This document discusses lasers used in endodontics. It begins with the history and development of lasers, then classifies dental lasers based on their wavelength and penetrating power. Common lasers used in endodontics are described, including argon, KTP, diode, erbium YAG, erbium chromium, and CO2 lasers. The interaction of laser light with tissue is explained in terms of reflection, absorption, diffusion, and transmission. Laser effects in endodontics include photothermal, photochemical, and photomechanical-acoustic effects. Parameters that influence laser endodontics are discussed, such as continuous wave mode and the importance of chopping or gating emission.
This document discusses the use of lasers in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of lasers, describing their development from Einstein's work in the early 1900s to their first use in dentistry in the 1970s. It then covers laser physics and components, different types of lasers including wavelengths used in dentistry, and laser tissue interactions. The main body discusses several clinical applications of lasers in endodontics such as pulp testing, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal disinfection and shaping, and endosurgery. Lasers can provide benefits like reduced need for anesthesia, hemostasis, and less collateral damage compared to other tools. Training is required and no single laser can perform all
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This document provides an overview of the use of lasers in conservative dentistry. It discusses the history and development of lasers, classifications of lasers based on power output and wavelength, laser physics principles, and common types of lasers used such as Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers. Applications of lasers in conservative dentistry are described, including caries detection, cavity preparation, and restoration removal. Advantages include precision and control, while disadvantages include the high cost of laser systems.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
This document discusses newer methods for removing dental caries. It begins by classifying techniques as mechanical, chemomechanical, or thermal. Mechanical techniques include non-rotary methods like air abrasion and air polishing, as well as sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation. Chemomechanical caries removal uses chemical agents like carisolv or enzymes to dissolve carious dentin which is then removed. Thermal techniques include lasers. The document then discusses several methods in more detail, including controlled rotary excavation techniques like the endostepper and smart prep burs, as well as air abrasion, air polishing, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical caries removal.
Recent concepts in post endodontic restorationshemam22
This document discusses recent concepts in post endodontic restorations. It notes that with advances in adhesive dentistry, there are now multiple treatment options for restoring endodontically treated teeth. However, determining whether cuspal coverage is needed and selecting the appropriate treatment can be challenging. There has been a paradigm shift from relying on mechanical retention to using adhesion. The document discusses several key concepts including the importance of preserving remaining tooth structure and establishing a ferrule effect to strengthen the restoration and resist forces.
Lasers have become an important advancement in endodontics, allowing for procedures like pulp vitality testing, capping, amputation, access cavity preparation, root canal shaping, debris removal, sterilization, and closure of openings. Lasers provide advantages like reduced need for anesthesia, greater patient comfort, hemostasis, reduced risk of infection, high patient acceptance, and less stress on practitioners. However, lasers require specialized training and safety precautions, and cannot perform all dental applications as quickly as traditional methods. For lasers to be used properly in endodontics, practitioners must understand their characteristics and limitations to avoid misuse.
This document discusses the use of lasers in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of lasers, describing their development from Einstein's work in the early 1900s to their first use in dentistry in the 1970s. It then covers laser physics and components, different types of lasers including wavelengths used in dentistry, and laser tissue interactions. The main body discusses several clinical applications of lasers in endodontics such as pulp testing, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal disinfection and shaping, and endosurgery. Lasers can provide benefits like reduced need for anesthesia, hemostasis, and less collateral damage compared to other tools. Training is required and no single laser can perform all
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This document provides an overview of the use of lasers in conservative dentistry. It discusses the history and development of lasers, classifications of lasers based on power output and wavelength, laser physics principles, and common types of lasers used such as Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers. Applications of lasers in conservative dentistry are described, including caries detection, cavity preparation, and restoration removal. Advantages include precision and control, while disadvantages include the high cost of laser systems.
introduction, history of rotary instruments in endodontics, classification, properties of NiTi, generations and design features, rotary file systems available
This document discusses newer methods for removing dental caries. It begins by classifying techniques as mechanical, chemomechanical, or thermal. Mechanical techniques include non-rotary methods like air abrasion and air polishing, as well as sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation. Chemomechanical caries removal uses chemical agents like carisolv or enzymes to dissolve carious dentin which is then removed. Thermal techniques include lasers. The document then discusses several methods in more detail, including controlled rotary excavation techniques like the endostepper and smart prep burs, as well as air abrasion, air polishing, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical caries removal.
Recent concepts in post endodontic restorationshemam22
This document discusses recent concepts in post endodontic restorations. It notes that with advances in adhesive dentistry, there are now multiple treatment options for restoring endodontically treated teeth. However, determining whether cuspal coverage is needed and selecting the appropriate treatment can be challenging. There has been a paradigm shift from relying on mechanical retention to using adhesion. The document discusses several key concepts including the importance of preserving remaining tooth structure and establishing a ferrule effect to strengthen the restoration and resist forces.
Lasers have become an important advancement in endodontics, allowing for procedures like pulp vitality testing, capping, amputation, access cavity preparation, root canal shaping, debris removal, sterilization, and closure of openings. Lasers provide advantages like reduced need for anesthesia, greater patient comfort, hemostasis, reduced risk of infection, high patient acceptance, and less stress on practitioners. However, lasers require specialized training and safety precautions, and cannot perform all dental applications as quickly as traditional methods. For lasers to be used properly in endodontics, practitioners must understand their characteristics and limitations to avoid misuse.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonics in endodontics, including:
- A brief history of the development of ultrasonics in dentistry from the 1950s onward.
- An explanation of how ultrasonics works through magnetostriction and piezoelectric principles.
- Descriptions of the biophysical effects of ultrasonics such as acoustic streaming and cavitation.
- Guidelines for use and potential risks regarding pacemakers.
- Details about various ultrasonic tips used in endodontic procedures and their applications.
The document summarizes various irrigation techniques used in endodontic treatment. It discusses manual techniques like syringe irrigation with needles and brushes. It also covers machine-assisted techniques like rotary brushes, sonic irrigation using devices like the Endoactivator, and ultrasonic irrigation techniques like passive ultrasonic irrigation. Pressure alternation devices like the RinsEndo and EndoVac that use negative pressure are also summarized. The document emphasizes the importance of overcoming the apical vapor lock to achieve thorough irrigation of the entire root canal system.
