate
collectively, thus forming many-body, potentially nuclear-active ‘patches’
analogous to those that can form on surfaces of hydrogen-loaded metals; and
that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down on such surfaces.
Herein - using W-L theory and extending the above hypothesis to PAHs, we
will analyze Mizuno’s LENR experiments with phenanthrene to see whether we
can understand his results; whether there are analogues to his data; and if our
new insights can be applied to explain certain astrophysical isotopic data.
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Overview II - Nucleosynthetic Pathway
Begin at Carbon (C)
Vector of LENR nucleosynthetic
pathway in red
Mostly end-up at Nitrogen (N)
end-
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Historical perspective: alchemy, chemistry, and LENRs - I
“Grow your tree of falsehood from a single grain of truth.”
Czeslaw Milosz, poem “Child of Europe,” New York, 1946
Milosz, Europe,”
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Historical Perspective - II
“The delusion of transmutation”
“As we peer down the vista of the past we find the delusion of transmutation holding
the most prominent place in the minds of thinking men. Frenzied alchemy held the
world in its grip for seventeen centuries and more of recorded history. This
pseudoscience with its alluring goal and fascinating mysticism dominated the
thoughts and actions of thousands. In the records of intellectual aberrations it holds a
unique position. Even Roger Bacon of Oxford, easily the most learned man of his age,
the monk who seven hundred years ago foresaw such modern scientific inventions as
the steamship and the flying machine, believed in the possibility of solving this all-
consuming problem … Sir Isaac Newton, one of the clearest scientific thinkers of all
time, bought and consulted books on alchemy as late as the eighteenth century … The
power and the influence of many of the alchemists can hardly be exaggerated … While
among the alchemists there were some genuine enthusiasts like Bernard Trevisan, the
annals of this queer practice are filled with accounts of charlatans and spurious adepts
who, with a deluge of glib words but with only a drop of truth, turned alchemy into one
of the greatest popular frauds in history.”
Bernard Jaffe, “Crucibles: the story of chemistry” 4th Revised ed., pp. 7-8 Dover 1976
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Historical Perspective - III
“For Mike’s sake Soddy, don’t call it transmutation.
They’ll have our heads off as alchemists.”
Comment made by Ernest Rutherford to Frederic Soddy (1901)
“In 1901, twenty-four year-old chemist Frederick Soddy
and Ernest Rutherford were attempting to identify a
mysterious gas that wafted from samples of radioactive
thorium oxide. They suspected that this gas - they called
it an ‘emanation’ - held a key to the recently discovered
phenomenon of radioactivity. Soddy had passed the
puzzling gas over a series of powerful chemical
reagents, heated white-hot. When no reactions took
place, he came to a startling realization. As he told his
biographer many years later, ´I remember quite well
standing there transfixed as though stunned by the
colossal import of the thing and blurting out-or so it
seemed at the time, ‘Rutherford, this is transmutation:
the thorium is disintegrating and transmuting itself into
argon gas.’ Rutherford‘s reply was typically aware of
more practical implications.”
J. Magill, “Decay Engine” at www.nucleonica.net "The Alchymist in Search of the Philosophers'
"The Alchemist's Workshop" by Jan
van der Straet (1570) Stone Discovers Phosphorous" by Joseph Wright
of Derby (1771)
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Historical Perspective - IV
“Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.”
Epigram by Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr in the January 1849 issue of his journal “Les Guêpes” (The Wasps)
“The energy produced by the atom is a very
poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a
source of power from the transformation of
these atoms is talking moonshine."
Prof. Ernest Rutherford, 1933 [fission discovered by Hahn and
Strassmann in 1938; Fermi’s first reactor went critical in 1942; use of
nuclear weapons,1945; first commercial reactor, 1957]
“The idea of producing useful energy from
room temperature nuclear reactions is an
aberration.”
Prof. John Huizenga, chemist and physicist, referring to “cold
fusion” in his 1993 book, “Cold fusion – The scientific fiasco of the
Oxford University Press (2007)
century” Wiley – Interscience (2007)
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Historical Perspective - V
“God made the neutron”
“The neutron plays a pivotal role in manmade transmutations. In the words of
Bronowski, ‘At twilight on the sixth day of Creation, so say the Hebrew commentators
to the Old Testament, God made for man a number of tools that gave him also the gift of
creation. If the commentators were alive today, they would write, ‘God made the
neutron.’ Is it far-fetched to consider the neutron to be the Stone of the Philosophers
(and atom smashers to be athanors – the furnaces of the Philosophic Egg)? Frankly,
yes. But, in 1941, fast neutrons were used to transmute mercury into a tiny quantity of
gold1. Was the age old dream realized? Would a modern day version of the Roman
Emperor Diocletian have to burn all the notebooks and journal articles and destroy the
atom smashers in order to protect the world’s currency? Well, probably not. It is likely
that an ounce of such gold would cost more than the net worth of the planet. Also, the
gold so obtained is radioactive and lives for only a few days at most. But, we are not
always logical when it comes to gold. In the words of Black Elk, a holy man of the
Oglala Lakota-Sioux on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, ‘ … Our people
knew there was yellow metal in little chunks up there, but they did not bother with it,
because it was not good for anything’.” 1[Sherr et al., The Physical Review 60:473-479 1941]
Arthur Greenberg, “From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story” pp. 571 2007
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Historical Perspective - VI
Chemistry and nuclear science come full-circle
“There is first the groping after causes, and then the struggle to
frame laws. There are intellectual revolutions, bitter controversial
conflicts, and the crash and wreck of fallen philosophies.”
