Satellite communication uses satellites to provide communication links between various points on Earth. Approximately 2000 satellites currently orbit Earth, relaying signals carrying voice, video, and data worldwide. Satellites operate in low, medium, and geostationary orbits and are launched from sites around the world. India has launched 76 satellites since 1975 to support applications like Earth observation, weather forecasting, military uses, and TV broadcasting. Major organizations involved include ISRO, Antrix, and private companies like Dhruva Space and Transpace Technologies.

1. LATEST TRENDS IN
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
Submitted By:
Jaspreet Kaur
ME Electronics

2. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 Satellite communication , in
telecommunications, is use of artificial satellites
to provide communication links between various
points on earth.
 Approximately 2000 artificial satellites orbiting
earth relay analog and digital signals carrying
voice, video and data to and from various
locations worldwide.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Satellite communication has two main
components:
 Space segment which is satellite itself.
 Ground segment which include direct to home
(DTH) satellite equipment , mobile reception
equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones and
handheld devices.
 Communication satellites range from
microsatellites weighing less than 1 kg to large
satellites weighing over 6500 kg.

4. INTRODUCTION
 Satellites operate in three orbits-
 Low Earth Orbit (160-1600 km)
 Medium earth Orbit( 10000-20000 km)
 Geostationary Earth Orbit (35786 km)
 Satellite launch providers use rockets to launch
rockets from sites such as Kennedy Space center
at cape Canaveral , Florida , the Baikonur
Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan , Kourou in French
Guiana, Vandenberg Air Force Base in
California, Xichang in China and Tanegashima
Island in Japan and US Space shuttle.

5. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 There are large applications of satellite
communications like for earth observation ,
weather forecast , military applications , TV
broadcasting etc.
 Different service providers provide these
services.
 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) ,
a specialized agency of UN, based in Geneva ,
Switzerland receives and approves applications
for use of orbital slots for satellites.

6. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN
INDIA
 India has launched 76 Indian satellites since
1975.
 Satellites have been launched from various
vehicles including ISRO , and previously from
American , Russian , European satellite launch
rockets and US space shuttle.
 ISRO is responsible for Indian Satellites.
 The other organization which launches satellites
is Dhruva Space , TRANSPACE Technologies
And Xovian.

7. DHRUVA SPACE
 DHRUVA Space is India’s first private space start-
up company dedicated to research and development
in space science and technology.
 It has launched various nano-satellites (8 to 35 kg).
 It caters to astronomical experiments by small
satellite missions.
 It has also partnered with various US and EU based
companies like NanoSatisfi, Berlin Space
technologies, Gomspace.
 They usually look for interns from ECE background
to involve them in open source platforms based
space Experiments development.

8. TRANSPACE TECHNOLOGIES
 Transpace technologies is a well established
company based in Bangalore with indispensable
experience in the field of Space, Defence and
Aerospace.
 It usually manufacture on-board satellite systems
and perform fabrication , testing and reliability
analysis.

9. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN
INDIA

10. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN
INDIA
 The launch vehicle manufacturers include Ariane
Space and Starsem which works for various
Europe countries.
 Also ISRO manufacture launch vehicles and
provide third party services.
 Antrix Corporation limited is the marketing
arm of ISRO for promotion and
commercialisation of space products and transfer
of technologies developed by ISRO.

11. ANTRIX CORPORATION
 ANTRIX provides space products and services
to international customers worldwide.
 Its headquarter is in Bangalore.
 It has successfully launched various satellites
like Kitsat , BIRD, PROBA etc. and provide
various services to Hughes, Matra Marconi ,
world Space etc.

12. ARIAN SPACE
 ARIAN Space is a French Company founded in
1980 as world’s first commercial launch service
provider.
 As of 2004, Arianespace hold 50 percent of
world market for launching satellites.
 It operates 3 launch vehicles:
 Vega
 Soyug
 and Ariane 5
 Recently Ariane 5 has launched satellites for
DirecTV , India.

13. INDIAN SATELLITES
 Till now India has launched 76 satellites.
 It includes various satellites used for
telecommunication , TV broadcasting , remote
sensing , earth observation and for military
purposes.
 Various satellites of different series have been
launched by India like INSAT series INSAT-1A,
INSAT-1B, INSAT-2DT, INSAT-2A,Oceansat-
1,GSAT series GSAT-1,GSAT-16 ,Kalpana-1,
HAMSAT, CARTOSAT-1,Chandrayan, SARAL ,
IRS series IRS-1B. IRS-1E, IRS-P2,IRNSS
series IRNSS-1, IRNSS-2 etc.