Lasers have various applications in operative dentistry including cavity preparation, caries detection, bleaching, and composite resin polymerization. Different types of lasers such as Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used to ablate dental hard tissues with little pulp damage. Lasers also increase the resistance of enamel and dentin to caries, aid in caries diagnosis, and accelerate tooth whitening. Their precision and ability to coagulate tissues make lasers beneficial for various dental procedures with advantages such reduced pain and scarring.
Nickel Titanium Instruments in Endodontics: Part-1Ashok Ayer
This document discusses nickel-titanium instruments used in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of canal instrumentation and then covers topics like the manufacture of instruments, the properties of nickel titanium that make it suitable for endodontic tools, including shape memory and superelasticity. The document provides details on how heat sterilization affects nickel titanium instruments and their failure mechanisms. It also discusses comparative studies that have been done and strategies for improving nickel titanium instruments.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry, including their history, mechanisms of action, applications, and safety measures. It discusses how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and introduced to dentistry in the 1990s. The main types of lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP lasers. Lasers can be used for both hard and soft tissue procedures, such as caries removal, gingivectomies, and lesion removal, with advantages like reduced pain, bleeding, and recovery time compared to traditional techniques. Safety precautions must be followed when using lasers to protect patients and operators.
This document discusses various obturation techniques. It introduces lateral compaction and warm vertical compaction as two primary methods. Warm vertical compaction involves vertically compacting gutta-percha into the prepared canal with heated pluggers. Variations include single/continuous wave compaction. Warm lateral compaction uses an electrically heated spreader to laterally condense softened gutta-percha. The document provides details on the procedure, advantages, and limitations of different obturation methods.
This document discusses the history, physics, and applications of ultrasonics and sonics in endodontics. It begins with definitions of key terms like ultrasound, ultrasonic instrumentation, and endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics, including how piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers work. Biophysical effects like cavitation and acoustic streaming are also discussed. The document concludes by outlining various ultrasonic tips categorized by approach (surgical vs nonsurgical) and use (access, removal, etc.), and applications in endodontic procedures.
This document provides information on single file systems for root canal preparation. It discusses the history of reciprocation motion and generations of rotary file systems. Specific single file systems like WaveOne and Reciproc are described in detail, including their design features and advantages. The document emphasizes that recent advances in endodontics have focused on completing root canal shaping with only one or two files to be more efficient and minimize procedural errors.
LASERS IN ENDODONTICS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRYBlagoja Lazovski
Laser technology is used in dentistry for a variety of applications. Lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures, hard tissue procedures, detection of cavities, teeth whitening, and curing of dental materials. The erbium laser is particularly useful as it allows for ablation of hard dental tissues with minimal thermal damage. Lasers offer advantages over traditional dental tools like drills in being more precise and causing less pain for patients.
Endodontics is blessed with wide range of irrigants. Biomehcanical peparation of root canal system is not only based on shaping the dentinal walls but also on the biological debridement of the canal and periapical region. Irrigation dynamics is the key behind the every successful root canal procedure.
Applications of ultrasonics in endodonticsMettinaAngela
This document discusses various applications of ultrasonics in endodontics. It covers topics like ultrasonic retreatment to remove gutta percha fillings, using ultrasonics for access refinement and to manage calcifications, removing separated instruments from the root canal, and retrieving old posts. Ultrasonics provides benefits for these procedures like more efficient removal of materials, enhanced safety and control, and minimal damage to tooth structure compared to other techniques. Specific tips, techniques and case reports are presented for different clinical applications of ultrasonics in endodontic retreatment and procedures.
This document discusses lasers used in dentistry. It begins by explaining that while some lasers can cause damage, most lasers used in dentistry like those used in dentistry are designed to perform functions without damaging surrounding tissues. It then discusses the classification, fundamentals, and components of lasers. Key types of lasers used in dentistry that are mentioned include argon, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers. The document discusses laser-tissue interactions and the effects of laser energy on tissue temperature. It provides examples of common dental lasers and their clinical uses in operative dentistry and endodontics.
This document discusses irrigation in endodontics. It provides an introduction to irrigation solutions and devices used, challenges of irrigation, and recent advances. It describes the ideal characteristics of endodontic irrigants and commonly used solutions such as sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is the current irrigant of choice and its properties, concentrations, effects on dentin, and safety considerations are discussed in detail. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of irrigation in endodontic treatment.
This document discusses vital pulp therapy techniques for primary and permanent teeth, including indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, and pulpotomy. It begins by introducing indirect pulp capping, which involves removing gross caries near the pulp but retaining some carious dentin to avoid exposure. The objectives and procedure for indirect pulp capping are described. Direct pulp capping is then discussed, which involves placing a medicated or non-medicated material directly on an exposed pulp. The objectives, indications, contraindications and technique for direct pulp capping are provided. Pulpotomy is briefly mentioned as another vital pulp therapy technique.
This document discusses the use of sonics and ultrasonics in endodontics. It begins with an introduction and history of endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics. Next, it discusses the biophysical effects of endosonics like cavitation and acoustic streaming. It provides an overview of irrigants and compares ultrasonics and sonics. It analyzes the use of ultrasonics and sonics for various endodontic procedures like shaping canals, debridement, post removal and offers a conclusion with references.
Understanding the basic metallurgy, commonly used instruments and newly available rotary systems in the market enable us to better disinfect the root canal.
This document discusses root canal sealers, including their definition, requirements, functions, and classifications. It describes various common sealers such as zinc oxide eugenol sealers like Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, Procosol, and Grossman Sealer. It also discusses non-eugenol sealers, medicated sealers, and calcium hydroxide based sealers. The document provides details on the composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages and uses of different sealers.
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.
Ultrasonic inserts can be used for various applications in endodontics including surgical endodontics and non-surgical endodontics. Piezoelectric ultrasonic inserts vibrate linearly and are preferred over magnetostrictive inserts. They are classified based on design and use. Applications include root-end cavity preparation for surgery, removing obstructions like posts or separated instruments, and improving irrigant flow and effectiveness. Different tip designs are suited to specific tasks. Proper power settings and technique are important for safe and effective use.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonics in endodontics, including:
- A brief history of the development of ultrasonics in dentistry from the 1950s onward.