Francis Venable “A Short History of Chemistry,” pp. 1 D. C. Heath 1894
Chemistry,”
The field of chemistry has spent nearly 300 years distancing itself from the
‘fallen angel’ of alchemy. This ‘safe distance’ has been maintained until the
present era, mainly because of wide disparities in energy scales between
chemical and nuclear processes. Today, chemistry primarily involves the
dynamics of outer valence electrons and bonding reactions between atoms of
various elements on electron Volt (eV) energy scales. By contrast, nuclear
physics mostly involves strong and weak interaction dynamics of nucleons
and inner-shell electrons, as well as other types of energetic particles, with
binding energies on scales ranging from kilo electron Volts (keVs) up to mega
electron Volts (MeVs) and higher. “Never the twain shall meet.” --- until now.
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Historical Perspective – VII
“Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.”
Rudyard Kipling, “The Battle of East and West” (1889)
Since the inception of nuclear science, it has been widely believed that the only nuclear
processes suitable for commercial power generation were strong interaction fission or
fusion; it was also widely held that nuclear transmutation reactions could only take
place within certain environments, e.g., in fission reactors, weapons, or stars. Pons &
Fleischmann’s 1989 discovery of what appeared to be nuclear processes operating
inside what would otherwise be ordinary D2O electrolytic chemical cells challenged
long-established conceptual paradigms about nuclear science. Sadly, P&F rashly
speculated that their observed radiation-free “excess heat” resulted from a D-D “cold
fusion” process. That claim, coupled with irreproducible experimental results, resulted
in sustained attacks on such work by mainstream science that have continued to the
present. Starting with the release of our first arXiv preprint in 2005, the Widom-Larsen
theory of LENRs has shown, using known physics, how energetic nuclear reactions can
take place in ordinary chemical cells. According to W-L, key aspects of LENRs involve
weak interactions that can occur in a variety of different environments under relatively
‘mild’ physical conditions. Our theory posits that in condensed matter systems, many-
body collective effects allow the otherwise disparate chemical and nuclear energy
realms to interconnect in special, micron-scale regions on surfaces.
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Recapping W-L in condensed matter metallic hydrides
Many-body collective effects are very important in LENRs
“I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about
has collective origins, not just some of it.”
Robert Laughlin, “A Different Universe – Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down,” 2005
Down,”
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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - I
Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni),
Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic
‘sponges’ that can absorb significant amounts of hydrogen
isotopes in atom % via ‘loading’ mechanisms
Analogous to loading a bone-dry sponge with H2O by
gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen
isotopes can actually be ‘loaded’ into hydride-forming
metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of
DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc.
Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of
hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and
then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic
electron ‘sea,’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice
protons (p+), deuterons (d+), or tritons (t+) in the process
Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and
occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic
hydride bulk lattices; this is a material-specific property
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - II
When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk lattice are occupied
by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘fully loaded,’ i.e., saturated. At that
point, a dynamic balance between loading and deloading begins (so-called
“breathing” mode) during which some of those ions start ‘leaking back out’ of
the bulk onto the surface. This localized deloading is a dynamic process,
occurring in discrete, island-like, micron-scale surface ‘patches’ or ‘droplets’
(scattered randomly across the surface) comprised of many contiguous p+,
d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof)
Homogeneous (limited % admixtures; too large % will destroy coherence)
collections of p+, d+, or t+ found in many-body patches on loaded metallic
hydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherently; their QM
wave functions are effectively ‘entangled.’ Such coherence has been
demonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutron- and High electric fields
electron-scattering measurements on loaded hydrides surrounding “nanorice” – Au
coating on hematite core
Electric fields surrounding
Collective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in many-body surface patches set “nanorice” – Au coating on
hematite core
the stage for local breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation; this
enables loose electromagnetic coupling between p+, d+, or t+ ions located in
patches and nearby ‘covering’ surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons. B-O See: A. Bushmaker et al.,
See:
breakdown creates nuclear-strength local electric fields (above 1011 V/m) in “Direct observation of Born-
Born-
and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP electrons (e-) exposed to Oppenheimer approximation
breakdown in carbon
very large local electric fields are thereby increased (e-*), enabling neutron nanotubes” in Nano Lett. 9 (2)
nanotubes” Lett.
production via e-* + p+, e-* + d+, e-* + t+ reactions above isotope-specific 607-
pp. 607-611 Feb. 11, 2009
threshold values for E-M field strength
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Local capture of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces
Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear Ultra low momentum neutrons
reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are have enormous absorption
effectively ‘standing still’ at the moment of their creation in cross-sections on 1/v isotopes.
cross-
condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal For example, Lattice has
energies (ultra low momentum), ULMNs have huge QM estimated ULMN fission
DeBroglie wavelengths (up to microns) and extraordinarily capture cross-section on U-235
cross- U-
large capture cross-sections on nearby nuclei; virtually all @ ~1 million barns and on Pu-
Pu-
will be locally absorbed; not detectable as ‘free’ neutrons 239 @ 49,000 barns (b), vs.