14. SATELLITES FOR TV BROADCASTING
 INSAT or Indian National Satellite System is a
series of muti-purpose geo-stationary satellites
launched by ISRO to satisfy TV broadcasting ,
telecommunications ,meteorology and search
and rescue operations.
 INSAT satellites provide transponders in various
bands (C, S , extended C and Ku) to serve TV
and communication needs.
 Of 24 satellites launched by ISRO, 10 are
currently in operation.

15. SATELLITES FOR TV BROADCASTING
 These services are provided by locally built
satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR ,
INSAT 4A, Insat-2E,INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E
as well as private satellites such as Dutch-based
SES, Global owned NSS 6 , Thaicom-2 and
Telstar 10.

16. TV BROADCASTING SERVICE
PROVIDERS
 India has most competitive direct-broadcast satellite
market with seven operators (six private DTH and
one Government owned DTH) which provide
services to more than 110 million television homes.
 As of 2012, over 823 TV satellite television
channels are broadcast in India.
 DTH service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, BIG
TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV ,
Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H.
 Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian
market.

17. TV BROADCASTING SERVICE
PROVIDERS
 Dish TV is India’s largest Direct to Home
(DTH) television operator. It is a division of Zee
Network Enterprise. Dish TV uses NSS-6 to
broadcast SD channels whereas it uses ASIASAT
5 satellite to broadcast its HD channels.
 DD Direct Plus is the only free-to-air satellite
television service in India. It is operated by the
state-controlled public service broadcaster Prasar
Bharati (Doordarshan) Insat4B satellite is used
to broadcast 59 FTA Channels in Ku-Band.

18. TV BROADCASTING SERVICE
PROVIDERS
 Tata Sky is a direct broadcast satellite television
provider in India, using MPEG-2 and MPEG-4
digital compression technology, transmitting
using INSAT 4A satellite.
 Videocon d2h is one of the largest Indian pay
TV providers, providing direct broadcast satellite
service—including satellite television, audio
programming, and interactive television services
using ST2 satellite.

19. TV BROADCASTING SERVICE
PROVIDERS
 Airtel Digital TV is an Indian DTH service
provider owned and operated by Bharti Airtel. It
transmits using satellite SES-7.
 Sun Direct is another direct broadcast satellite
service provider. Its satellite service transmit HD
channels on INSAT-4B and SD channels on
MEASAT-3. It is major DTH service provider in
South India.
 Big TV is also an India direct broadcast satellite
service provider owned by Reliance. It transmits
by MEASAT-3 satellite.

20. SATELLITES FOR COMMUNICATION
 GSAT Satellites are satellites developed by ISRO for
communication purposes that is for digital audio ,
data and video broadcasting.
 By December 2014, 11 GSAT satellites have been
launched by ISRO.
 The objective of these satellites is to make India
self-reliant in broadcasting services.
 These satellites provide services to
telecommunications , weather forecasting , disaster
warning and search and rescue operations.
 Recently GSAT-16 has been launched on 6
December , 2014 by Ariane 5 rocket.

21. SATELLITES FOR REMOTE SENSING
 For remote sensing , the current satellites which
are in service are IRS P6, IRS P5, Cartosat 2,
Cartosat 2A , IMS 1 , Oceansat-2, Cartosat 2B ,
Resourcesat-2 , RISAT-2 and SARAL.
 The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at
Hyderabad is the nodal agency for reception ,
archival and processing of remote sensing data
in the country.

22. INDIAN MILITARY SATELLITE
 Various satellites provide services to military.
 GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F is a multi-band
communication satellite developed by ISRO.
 The Indian navy would be user of this muti-band
home-built communication spacecraft.
 CARTOSAT -2A is also a dedicated satellite for
Indian Armed Forces.
 These satellites are governed by Integrated
Space Cell (ISC) which oversees the security of
its space based military and civilian hardware
systems together with DRDO and ISRO.

23. SATELLITES USED FOR GPS
 Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS)
is an autonomous regional satellite navigation
system developed by ISRO for regional GPS.
 Till now we depend on American satellites for GPS.
 But it has been proposed that seven satellites with
prefix ‘IRNSS’ will constitute space segment of the
IRNSS.
 Now India has launched its three own GPS satellites
IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B and IRNSS-1C.
 The seven IRNSS satellites will provide full global
positioning facility to India by 2015.

24. SATELLITES USED FOR GPS

25. CONCLUSION
 Satellite Communication technologies have
achieved remarkable breakthrough efficiencies
and increase in performance in nearly half a
century.
 Today’s satellites are digital processors in sky
and specialized software defines how they
perform.
 Thus there are remarkable technologies still to
be developed with more powerful processors ,
new encoding technologies which can make user
systems more mobile, more versatile , more
powerful in performance and with lower cost.