- An explanation of how ultrasonics works through magnetostriction and piezoelectric principles.
- Descriptions of the biophysical effects of ultrasonics such as acoustic streaming and cavitation.
- Guidelines for use and potential risks regarding pacemakers.
- Details about various ultrasonic tips used in endodontic procedures and their applications.
The document summarizes various irrigation techniques used in endodontic treatment. It discusses manual techniques like syringe irrigation with needles and brushes. It also covers machine-assisted techniques like rotary brushes, sonic irrigation using devices like the Endoactivator, and ultrasonic irrigation techniques like passive ultrasonic irrigation. Pressure alternation devices like the RinsEndo and EndoVac that use negative pressure are also summarized. The document emphasizes the importance of overcoming the apical vapor lock to achieve thorough irrigation of the entire root canal system.
Lasers have various applications in operative dentistry including cavity preparation, caries detection, bleaching, and composite resin polymerization. Different types of lasers such as Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used to ablate dental hard tissues with little pulp damage. Lasers also increase the resistance of enamel and dentin to caries, aid in caries diagnosis, and accelerate tooth whitening. Their precision and ability to coagulate tissues make lasers beneficial for various dental procedures with advantages such reduced pain and scarring.
Nickel Titanium Instruments in Endodontics: Part-1Ashok Ayer
This document discusses nickel-titanium instruments used in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of canal instrumentation and then covers topics like the manufacture of instruments, the properties of nickel titanium that make it suitable for endodontic tools, including shape memory and superelasticity. The document provides details on how heat sterilization affects nickel titanium instruments and their failure mechanisms. It also discusses comparative studies that have been done and strategies for improving nickel titanium instruments.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry, including their history, mechanisms of action, applications, and safety measures. It discusses how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and introduced to dentistry in the 1990s. The main types of lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP lasers. Lasers can be used for both hard and soft tissue procedures, such as caries removal, gingivectomies, and lesion removal, with advantages like reduced pain, bleeding, and recovery time compared to traditional techniques. Safety precautions must be followed when using lasers to protect patients and operators.
This document discusses various obturation techniques. It introduces lateral compaction and warm vertical compaction as two primary methods. Warm vertical compaction involves vertically compacting gutta-percha into the prepared canal with heated pluggers. Variations include single/continuous wave compaction. Warm lateral compaction uses an electrically heated spreader to laterally condense softened gutta-percha. The document provides details on the procedure, advantages, and limitations of different obturation methods.
This document discusses the history, physics, and applications of ultrasonics and sonics in endodontics. It begins with definitions of key terms like ultrasound, ultrasonic instrumentation, and endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics, including how piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers work. Biophysical effects like cavitation and acoustic streaming are also discussed. The document concludes by outlining various ultrasonic tips categorized by approach (surgical vs nonsurgical) and use (access, removal, etc.), and applications in endodontic procedures.
This document provides information on single file systems for root canal preparation. It discusses the history of reciprocation motion and generations of rotary file systems. Specific single file systems like WaveOne and Reciproc are described in detail, including their design features and advantages. The document emphasizes that recent advances in endodontics have focused on completing root canal shaping with only one or two files to be more efficient and minimize procedural errors.
LASERS IN ENDODONTICS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRYBlagoja Lazovski
Laser technology is used in dentistry for a variety of applications. Lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures, hard tissue procedures, detection of cavities, teeth whitening, and curing of dental materials. The erbium laser is particularly useful as it allows for ablation of hard dental tissues with minimal thermal damage. Lasers offer advantages over traditional dental tools like drills in being more precise and causing less pain for patients.
Endodontics is blessed with wide range of irrigants. Biomehcanical peparation of root canal system is not only based on shaping the dentinal walls but also on the biological debridement of the canal and periapical region. Irrigation dynamics is the key behind the every successful root canal procedure.
Applications of ultrasonics in endodonticsMettinaAngela
This document discusses various applications of ultrasonics in endodontics. It covers topics like ultrasonic retreatment to remove gutta percha fillings, using ultrasonics for access refinement and to manage calcifications, removing separated instruments from the root canal, and retrieving old posts. Ultrasonics provides benefits for these procedures like more efficient removal of materials, enhanced safety and control, and minimal damage to tooth structure compared to other techniques. Specific tips, techniques and case reports are presented for different clinical applications of ultrasonics in endodontic retreatment and procedures.
This document discusses lasers used in dentistry. It begins by explaining that while some lasers can cause damage, most lasers used in dentistry like those used in dentistry are designed to perform functions without damaging surrounding tissues. It then discusses the classification, fundamentals, and components of lasers. Key types of lasers used in dentistry that are mentioned include argon, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers. The document discusses laser-tissue interactions and the effects of laser energy on tissue temperature. It provides examples of common dental lasers and their clinical uses in operative dentistry and endodontics.
This document discusses irrigation in endodontics. It provides an introduction to irrigation solutions and devices used, challenges of irrigation, and recent advances. It describes the ideal characteristics of endodontic irrigants and commonly used solutions such as sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is the current irrigant of choice and its properties, concentrations, effects on dentin, and safety considerations are discussed in detail. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of irrigation in endodontic treatment.
This document discusses vital pulp therapy techniques for primary and permanent teeth, including indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, and pulpotomy. It begins by introducing indirect pulp capping, which involves removing gross caries near the pulp but retaining some carious dentin to avoid exposure. The objectives and procedure for indirect pulp capping are described. Direct pulp capping is then discussed, which involves placing a medicated or non-medicated material directly on an exposed pulp. The objectives, indications, contraindications and technique for direct pulp capping are provided. Pulpotomy is briefly mentioned as another vital pulp therapy technique.
This document discusses the use of sonics and ultrasonics in endodontics. It begins with an introduction and history of endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics. Next, it discusses the biophysical effects of endosonics like cavitation and acoustic streaming. It provides an overview of irrigants and compares ultrasonics and sonics. It analyzes the use of ultrasonics and sonics for various endodontic procedures like shaping canals, debridement, post removal and offers a conclusion with references.
Understanding the basic metallurgy, commonly used instruments and newly available rotary systems in the market enable us to better disinfect the root canal.