~586 b and ~752 b,
respectively, for neutrons @
For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, ULM thermal energies. A neutron
neutron capture cross-sections are directly related to ~1/v, capture expert recently
where v is the neutron velocity in m/sec. Since v is estimated ULMN capture on
extremely small for ULM neutrons, their capture cross- He-4 @ ~20,000 b vs. value of
He-
sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly <1 b for thermal neutrons
large relative to cross-sections measured at thermal
energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and the neutron DeBroglie By comparison, the highest
wavelength is ~2 Angstroms. After being collectively known thermal capture cross
created, virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed before section for any stable isotope
is Gadolinium-157 @ ~49,000
Gadolinium-
any scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal
b. The highest measured cross- cross-
kinetic energies; per S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization
section for any unstable isotope
would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10-4 sec., a long time is Xenon-135 @ ~2.7 million b
Xenon-
on typical 10-19 - 10-22 sec. time-scale of nuclear reactions rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
Artist’s
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W-L mechanism in condensed matter LENR systems
Weak interaction processes are very important in LENRs
1. E-M radiation on metallic hydride surface No strong interaction fusion or heavy element
increases mass of surface plasmon electrons fission occurring below, only weak interactions
(High E-M field) + Mass-renormalized
Mass-
(radiation ) + e − → e −
1. ~ surface plasmon
2. Heavy-mass surface plasmon polariton electrons
Heavy- polariton electron
react directly with surface protons (p+) or
(p
+
deuterons (d ) to produce ultra low momentum
(d + + ν
(ULM) neutrons (nulm or 2nulm, respectively) and an
(n 2.
electron neutrino (νe)
(ν e − + p+ → n
~ +ν e
ulm
3. Ultra low momentum neutrons (nulm) are captured
(n + + ν
2.
e − + d + → 2n
~
by nearby atomic nuclei (Z, A) representing some
(Z, A)
+ν e
element with charge (Z) and atomic mass (A).
(Z (A ulm
ULM neutron absorption produces a heavier-
heavier-
mass isotope (Z, A+1) via transmutation. This
(Z, A+1) +
3.
new isotope (Z, A+1) may itself be a stable or
(Z, A+1) n + ( Z , A) → ( Z , A + 1)
unstable, which will perforce eventually decay ulm Unstable or stable new isotope
4. Many unstable isotopes β- decay, producing: 4. + + ν
transmuted element with increased charge (Z+1),
(Z+1), ( Z , A + 1) → ( Z + 1, A + 1) + e − + ν e
Unstable Isotope
~ same mass (A+1) as ‘parent’ nucleus; β-
(A+1) parent’
particle (e- ); and an antineutrino
(e Weak interaction β- decays (shown above), direct
gamma conversion to infrared (not shown), and α
decays (not shown) produce most of the excess
Note: colored shapes associated with diagram on next Slide
Note: heat calorimetrically observed in LENR systems
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Conceptual details: W-L mechanism in metallic hydrides
Side view – not to scale – charge balances in diagram only approximate
A proton has just reacted with a SPP electron,
Collectively oscillating patch of many creating a ‘ghostly’ ULM neutron via e* + p weak Surface of metallic
protons or deuterons with nearby interaction; QM wavelength same ‘size’ as patch hydride substrate
‘heavy’ mass-renormalized SPP
electrons ‘bathed’ in high local E-field Local region of very high (>1011 V/m) electric
fields ‘above’ micron-scale, many-body
QM wave function of ultra low patches of protons or deuterons where Born-
momentum (ULM) neutron Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down
Heavily hydrogen-‘loaded’ metallic hydride atomic lattice
Conduction electrons in substrate lattice not shown
Region of short-range, high = Proton, deuteron, or triton = Surface ‘target’ atom = Transmuted atom (nuclear product)
strength E-M fields and
‘entangled’ QM wave
functions of hydrogenous
ions and SPP electrons = ULM neutron = Unstable isotope = SPP electron = ‘Heavy’ SPP electron
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 17
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High level overview: W-L mechanism in condensed matter
Chemical and nuclear energy realms can interconnect in small regions
LENR Nuclear Realm (MeVs) ‘Transducer’ regions: many-body collective effects, ~eV Chemical Energy Realm (eVs)
Occurs within micron-scale ‘patches’ energies are ‘collected’ and ‘summed’ to MeV energies in Everywhere else in LENR systems
