This document provides an introduction to learning Latin, including an overview of verb formation and conjugations in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. It also covers the declension of second declension nouns and adjectives, noting special cases for nouns ending in "r", and provides examples of adjective-noun agreement. Key verb conjugations of the Latin verb "to be" are also presented.

1. Latin 1 /
Intro to Latin
A study of the Latin language and the
history, culture, and geography of
ancient Rome

2. Verb formation
• Latin verbs:
stem + tense sign + personal ending
• Present tense: tense sign = n/a
+
stem + tense sign + personal ending
• Imperfect tense: tense sign = ba
stem + tense sign + personal ending
ba
• Future tense: tense sign = bi
stem + tense sign + personal ending
bi

3. Verb formation – Future
Singular
1st Person ama + bi + o amabo I will love/be loving
2nd Person ama + bi + s amabis You will be loving
3rd Person ama + bi + t amabit He/she/it will love
Plural
1st Person ama + bi + mus amabimus We will be loving
2nd Person ama + bi + tis amabitis Y’all will love
3rd Person ama + bi + nt amabunt They will be loving

4. Second Declension – Endings
Singular Plural
M N M N
Nom -us -um -ī -a
Gen -ī -ī -ōrum -ōrum
Dat -ō -ō -īs -īs
Acc -um -um -ōs -a
Abl -ō -ō -īs -īs
• For neuter, Nominative = Accusative

5. Second Declension “r” Nouns
Masculine nouns w/ stem ending in “r” will often
omit the “us” ending in the Nominative Singular.
When necessary, an “e” will be added before the
“r” to make a full syllable.
Nominative Singular Genitive Singular
puer puer i
vir vir i
magister magistr i
liber libr i
ager agr i

6. Second Declension “r” Nouns
Notes:
• Does not apply to all nouns whose stem ends
in “r” – primarily those ending in “er” or a
consonant + “r”.
e.g., taurus, tauri, M: bull is regular.
• “vir” is the only “ir” noun; the rest end in “er”
for Nom Sg.

7. Second Declension “r” Adjectives
Dexter, dextra, dextrum
Liber, libera, liberum
Miser, misera, miserum
Plucher, pulchra, pulchrum

8. Second Declension – Declined
puer, puerī, M: boy
Singular Plural
M M
Nom puer puerī
Gen puerī puerōrum
Dat puerō puerīs
Acc puerum puerōs
Abl puerō puerīs

9. Second Declension – Declined
ager, agrī, M: field
Singular Plural
N N
Nom ager agrī
Gen agrī agrōrum
Dat agrō agrīs
Acc agrum agrōs
Abl agrō agrīs

10. Adjective/Noun Agreement
• The good boy (nominative)
– Boy
• Puer, puerī, M
• Nominative Sing Masculine
• Puer
– Good
• Bonus, bona, bonum
• Nominative Sing Masculine
• bon + us = bonus
• Puer bonus

11. Adjectives without Nouns
With a be verb to describe the subject.
• The girl is beautiful.
• Puella est pulchra.
• Must match the noun it describes in C,N,G
Where the noun is assumed. (generic or context)
• The good (man) was praising the queen.
• Bonus laudabat reginam.
• Must match C,N,G of the assumed noun

12. Speaking of Be Verbs…
Present Imperfect Future
1st Person Sing sum eram erō
2nd Person Sing es erās eris
3rd Person Sing est erat erit
1st Person Pl sumus erāmus erimus
2nd Person Pl estis erātis eritis
3rd Person Pl sunt erant erunt
Sumus = We are Erat = She was Eritis = y’all will be