This document discusses root canal sealers, including their definition, requirements, functions, and classifications. It describes various common sealers such as zinc oxide eugenol sealers like Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, Procosol, and Grossman Sealer. It also discusses non-eugenol sealers, medicated sealers, and calcium hydroxide based sealers. The document provides details on the composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages and uses of different sealers.
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.
Ultrasonic inserts can be used for various applications in endodontics including surgical endodontics and non-surgical endodontics. Piezoelectric ultrasonic inserts vibrate linearly and are preferred over magnetostrictive inserts. They are classified based on design and use. Applications include root-end cavity preparation for surgery, removing obstructions like posts or separated instruments, and improving irrigant flow and effectiveness. Different tip designs are suited to specific tasks. Proper power settings and technique are important for safe and effective use.
This document provides an overview of dental calculus and lasers. It discusses the history and development of lasers from Einstein's work in 1917 to current diode lasers. It describes laser physics including stimulated emission and classifications based on gain medium, tissue application, and mode of action. Safety hazards of lasers like ocular injury, tissue damage, fires, and respiratory issues are covered. In conclusion, lasers may become preferred for non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy in the future.
uses of lasers in conservative dentistry and endodonticssucheekiju1
This document discusses the use of lasers in conservative dentistry and endodontics. It provides an introduction to lasers and their classification based on wavelength. The key wavelengths used in dentistry include Nd:YAG, diode, CO2, Er:YAG, and argon lasers. Applications discussed include caries detection and removal, restoration removal, etching, photopolymerization, bleaching, and endodontic uses such as pulp capping, disinfection, and obturation. Lasers provide precision and bloodless operating fields and can improve outcomes for many dental procedures.
Lasers and its application in periodonticsShilpa Shiv
The document discusses different types of lasers used in periodontology, including their properties, mechanisms of interaction with tissue, safety classifications, and clinical applications. It provides details on lasers such as the argon, diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers, covering their wavelengths, active mediums, delivery systems, absorption characteristics, and periodontal uses. The document also examines laser tissue interactions, safety considerations, and the theoretical zones of tissue change caused by laser exposure.
The document discusses lasers and their applications in periodontology. It describes how the first laser was created in 1960 and emitted a deep red beam from a ruby crystal. It also discusses the development of dental lasers including the CO2 laser in the 1980s. The document covers laser fundamentals including components of a laser, gain medium, pumping energy, optical cavity, and delivery systems. It discusses laser tissue interactions including absorption, transmission, reflection, and scattering. It also covers the different laser wavelengths used in dentistry including argon, diode, Nd:YAG, erbium family, and CO2 lasers as well as their tissue effects and clinical applications.
Light is an integral part of our life. Advances in technology are increasing and changing the ways that the patient experience dental treatment. One of the milestones in technological advancements in dentistry is the use of lasers The early 20th century saw one of the greatest inventions in science & technology, in that LASERS which later went on to became a gift to health sciences. Albert Einstein is usually credited for the development of the laser theory. He was the first one to coin the term “Stimulated Emission” in his publication “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung”, published in 1917 in the “Physikalische Zeitschrift”
Lasers are devices that produce beams of coherent and very high intensity light. The word LASER is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated\Emission of Radiation”. A crystal or gas is excited to emit light photons of a characteristic wavelength that are amplified and filtered to make a coherent light beam. The effect of the laser depends upon the power of the beam and the extent to which the beam absorbed. Several types of lasers are available based on the wavelengths. These range from long wavelengths (infrared), to visible wavelengths, to short wavelengths (ultraviolet), to special ultraviolet lasers called excimers. Lasers are used nowadays in many areas in the field of dentistry It is of the most captivating technologies in dental practice. Even though, introduced as an alternative to the traditional halogen curing light, laser now has become the instrument of choice, in many dental applications. Its advancements in the field of dentistry are playing a major role in patient care and well being.
This document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry. It discusses the history and development of lasers, how lasers are designed and how laser light interacts with tissues. It describes common dental lasers like CO2 and argon lasers, and their applications. CO2 lasers are well absorbed in oral tissues and useful for soft tissue procedures. Argon lasers are absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin, making them good for coagulation. The document outlines the benefits of lasers for various dental procedures.
1. Lasers were first theorized in 1917 and the first laser was demonstrated in 1960. Lasers work by stimulating emission of photons through excited atoms or molecules and optical amplification.
2. Lasers are used commonly in ENT for procedures like stapedotomy, myringotomy, tumor removal, nasal polyp reduction, and turbinate reduction. The most commonly used lasers are CO2, KTP, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers.
3. Laser light can be delivered via articulated arms, fiber optics, and other methods. Tissue interactions include vaporization, coagulation, and incision depending on the laser's wavelength and power parameters. Precise delivery allows for minim
Lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery .pptxwanidayim1
This document provides an overview of lasers, including their components, mechanism of action, classification, safety, advantages, complications, and clinical applications in dentistry. Lasers work by generating a population inversion in which excited atoms or molecules emit photons that are amplified within the laser's optical cavity to produce a coherent beam of light. The main types used in dentistry are CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers, which can be used for procedures like gingivectomies, frenectomies, and removing vascular or benign/malignant lesions. Lasers offer advantages like increased coagulation and less pain/swelling compared to conventional techniques. Risks include potential eye/tooth injuries if safety
The document provides an overview of lasers used in pediatric dentistry. It begins with a brief history of lasers, describing their development from 1960 onward. It then covers the fundamentals of how lasers work, including their light amplification process. Commonly used dental lasers such as erbium, Nd:YAG, diode and CO2 lasers are introduced. Their applications and wavelengths are summarized. The document concludes with sections on laser safety and protection when using lasers.
Lasers in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses lasers used in periodontics. It provides an overview of laser physics, types of lasers including diode, CO2, Nd:YAG and erbium lasers, and their applications in soft tissue procedures and osseous surgery. The benefits of lasers include less pain, better hemostasis and wound healing compared to conventional methods. Safety protocols must be followed when using lasers to prevent eye and tissue damage. Lasers are becoming more widely used in dentistry due to their advantages over traditional techniques.