micron-scale, many-body surface ‘patches’ by ‘film’ of SPP
“Hot spots:”reach 3,000 - 6,000+ oC electrons and p+, d+, t+ ions in patches; all oscillate collectively Energy must be inputted to create
‘Craters’ visible in post-experiment SEM
high surface E-M radiation fields
images of LENR device surfaces
that are needed to produce ULM
e − + p+ → n
~ +ν e neutrons. Required input energy
ulm E-M energy E-M energy E-M energy Input can be provided from one or a
~ − + d + → 2n
e +ν e combination of: electron ‘beams’
ulm Mass- (electric currents); ion ‘beams’, i.e.,
Many-body, Normal-mass
fluxes of ions across the surface
+ + ν collectively renormalized surface plasmon
‘film’ of SPP electrons (protons,
oscillating surface polariton (SPP) or π
plasmon deuterons, tritons, or other ions);
n + ( Z , A) → ( Z , A + 1) surface’ patches’ electrons on
and E-M photons, e.g., from lasers
ulm of p+, d+, or t+ polariton surfaces of certain
Either a stable (SPP) carbon structures if nanoscale surface roughness
ions
+ isotope
electrons – coupling parameters are satisfied
Or unstable also convert
isotope in an Gamma photons IR Infrared (IR) photons IR photons
excited state γ gammas to IR excite lattice
- may emit gammas Micron-scale surface regions with very Surface ‘film’ of SPP phonons
or X-rays high local electromagnetic fields electrons inherently ULM neutron
Unstable isotope: captures on ‘target
oscillates collectively
Which then subsequently undergoes fuel’ elements and
some type of nuclear decay process Born-Oppenheimer Approximation breaks down in many-body subsequent
‘patches’ of p+, d+, or t+ on ‘loaded’ hydride surfaces
In the case of typical beta- decay: nuclear reactions
all release nuclear Heat
+ + ν Two-way, collective energy transfers occur back-and-forth via
binding energy –
( Z , A ) → ( Z + 1, A ) + e − + ν e
neutrons are the
E-M fields coupling the chemical and nuclear realms ‘match’ that lights
the fuel ‘on fire’
In the case of typical alpha decay:
+ LENR final products: primarily stable Energetic
charged
isotopes, energetic β-, α (He-4) particles,
( Z , A ) → ( Z − 2 , A − 4 ) + 4 He
Output Output particles
2 other charged particles, IR photons (with excite lattice
Extremely neutron-rich product isotopes small ‘tail’ in soft X-rays), and neutrinos phonons
Neutrinos (ν) fly
may also deexcite via beta-delayed
off into space at
decays, which also emit small fluxes of
ν and IR photons velocity c
neutrons, protons, deuterons, tritons, etc. End with:
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Transmutation products correlated with surface structures
Nuclear products associated with intense localized heat production
Please see Zhang and Dash paper for details See: W. Zhang and J. Dash, “Excess heat
See:
reproducibility and evidence of anomalous
With Palladium (Pd) as a 'target element' present on Pd elements after electrolysis in Pd/D2O + H2SO4
cathode surface, Silver (Ag) is experimentally observed; electrolytic cells” in The 13th International
likely to be direct product of ULM neutron captures on Pd Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science,
with beta decays to Ag isotopes
Sochi, Russia 2007
In a SEM image from their paper (copied below) they
directly correlate LENR transmutation products with Free copy of paper available at:
specific sites on post-experiment surface structures: http://www.lenr-
canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf
Note: Their observations of Nickel (Ni) on the Pd
Remains of “hot spots” Note:
cathode surfaces, if correct, may have resulted
from LENR ULM neutron captures on Iron (Fe) that
somehow 'leached-out’ of the walls of the Pyrex
'leached- out’
glass vessel comprising the cell containing the
electrolyte. It is well known that metallic elements
that are compositionally present in Pyrex can leach
from glass during very long exposure to hot
electrolytes under such experimental conditions. Fe
is known to be a minor constituent in many types of
Pyrex, e.g., Corning #7740 Fe2O3 = 0.04%. Such
embedded Fe could potentially leach out of the
walls of a Pyrex electrolytic cell into the electrolyte
and migrate to the cathode surface, where it could
provide yet another local 'target element' able to
Fig. 8 on p. 14: “most common finding is that Ag occurs in craters”
craters” absorb LENR ULM neutrons and be transmuted
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Can’t boil tea, but LENRs can boil metals on a nanoscale
While LENR devices cannot “boil a cup of tea” yet, See: D. Cirillo and V. Iorio, “Transmutation of metal at
See: Iorio,
Cirillo and Iorio have reported results wherein post- low energy in a confined plasma in water" on pp.