The document discusses lasers used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their history in dentistry. Key topics covered include the mechanism of action of lasers, common dental laser therapies, and safety measures when using lasers. Examples are provided of how different types of lasers like CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers are used for both soft tissue and hard tissue procedures in dentistry.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral medicine. It discusses the history and mechanism of laser tissue interaction. Common lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications include treatment of oral lesions, pain management, salivary gland diseases, biopsy, caries detection and removal, calculus removal, and bleaching. Lasers offer advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, less pain, and faster healing.
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
LASERS IN vitreoRETINAaaaaaaaaa2023.pptxMadhuri521470
Lasers are used to treat retinal disorders like diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. For diabetic retinopathy, focal laser photocoagulation is used for microaneurysms near the macula. Grid laser photocoagulation treats diffuse leakage, while panretinal photocoagulation treats proliferative retinopathy. Branch retinal vein occlusions are treated with grid laser for macular edema or scatter photocoagulation for neovascularization. The parameters and goals of treatment are tailored based on the specific condition and location of lesions.
This document discusses the use of lasers in dentistry. It begins by explaining how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and are now used for many procedures like cavity preparation and surgery. Different types of lasers are described, including CO2, argon, Nd:YAG, KTP, and erbium lasers. The document discusses how lasers work by producing photons that are absorbed by chromophores in tissue, and the various biological effects this can cause like coagulation, ablation, and biostimulation. Safety considerations for using lasers in surgery are also mentioned.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
2. HISTORY OF LASERS
“Laser” is an acronym of light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation.
1.1958 Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow coined the word
“maser”
2. Word laser was first coined in 1957 by Gordon Gould
3. Theodore Maiman , who introduced the acronym “laser,”
4. 1965, the physicist Leon Goldman was the first to use a ruby
laser
3. What is a wavelength ?
What is electromagnetic spectrum?
What is Visible spectrum of radiation ?
What is invisible spectrum of radiation?
4. CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL LASERS
1.BASED UPON THEIR WAVELENGTH
1. ULTRAVOILET 130-400 nm
2. VISIBLE 400-700 nm
3. NEAR INFRARED 700-1500 nm
4. MEDIUM INFRARED 1500-3000 nm
5. FAR INFRARED >3000 nm
5. CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL LASERS
ULTRAVOILET VISIBLE NEAR INFRARED MEDIUM
INFRARED
FAR INFRARED
EXCIMER BLUE ARGON
LASER
DIODE 810 nm Er.Cr.YSGG CO2 LASER
9300 nm
308 nm 470-488 nm DIODE 940 nm 2780 nm CO2 LASER
9600 nm
GREEN ARGON
LASER
DIODE 970 nm CO2 LASER
10,600 nm
514 nm DIODE 1064 nm Er: YAG
GREEN
KTP LASER
Nd:YAG 1064 nm 2940 nm
532 nm Nd:YAP 1340nm
7. 2. BASED ON THE TYPE OF ACTIVE MEDIUM USED:
1.GAS LASER He:Ne LASER
CO2 LASER
2.LIQUID LASER DYLASE
3.SOLID LASER RUBY LASER
Nd:YAG LASER
Er.YAG LASER
Ho:YAG LASER
4.SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DIODE LASERS
[GALLIUM ARSENIDE LASER]
8. According to ANSI and OHSA standards :
CLASS POWER NATURE
Class I LOW SAFE
Class IIa LOW HAZARDOUS>100s
Class IIb LOW Hazardous >0.25 s
Class IIIa MEDIUM Hazardous <0.25 s
Class IIIb MEDIUM Hazardous {viewed directly}
Class IV HIGH Ocular Skin and fire Hazards
>0.5 W
10. DIFFERENT LASERS USED IN
ENDODONTICS
1. ARGON LASER:
• It produces different kinds of wavelengths, among them two in the
blue spectrum (470–488 nm) and one in the green spectrum (514
nm).
• The possibility of using the Blue argon laser (470 nm)
(Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Department of
Endodontics, in 1998 and 1999)
Ability of argon laser for smear layer and debris removal from the root
canals, prepared in a conventional way and irradiated at 1 W, with
0.05 s pulse duration and 5 Hz pulse frequency
11. 2.KTP LASER
Potassium Titanium Phosphate Laser :
1.In the spectrum of visible light, in the green band, the
wavelength 532 nm was chosen for the construction of the KTP
laser (a duplicate neodymium of 532 nm), with high affinity with
hemoglobin
2.It has the capacity for soft tissue cutting and coagulation
3.It’s root canal decontamination ability after conventional
endodontic instrumentation was studied, at different power
output (at 1 and 1.5 W), in dry mode or wet model
12. 3.DIODE LASER
Introduced in 1980’s initially for treatment of dentin
hypersensitivity and to bio-modulate the inflammatory response
during vital pulp therapy (pulp capping or pulpectomy)
Today, diode lasers represent a valid alternative to Nd:YAG
lasers root canal decontamination.
The active medium is a semiconductor, which is, nowadays,
miniaturized, made up of various layers (wafer-like
construction).
The gallium arsenide (GaA1As), doped with aluminum atom or
indium as doping atom (IGaAsP).
13. 3.DIODE LASER
It uses an optic fiber (diameter 200–300–400 μm) which ends in
a terminal handpiece, going through it and coming out in a
terminal curve tip.
14. 3.DIODE LASER
The fiber/tip activation is performed at 1 W on dark-blue
articulating paper, repeating the procedure 4–5 times up to seeing
the tip becomes darker
The use of thin fiber (200 μm) inside a root canal permits
decontamination in the endodontic system at up to 500–750 μm of
distance from the main canal
15. 4. ERBIUM YAG AND ERBIUM CHROMIUM
LASERS
The erbium YAG laser (2,940 nm) [first and then the erbium,
chromium YSGG laser (2,780 nm) were introduced in dentistry
with the idea of substituting the drill for caries removal.
The Er:YAG laser has a solid active medium, a crystal of yttrium, aluminum, or
garnet, doped with erbium atoms. Erbium is a silver metal of the group of rare
heart elements (Er, atomic number of 68)
The Er,Cr:YSGG laser also has a solid active medium, a crystal of yttrium,
scandium, gallium, and garnet (YSGG), doped with atoms of erbium and
chromium
16. 4. ERBIUM YAG AND ERBIUM CHROMIUM
LASERS
The photothermal effect of erbium lasers produces vaporization of
the smear layer and a certain grade of ablation and
decontaminating effect that are however limited to the dentin
canal surface (up to 250–300 μm in depth), where laser energy is
mainly absorbed and where it produces a direct photothermal
effect.
17. 4. ERBIUM YAG AND ERBIUM CHROMIUM
LASERS
• The affinity of erbium lasers with water explains the activation
and agitation of the irrigant solution (NaOCl ed EDTA).
• Tridimensional streaming of irrigants through the endodontic
system (LAI and PIPS techniques), and their effect on
bacteria decontamination, on debris and smear layer
removal, via an indirect laser action.
• The great presence of water in the oral soft tissues; in the
hard dental tissue, such as the enamel and the dentin; and
much more in the carious tissue explains the extensive use of
erbium lasers in dentistry.
18. 5. CO2 LASER
1. CO2 far-infrared lasers (9,300–10,600 nm) were the first to
be studied and used in endodontics for the
decontamination and fusion of the apex in endodontic
surgery
1. Advantages of the CO2 laser
• less or no bleeding, resulting in a dry surgical field •
reduction of surgical time due to better visibility • reduced
swelling
• reduced pain due to the fact that superficial nerve
endings are coagulated
• less or no sutures, resulting in shorter treatment time
• less scaring.
It was reported the use of the CO2 laser was unfavourable
because of the loss of the odontoblastic layer
19. Properties of Laser Light
LASER
LIGHT
Wave
Characteristics
Photonic
Corpuscular
Characteristics
Collimated
Coherent
Monochromatic
Visible or
invisible
spectrum
20. Components of Laser
HAND PIECE
AND TIPS
Optical
Resonator
Active
Medium
Energy Source
Controller
Cooling Unit
Delivery
System
21. • Photons, emitted by the excitement of the active medium
(stimulation), are reflected inside the optical cavity and pass
through the active medium many times, amplifying their energy
• The active medium can be solid, liquid, gas, or a semiconductor
(diode) and determines the specific wavelength of different
lasers; its name identifies different lasers
22. • Source of energy is usually represented by an electric coil or a diode
laser or a flash lamp.
• Controller is a microprocessor that verifies the characteristics of the
production of laser energy, the laser emission mode (continuous
wave, mechanically interrupted or pulsed)
• The cooling system is necessary to dissipate the heat produced during
the pumping process
• There are various systems of delivery, depending on the difference of
the wavelength carried: optic fiber, hollow fiber, and the articulated
arm
23. • The ideal handpiece should be small, lightweight, and handy. Some
handpiece does not have any terminal tip, but a reflecting mirror
which works at a distance from the tissue (tipless or noncontact or
far-contact handpiece)
26. LASER POWER
LASER EMISSON MODE
1.Continuous Wave and Gated Mode
2. Free-Running Pulsed Mode
3. Pulse Duration and Pulse Repetition Rate
27. OPERATOR MODALITY
Operator modality of the clinician includes distance from the
target, angulation of the irradiation, speed of the movement, and
time of irradiation.
Distance from the target influences energy density and power:
when the distance between fiber and tip of the laser increases, the
density of emitted energy decreases, enlarging the size of the spot
28. Laser-Tissue Interaction in Endodontics
• Reflected • Absorbed • Diffused • Transmitted
Reflection is an optical phenomenon due to the lack of affinity
and absorption of light from the target, which, once hit, rejects
the light completely
Absorption: It is the expression of high affinity between light and
the target which retains light in the point of irradiation.
Diffusion depends on the capacity of the light to spread
irregularly deeper into the target. The portion of laser energy
which diffuses into the tissues is responsible for the therapeutic
effects of some wavelengths
29. • Transmission is the passage of light through a body or tissue, in
the absence of interaction with it and, in consequence, without
producing physical or biological effects
30. Laser Effects in Endodontics
PHOTOTHERMAL
EFFECT
Results from the
direct laser
irradiation on the
dentinal walls,
when the lasers
are used with the
conventional
technique for the
decontamination
and removal of the
smear layer,
positioning the fi
ber inside the
Canal
PHOTOCHEMICAL
EFFECT
Causes the activation
of photosensitive
substances
(photosensitizers)
inoculated in the canal
and responsible for
the antibacterial
effects of the
photoactivated
disinfection (PAD),
without direct
irradiation (and
interaction) on the
dentin
PHOTOTHERMAL
EFFECT PRIMARILY
AND
PHOTOMECHANICAL-
ACOUSTIC EFFECT
This activate the
commonly used
irrigants in
endodontics during
the laser-activated
irrigation and PIPS,
without any direct
irradiation (and
interaction) on the
radicular dentin,
when the irrigant
liquids are present
and remain in the
canal
31.
32. PARAMETERS INFLUENCING LASER
ENDODONTICS
1. Continuous Wave Mode
Diode lasers emit the energy in continuous wave (cw).
The power higher than 1.5 W, the continuous emission in the root
canal is inadvisable because of the excessive thermal damage
released on the canal’s walls
Therefore Chopping or Gating of emission is important as it
produces more or less thermal effect.
Short duration of t on , of 10–20 ms, is correctly and effectively used
in endodontics with diode lasers at a power ranging from 2 to 3 W
33. 2.Pulse Repetition Rate
The more frequent the repetition is, the shorter the time for thermal
release is and the greater the thermal effect on the tissue is
Repetitions of pulse (5–10 Hz/ pps) allow a longer time for thermal
relaxation and more control of tissue irradiation
3. Fluence and Power Density
It depends on the diameter of the tip used and of the irradiated
square surface;
For the same amount of energy and power emitted, larger is the
diameter of the fiber or the irradiated surface, and lower is the
density of power and energy.