experiment SEM images show unusual surface 492-504 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science –
492-
structures that appear to have resulted from flash Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
boiling of Tungsten cathodes (MP = 3,410 C; BP = Cold Fusion,” J-P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific
Fusion,”
5,666 C) in roughly circular 50 – 100 micron patches 2006
Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenr-
http://www.lenr-
With W’s high boiling point, it is unlikely that such canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf
features were produced by oxidative chemical Note: unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may
Note:
processes, since the hottest known chemical ‘flames’ have had either Barium (Ba) titanate and/or
are cyanogen-oxygen under pressure at 4,367O C; Dysprosium (Dy) as component(s) in the composition
(Dy) component(s)
carbon subnitride burning in pure O2 at 4,987O C of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that was partially
covering the cathode immersed in the electrolyte; Ba
One might argue that such heating was caused by local and/or Dy are often present in such ceramics. Under
the stated experimental conditions, Ba and Dy could
electrical discharges (prosaic arcing). Perhaps, but easily 'leach-out' from the surface of the ceramic into
'leach-
micron-scale arcing events result in somewhat different the electrolyte, creating yet another 'target' element
surface morphologies. More importantly, in the same that could migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten
experiments Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Gold cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate
(Au) were observed as nuclear transmutation products transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm
on the cathode surface (Samarium), and Gd (Gadolinium) were
observed/reported, it is possible that there may have
According to W-L theory, ULM neutron production and been LENR ULM neutron captures starting with Dy ->
Er (Erbium) -> Tm (Thulium) ->Yb (Ytterbium) which
successive ULM neutron captures interspersed with
are transmutation products that were in fact observed
beta decays would be expected to produce W -> Re -> in their experiments
Os -> Au, which are in fact observed Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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SEM images of LENR post-experiment surface features
View the evidence and form your own conclusions about such structures
Readers encouraged to examine reported SEM images of LENR surface features
To find more images, please go to the free website: www.lenr-canr.org as noted
before, several hundred downloadable papers are available thereon
Here are additional examples of SEM images from various LENR researchers:
Relic “crater” at former “hot spot” Relic “craters” and melting at former ‘Frozen boiling’ features on Tungsten
Pd surface B.P. = 2,970 oC “hot spot” Pd surface B.P. = 2,970 oC W surface B.P. = 5,666 oC
Pd surface: image source is Energetics Pd surface: image source is US Navy SPAWAR W surface: image source is D. Cirillo and V. Iorio,
Iorio,
Technologies, Omer, Israel (San Diego, CA) Artist’s Laboratorio M. Ruta, 81100, Caserta, Italy
rendering – black hole magnetic fields
Ruta, Caserta,
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Recapping LENR carbon-seed nucleosynthetic networks
Advance of a new scientific paradigm involves, “… handling the same
bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of
relations with one another by giving them a different framework.”
Herbert Butterfield, “The Origins of Modern Science,” London 1949
Science,”
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ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - I
ULMN capture on carbon, neutron-rich isotope production, and related decays
Increasing values of A
[BR = 12.2 %]
2He-4 ‘Pool’
7.7
Stable 99.99% [BR = 0.0025 %]
‘Boson sink’
2.3
[BR = 0.001 %]
3.3
5.0 8.2 1.2 4.3 0.8 4.2 0.6 2.9
6C-12 6C-13 6C-14 6C-15 6C-16 6C-17 6C-18 6C-19
Stable 98.7% Stable 1.3% HL=5.7x103 y HL= 2.5 sec HL=747 msec HL=193 msec HL=92 msec HL=46 msec
5.5 7.3 9.0 11.2
0.2 9.8 8.0 13.2 11.8 16.6 13.6
Legend:
Increasing values of Z
10.8 2.5 5.9 2.8 5.3 2.2
ULM neutron captures 7N-14 7N-15 7N-16 7N-17 7N-18 7N-19
Stable 99.6% Stable 0.4% HL=7.1 sec HL=4.2 sec HL=622 msec HL=271 msec
proceed from left to right; Q-
Q-
4.5 5.9 8.6
value of capture reaction in 10.4 8.7 13.9 12.5 10.4
MeV is on top of green Beta-delayed alpha
Beta-
7.5
horizontal arrow: decays are denoted 8O-16
4.1
8O-17
8.0
8O-18
4.0
8O-19
7.6
by orange arrows Stable 99.76% Stable 0.04% Stable 0.20% HL=26.5 sec
Beta decays proceed from top
to bottom; denoted w. blue with decay energy
4.8
vertical arrow with Q-value in
Q- in MeV:
7.5 Well-accepted reports documenting beta-delayed alpha
Well- beta-
MeV in blue to left: Beta-delayed
Beta- 9F-19
6.6
neutron-
decays in neutron-rich Nitrogen (N) isotopes were first
7.5 neutron emissions ~Stable 100%
published in major journals ca. 1992 - 1994
Totally stable isotopes are are denoted by pink
indicated by green boxes; dotted lines with
some with extremely long arrows; decay 7.5 A total of nine different ‘Carbon cycle’ pathways are possible in this region of
cycle’
half-lives are labeled
half- energy in MeV: the model LENR nucleosynthetic network; four of them are as follows:
follows:
“~stable”; natural
~stable” Gamma emissions (C-12 thru C-15) -> N-15 -> N-16 -> C-12 + He-4 ; total Qv = ~30 MeV/He-4 atom
(C- C- N- N- C- He- MeV/He-
abundances denoted in % are not shown here; (C-12 thru C-16) -> N-16 -> C-12 + He-4 ; total Qv = ~30.0 MeV/He-4 atom
(C- C- N- C- He- MeV/He-
Unstable isotopes are are automatically
converted directly (C-12 thru C-17) -> N-17 -> C-13 + He-4 ; total Qv = ~35.0 MeV/He-4 atom
(C- C- N- C- He- MeV/He-
indicated by purplish boxes;
when measured, half-lives are
half- to infrared by heavy (C-12 thru C-18) -> N-18 -> C-14 + He-4 ; total Qv = ~43.2 MeV/He-4 atom
(C- C- N- C- He- MeV/He-
shown as “HL = xx”
xx” SPP electrons
Network continues onward to higher A
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24. Lattice Energy LLC
ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - II
Neutron Please note this region of very high-
2.9
6C-20
0.0 -
energy beta decays of neutron-rich
Capture
13.6
HL= 14 msec
Ends on C Nitrogen isotopes (N-20 through N-23) Network can continue further to
15.8 even higher values of A if ULM
2.2
7N-20
4.6
7N-21
1.3
7N-22
1.7
7N-23
0.0 Neutron neutron fluxes are large enough
Capture
10.4
HL=100 msec HL= 85 msec HL= 24 msec HL=14.5 msec
Ends on N and of sufficient duration. This is
13.4 15.9 21.0
18.0 17.2 22.8 23.8 similar to stars, but with key
7.6
8O-20
3.8
8O-21
6.9
8O-22
2.7
8O-23
3.6
8O-24
0.0 Neutron
Capture
differences
HL= 13.5 sec HL= 3.4 sec HL= 2.3 sec HL= 82 msec HL= 61 msec
Ends on O
1.3 3.8 7.7
3.8 8.1 6.5 11.3 11.5
Neutron
6.6
9F-20
8.1
9F-21
5.3
9F-22
7.5
9F-23
3.8
9F-24
4.4
9F-25
1.1
9F-26
1.4
9F-27
0.0
Capture
HL= 11.0 sec HL= 4.2 sec HL= 4.2 sec HL= 2.2 sec HL= 0.3 sec HL= 59 msec HL=10.2 msec HL= 4.9 msec
Ends on F
0.5 3.3 4.6 9.2 12.3 16.4
7.0 5.7 10.8 8.5 13.5 13.4 17.8 17.9
6.8 10.4 5.2 8.9 4.2 5.5 1.4 3.9
10Ne-20 10Ne-21 10Ne-22 10Ne-23 10Ne-24 10Ne-25 10Ne-26 10Ne-27 Network
Stable 90.5% Stable 0.25% Stable 9.25% HL= 37.2 sec HL= 3.4 min HL= 602 msec HL= 197 msec HL= 32 msec continues
1.7 5.9
4.4 2.5 7.3 7.3 12.6
Note the large size of the Q-values for beta-
Q- 7.0 9.0 5.6 6.7 3.5
11Na-23 11Na-24 11Na-25 11Na-26 11Na-27 Network
decays of N-22 (22.8 MeV) and N-23 (23.8 MeV)
N- N- Stable 100% HL= 15 hrs HL= 1 min HL= 1.1 sec HL= 301 msec continues
2.6
5.5 3.8 9.4 9.1
For comparison, here are some representative Q-values of ‘prosaic’
Q- prosaic’
hot fusion processes with high Coulomb barriers: 7.3 11.1 6.4 8.5
12Mg-24 12Mg-25 12Mg-26 12Mg-27 Network
D + D -> He-4 + gamma (23.9 MeV) – minor D-D fusion branch ~10-5 %
He- D- Stable 79% Stable 10% Stable 11% HL= 9.5 min continues
D + T -> He-4 + 14.1 MeV neutron (17.6 MeV)
He- 2.6
This data illustrates how LENRs may have the potential to be a much
much
D + D -> Triton + proton (4.03 MeV) – BR ~50% 7.7
better power generation technology than hot fusion; they release just 13Al-27 Network
D + D -> He-3 + neutron (3.27 MeV) ) – BR ~50%
He- as much energy without any energetic neutrons or gamma radiation Stable 100% continues
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 24
25. Lattice Energy LLC
ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 6C12 - III
Here is how fusion-based carbon cycles are thought to operate in stars
Cycle 1: stellar CNO nucleosynthetic cycle Cycles 1 – 4: CNO + 3 nucleosynthetic cycles thru Ne-18 and Ne-19
Ne- Ne-
Starts at C-12
C-
Starts at C-12
C-
Produces one
He-4 per cycle
He-
Comments: in the stellar CNO cycle only C-12 is recycled; in LENR-based carbon cycles, C-12, C-13, and C-14 are
Comments: C- LENR- C- C- C-
all potentially regenerated. In general, ULMN catalyzed nucleosynthetic networks involve production of substantially
nucleosynthetic
more neutron-rich isotopes than stellar networks, e.g., C-14 C-20; N-14 N-23; O-19 O-24; F-19 F-27; and Ne-20
neutron
Source
- of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007 20; 23; 24; 27; Ne-
Ne-27. Alpha decays are far more common events in low-A stellar fusion processes
Ne- 27. low-
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 25
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
2008: Mizuno’s LENR experiments with phenanthrene
“The central theme of alchemy is the search for the secret of transmutation … Alchemists believed that the
transmutation of metals was physically possible and they strived to bring this about in their laboratories.
As historians of science grudgingly admit, many useful chemical processes came to light through these
experiments.” The centerpiece apparatus of a well-equipped medieval alchemist’s laboratory was an
“athanor,” a large tower-shaped clay or brick oven which functioned as “a self-feeding furnace, designed
to maintain a uniform temperature and provide heat for alchemical digestion.”