34. 4. Pulsed Mode and Pulse Duration
Short duration of pulse permits to control the side effects of thermal
emission; when the energy is concentrated in a short time
5. Distance Between Target and Fiber
When the distance between the target and fiber/tip of the laser
increases, the density of emitted energy decreases, enlarging the size
of the spot due to the effect of a certain grade of emission divergence
and increasing the necessary amount of energy for the interaction
35. LASER TECHNIQUES USED IN
ENDODONTICS
• Conventional Laser Endodontics or
• Direct Laser Irradiation
• PAD-Photoactivated Disinfection Or
• aPDT-antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy
• Laser Activated Irrigation Or
• PIPS-Photon Induced Photoacoustic streaming
36. 1.CONVENTIONAL LASER
ENDODONTICS
The fiber is positioned in a dry canal 1 mm shorter from the apex and
is retracted with helical motion in an established time (2 mm/s)
Olivi
(2013)
37. • It requires the use of fibers or tips with a thin (narrow) diameter
(generally 200–300 microns) that are flexible and resistant to
negotiate the anatomical curvatures of dental roots with minimal
risk of breakage.
• It requires helical (circular) movement of the fiber, in order to
increase the irradiation angle between laser fiber and dentin
surface
• It is suitable for most wavelengths used in dentistry, in the visible
(532 nm) , in the near-infrared (from 810 to 1340 nm), and
medium-infrared (2780 and 2940 nm)
38. MECHANISM OF ACTION
The near-infrared wavelengths, which are not well absorbed by the dentin
chromophore, are more penetrating in depth.
determination of absorption, diffusion, or transmission of laser light.
Depending on the wavelength, there are different effects and
different depths of penetration
The medium infrared wavelengths, which are well absorbed by the
dentin water (chromophore), spread their energy superficially over
the canal surface
leaving the dentinal tubules open
laser fiber/tip is inserted into the canal
The presence and concentration of specific chromophores on the
canal surface and inside the Dentinal Tubule
39. IN ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION
1. The access to the pulp chamber can be performed with
erbium lasers
2. It is able to remove all the hard and soft dental tissues:
enamel, dentin, carious tissue, and pulp without contact
3. The following are the suggested energy setting to
progressively use on enamel, dentin, carious tissue, and
pulp
4. A study by Hibst et al. (1996) demonstrated that bacteria
are killed during cavity preparation up to a depth of 300–
400 microns, under the irradiated surface
40. FOR ROOT CANAL PREPARATION
EXCIMER
LASER
• Value of
excimer
laser
technolo
gy in
endodont
ics was
limited
Nd:YAG
LASER
• Levy (1992), in
a SEM study,
concluded that
Nd:YAG laser
preparation was
possible and
that it allowed
better cleaning
of canal surface
than
conventional
instrumentation
ND:
YAP
LASER
• Different
conventional
manual
preparations,
associated
with both
laser
irradiation
and subsonic
irrigation,
showed no
statistically
significant
differences
41. FOR ROOT CANAL PREPARATION
ERBIUM
LASERS
•A study by Minas et al.
(2010) showed positive
results using
Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 20
Hz and different power
settings of 1.5, 1.75,
and 2,0 W and higher
water spray
DIODE
LASER
810nm
DIODE
LASER
980nm
•Alfredo et al. (2009)
evaluated the
alteration of the canal
dentin irradiated with
the 980 nm diode laser
at different
parameters, i.e., 1.5
and 3 W in CW and
gated mode at 100 Hz
after irrigation with
NaOCl and EDTA. It
was concluded that
the laser produced
morphological
alterations depending
on the chemical pre-
treatment.
Parirokh et al.
(2007), in their in
vitro study,
concluded that 808
nm diode laser
produced closure of
the dentinal tubules
of the irradiated
surface in every
condition of use and
especially at the
level of the apical
third
42. SEM Images of Dentinal tubules irradiated with 810 nm diode laser at 2.5 W in gated
mode (20 ms on and 20 ms off) with 200 micron tip, in root canal irrigated with 5 %
NaOCl (2 mm/s speed
43. ROOT CANAL IRRIGATION
• The first lasers to be used in wet canals with water or
irrigants were the Er:YAG laser and the Er,Cr:YSGG
laser and later the near-infrared laser
LAI PIPS
44. 2. LASER ACTIVATED IRRIGATION
2.1 Wavelengths and Target Chromophore
Matsumoto et al. (2011) and Gregorcic et al. (2012) described,
through in vitro visualisation studies
(Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG), these two wavelengths are currently the
only two capable of being extensively absorbed by different irrigant
solution
The experience of the authors, the 810 and 940 nm diode laser or
neodymium:YAG laser (1064 nm) does not induce cavitation effect
46. 1.Photothermal Interaction: Heating of the Irrigant
2.Hydrodynamic Cavitation
Bubble Formation and Collapse: Expansion and Implosion of
Vapour Bubbles in Water
The first effect of the absorption of erbium laser in water is a thermal
effect
an instantaneous superheating of the irrigant to the boiling point of
water (100 °C)
an initial vapour bubble which expands at the tip of the fibre and ends
with consecutive implosion
This mechanism had been previously referred to as “the Moses effect
in the microsecond region” by van Leeuwen et al
47. Collapse of the laser-induced bubble follows immediately after
the expansion.
The shrinkage creates a cavitation-generated pressure wave that
travels at supersonic speed (shock wave) in the beginning and at
sonic speed (acoustic waves) later
a highspeed liquid jet is formed
fluid surrounding the bubble quickly flows inside the
decompressed vapour gap, inducing fluid velocities of several
metres per second
48. 2. HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION
Cavitation is defined as “the formation of an empty space (bubble) and
fast collapse of a bubble in a liquid”
The process is very fast and evolves mainly in the range of
100 μs–1 ms.
When a bubble collapses, primary cavitation is formed, followed by
secondary cavitation bubbles that create highspeed fluid motions in the
canal
The primary and secondary cavitation bubbles create microjets in the
fluid that generate high forces and shear stress along the dentin walls
sufficient to remove smear layer and biofilm
49. Effect of Tip Design
• 1. Conventional laser tips and fibres are flat-end fi ring so that no
energy is directed laterally.
• 2. Today tips are available with different designs such as conical
shaped, tapered and tapered and stripped (PIPS™), thereby allowing
more energy to be delivered laterally and less frontally
• 3. Tips allow for lateral diffusion of the energy in the irrigant fl uid,
decreasing the frontal pressure and improving the safety of the
procedure
50. The flat laser generated an oval bubble, long and almost
elliptically shaped due to the frontal emission of energy.