Quoted from multiple modern sources
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 26
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - I
Gas phase hydrogenation - measured excess heat and transmutation products
Details of these experiments are described in the two Please see:
different, non-refereed papers cited to the right
T. Mizuno and S. Sawada., “Anomalous heat
generation during hydrogenation of carbon
Primary goals of the experiments were to measure: (a.) (phenanthrene)” ICCF-14 conference,
(phenanthrene)” ICCF-
excess heat with crude calorimetry based on temperature Washington, DC (2008)
differentials observed between 4 calibrated R-type
Free document available online at:
at:
thermocouples (87% Pt; 13% Rh); (b.) nuclear transmutation
http://www.lenr-
http://www.lenr-
products using an ULVAC REGA201 mass spectrometer; canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomaloushb.pdf
and (c.) high energy photon (X-ray or gamma) emissions, if [23 pages]
any, using an Aloka TCS-161 NaI scintillation detector
A differently reported version of much of the
same experimental data can be found in:
Comments: Mizuno has successfully measured heat and
transmutation products many times in the past; those H. Kozima and T. Mizuno, “Nuclear
transmutations in hydrocarbons: polyethylene
results in this new phenanthrene work can potentially be (XLPE) films and phenanthrene on Pt mesh
useful measurements. By contrast, his reported “gamma” substrate,” Reports of CFRL (Cold Fusion
substrate,”
emissions in these two papers are rather unclear and Research Laboratory), 8-4, pp. 1 – 18, October
8-
2008
questionable. Beyond a nonstandard presentation format,
a nationally recognized expert on gamma spectroscopy Free document available online at:
at:
examined his claimed gamma observations and concluded http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Papers/pap
http://www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Papers/pap
that they were “unclear, 445, January 4, 2007and indeterminate.”
Source of Graphic: Nature, inconclusive, err/paperr18.pdf [18 pages]
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 27
28. Lattice Energy LLC
Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - II
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenanthrene
These are new, innovative, and very different types of LENR
experiments - have not previously been done in the field
Specifically, hydrogenation of relatively common type of
aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene, appears to be associated
with nuclear reactions and transmutations
‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron
‘clouds’ above 6- carbon ring
Phenanthrene is member of large family of C-H organic
molecules: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); they are C
H C
distinguished by having from two up to ten 6-carbon benzene C
C
rings bonded along their ‘edges’ – are pollutants produced H
C C
H
during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons H
Unsaturated phenanthrene has chemical formula C14H10 - ‘Ghostly’ delocalized π electron
‘clouds’ below 6- carbon ring
additional hydrogen atoms (effectively protons) can be added to Benzene showing π electron ‘clouds’:
‘load’ or ‘saturate’ its three benzene rings via catalytically π electrons, carbon atoms and protons
(H) all in very close physical proximity
assisted hydrogenation that consists of heating solid
phenanthrene under pressure in the presence of hydrogen gas
and a Pt catalyst in a sealed reactor vessel
Assisting hydrogenation is one role of Pt in experiments; is
analogousGraphic: Nature,H/DJanuary 4, 2007an LENR electrolytic cell
Source of to loading 445, into Pd in Unsaturated phenanthrene
(C14H10)
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 28
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - III
High-level overview of the experiments
Solid phenanthrene (1 gram – 99.5% pure) and Pt Composition of vessels and Pt mesh “catalyzer” in
catalyzer”
“catalyzer” (5 cm x 10 cm rectangular mesh weighing contact with hydrogen gas and gasified hydrocarbons:
hydrocarbons:
~27.8 gms – 99.99% pure) were placed into a metallic Inconel 625: family of austenitic nickel-chromium (Ni-
625: nickel- (Ni-
reactor vessel; its top lid was then bolted shut Cr) based superalloys that are typically used in high
temperature applications. Forms passive oxidized
Reactor vessel was then connected to a vacuum system layer upon heating that resists corrosion. Inconel 625
and pumped down to ~10-3 mm/Hg contains approximately: 58% Ni; 20 – 23% Cr; 5% Fe;
as well as 8 - 10% Mo; 3.15 – 4.15% Nb; 1% Co;
Nb;
Hydrogen gas (99.99% pure: impurities in ppm were O2 = 0.5% Mn; 0.4% Al; 0.4% Ti; 0.5% Si; 0.1% C; 0.015%
Mn; Si;
5; N2 = 50; CO = 1; CO2 = 21; hydrocarbons <1) was then S; and 0.015% P
admitted into the reactor vessel (Inconel 625 is 56 mm OD,
26 mm ID, 160 mm in length, 0.1 L volume, rated for 500 SUS 316L: family of standard, molybdenum-bearing
316L: molybdenum-
atm; SUS 316L vessel is 15 mm OD, 9 mm ID, 300 mm in austenitic stainless steels (Fe). Grade 316L is a low-
low-
carbon version that is immune to grain boundary
length, 0.02 L volume, rated for < 200 atm) – experimental carbide precipitation. This grade of stainless Fe
pressures ranged from 37 - 60 atm contains a maximum of approximately: 0.03% C;
After filling with pure hydrogen, an Inconel 625 or SUS 2.0% Mn; 0.75% Si; 0.045% P; 0.03% S; 18% Cr; 3%
Mn; Si;
Mo; 14% Ni; and 0.10%N
316L reactor vessel was heated with a 2 kW electric
furnace; maximum temperatures reached was ~700o C Pt mesh “catalyzer”: high purity (99.99%) Platinum
catalyzer”
mesh supplied by Tanaka Noble Metal Co., Ltd
Reactor vessel was then allowed to ‘cook’ at various
temperatures for varying periods that ranged up to ~10 Note: from a compositional standpoint the materials
Note:
days. During that time, heat production and radiation were found inside Mizuno’s reactor vessels are relatively
Mizuno’
well-characterized. This is very important when
well-
monitored. At the end of a given experiment, gas and
assessing the results of mass spectroscopy analyses
residues remaining in the metallic reactor vessel were undertaken to detect the presence of nuclear
analyzed with sensitive massJanuary 4, 2007
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, spectroscopy transmutation products in LENR experiments
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 29
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - IV
Schematic diagram of Mizuno’s experimental setup with reactor vessels
Photo of both reactor vessels
Pressure gauge Transducer
Inconel 625 SUS 316L
Mass
Vacuum analyzer
Thermocouples
Data-logger Computer
Gamma-ray Gamma-ray
detector detector
H2
gas Power Power
meter supply
Reactor vessel Sample Pt catalyzer Source: Mizuno ICCF-14 presentation
Source: ICCF-
Note: graphic adapted from Mizuno’s 2009 ICCF-15 conference presentation
Note: Mizuno’ ICCF-
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
Source: T. Mizuno, ICCF-15 Presentation, Frascati, Italy October 2009, at http://iccf15.frascati.enea.it/ICCF15-PRESENTATIONS/S7_O8_Mizuno.pdf
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - V
Summary of overall experimental conditions
Table 1. Cell conditions for the five runs shown in Fig. 20
Reaction Cell Conditions
Cell Status or Contents Symbol Pressure Temperature Gas Volume
(atm) (oC) (L)
Excess heat made 37 650 0.33
No excess heat 60 605 0.56
No Pt catalyst 54 645 0.48
No phenanthrene 38 660 0.33
No H2 gas 0.33 350 0.004
Source: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF-14 presentation, slide #19
Source: ICCF-
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VI
Summary of mass spectroscopy results for gaseous reaction products - I
M/e = 17 = 16O1H
Red symbol obscured
M/e = 15 = 12C1H3+plotted M/e = 22
on top of each other not identified in
Table 2.
M/e = 16
M/e = 43
M/e = 28 = 14N2
M/e = 14
M/e = 13 = 13C+
Red symbol obscured
M/e = 25
M/e = 5 M/e = 15
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
Source: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF-14 presentation, slide #18
ICCF-
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VII
Summary of mass spectrometry results for gaseous reaction products - II
Table 2. Percent of each species found for the five runs shown in Fig. 20
Larsen comments –alternative Percent of all gas
Mass/ Likely interpretations/questions All
charge species of these singly-ionized species Excess No excess No Pt catalyst in No 12C141H10 No 1H2 gas in
ratio [Mizuno] have same m/e ratio heat heat metallic reaction phenanthrene in metallic reaction
(m/e) (see note re resolution below) produced observed cell reaction cell cell
1H + Same conclusion
2 2 21 37 68 96.2 13
12C+ Same conclusion
12 0.7 0.7 0.3 0 3.7
13C+ Same conclusion
13 2.5 2.6 1.0 0 1.8
12C1H + C1H+ [resolution needed = 2916] ?
14 2
13
3.8 1.0 1.6 0.36 1.1
12C1H + C1H+ [1210] ?
15 3
14
27 27 12 0 21
12C1H + C1H2+ [952], 14N1H2+ [1269], 15N1H+
16 4
14
28 34 12 0.1 7.5
[684] ?
16O1H+ N1H3+ [720] , 13C1H4+ [541], 15N1H2+
17 14
0.3 0 0.1 0 0.8
[1328] ?
14N + H13C14N+ [3590], 12C16O+ [2545] ?
28 2
1
12.5 0 0.1 0.25 0
12C 1H + H13C15N+ [1028], 14N15N+ [805],13C16O+
29 2 5
1
- - - - 11
[ 707] ?
12C 1H + C31H4+ [2986] ?
43 3 7
13
- - - - 25
Symbols in Mizuno’s previous Fig. 20
Source: adapted directly from Mizuno and Sawada, ICCF-14 presentation, slide #19
Special note: in their paper, resolution of the mass spec used in these analyses was listed as, “variable, 300, 3000, or 7500.” However, the actual
resolution settings of Graphic:above were not specified. 2007 please be aware that if resolution was set at 300, none of the species listed above with the
Source used in the Nature, 445, January 4, Thus,
same m/e ratio can be reliably discriminated from each other. If set at 3000, Mizuno’s 12C1H2+,14N2+ , and 12C31H7+ may be mixtures.
November 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 33
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Mizuno: H2 loading of Phenanthrene w. Pt catalyst - VIII
Photo of PowerPoint slide presented by Mizuno at ICCF-14 in 2008
Possible Explanation of the
Experimental Result
Increase of 13C is explained by such a
reaction in the solids by absorption of a
neutron followed by gamma emission;
• n + 126C 13 C*
6
13 C
6 +γ
• Eγ = 4.95 MeV
Note again: a nationally recognized expert on gamma
again:
spectroscopy concluded that Mizuno’s gamma
Mizuno’
measurements in these experiments were
“indeterminate”; data as reported does not support claim
indeterminate”
of detecting 4.95 MeV gammas in Mizuno’s experiments.
Mizuno’
Widom-Larsen theory predicts that gammas from ~0.5 –
Widom-
1.0 to ~10+ MeV will be heavily attenuated, being mostly
converted to infrared photons by heavy electrons in
LENR-active sites.
LENR-
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