The use of a conically shaped tip resulted in the formation of a
round bubble due to the three- dimensional (frontal and lateral)
emission of the energy
51. TIP POSITION
In order to prevent extrusion, the laser fibre/tip should be kept away from
the apex.
At present there are two approaches: the one moving or keeping the fibre
tip stationary in the root canal and the other using the fi bre tip stationary
in the pulp chamber.
52. • LAI advocates positioning the tip inside the canal filled with
irrigant.
• The different techniques proposed for laser- activated irrigation:
( a ). 200–300 μm flat and conical tips are positioned stationary 5 mm
from the apex
( b ). 280 μm flat tip at 1 mm short of the working length and moved it
slowly up and down in the fi nal 4 mm of the apical third
( c ). conical tip inside the coronal one- third only (for 4 mm) slowly
withdrawing it back to the pulp chamber
( d ). 300 μm flat tip inside the canal
( e ). 200 μm conical tip at the entrance of the orifice
( f ). 600 μm fl at tip in the chamber hovering over
the orifice of the canal
53. Advanced Laser-Activated Irrigation: PIPS
Technique and Clinical Protocol
1. PIPS is an acronym fi rst described by Enrico DiVito (2006) and
stands for photon-induced photoacoustic streaming
2. Process by which photons of light are emitted at very low energy
levels and with short microsecond pulse duration
3. PIPS TM utilizes a unique tapered and stripped tip design that
allows for lateral dispersion and propagation of the generated
shock wave in liquids
54. • PIPS TM protocol has been confirmed by thousands of clinical trials
and differs from the other investigated LAI techniques in the
following way:
1. It uses a specific and unique tip design
2. It uses sub ablative or minimally ablative energy.
3. It is delivered via a very short pulse duration thus producing a
very high peak power.
4. It requires an easy positioning of the tip in the pulp chamber only
and not into the canal.
5. It advocates minimal root canal and apical preparation.
55. 6.It is based on new “minimally invasive” or “biomimetic” concept
7.It minimizes the use of intracanal instrumentation without
compromising the ability for irrigation to effectively reach all aspects
of the root canal system
8. Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS TM ) uses a cutting-
edge erbium:YAG laser technology (2940 nm) at high peak power to
pulse extremely low energy levels of laser light to generate
photoacoustic shock waves into liquid filled root canals
56. Clean delta at the apical one-third of root
canal seen after PIPS. Thermal damage is
avoided because PIPS does not require
that its tip be placed into the canal
preparation at all but rather stationary in
the coronal pulp chamber only
Ledging and thermal damage on root
canal surface as a result of Er,Cr:YSGG
laser radial tip placed into the canal as
advocated with conventional protocol
57. Sequential still frame shots showing the bubble cycle with increase ( a
PIPS tip before activation, expansion from b – g ) and subsequent
decrease (collapse from h – n ) of the bubble resulting in primary and
secondary cavitation, seen from the PIPS tip during fluid activation at
20 mJ and 50 μs pulse duration
58.
59. Effects of PIPS
• 1.On Vapour Lock:
• Chemical reaction of sodium hypochlorite produces free chlorine
ions, specifically the hypochlorous acid (HO Cl) and the
hypochlorite ion (OCl − )
• PIPS pressure waves to eliminate vapor lock from inside the artificial
canal model
• 2. On Intracanal Tissue, Debris and Smear layer:
A recent study from Arslan et al. (2014) compared the efficacy of PIPS
technique and 1 % NaOCl with conventional, sonic, and ultrasonic
irrigation on the removal of apically placed dentinal debris from an
artificial groove created in a root canal.
PIPS resulted in signifi cantly more effective removal of dentinal
debris than conventional irrigation ( p < 0.001), sonic irrigation ( p <
0.001), or ultrasonic irrigation ( p = 0.005) [
60. 4 The final step before obturation requires patency to be
confi rmed using .06 or .08 fi le after NaOCl irrigation
activates by PIPS
The final step before obturation requires patency to be confirmed using .06 or .08 file after
NaOCl irrigation activates by PIPS
61. PIPS final irrigation protocol utilizes 17% EDTA activated by PIPS TM for 30s; after 60s
resting time, sterile distilled water agitated by PIPS is used for 30s to inactivate the
EDTA;
Fnally three cycles of 5–6 % NaOCl are activated by PIPS for 30s; each cycle has 30s
rest phase to allow the hypochlorite to react.
Again sterile distilled water agitated by PIPS is used for 30s to inactivate the oxygen
before obturation using resin-based sealer
62. PHOTO ACTIVATED DISINFECTION
(PAD)
1.It is also known as aPDT. When microorganisms are the targeted cells,
PDT is referred to as photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT)
2.It involves the use of a dye (photosensitizer) in combination with (laser)
light to selectively kill cells. These cells can either be diseased cells,
malignant or pathogenic cells or microorganisms
3.PAD application requires three fundamental elements
• A photosensitizer
• A light source
• Tissue oxygen
63. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PAD
• ,
No direct effect on tissues or
bacteria but photoactivates a
specific compound that releases
toxic elements to the target
light transforms the drug from its
ground state into an excited singlet
state
excited state may then undergo intersystem
crossing (the spontaneous change of a system
from one spin quantum number to another)
to the slightly lower energy
triplet state, which may then react
further by one or both of the two
pathways known as the Type I and Type
II photo processes, both of which
require oxygen
64. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from both pathways
mediate cellular damage. Amongst the ROS, singlet oxygen plays a
central role for cytotoxicity in PAD,The greater the amount of singlet
oxygen the target is exposed to, the more effectively bacteria are killed
In order to reach the photosensitizer in situ, the penetration depth of the
light is also important. Therefore, the wavelengths have to fall within the
so called “ therapeutic window ” of the electromagnetic spectrum
between 635 and 1000 nm, the area with the maximum penetration of
light into the tissues.
65. • Type I and II reactions require sufficient oxygenation of the
target area. This might not be the case in the anaerobic
environment found in primary root canal infections
66. 1. LASER IN ANALGESIA
• The pulsed Nd:YAG laser is widely used as a analgesia in endodontics.Its
wavelengths interfere with the sodium pump mechanism, change cell
membrane permeability, temporarily alter the nerve endings of sensory
neurons and block depolarization of C and A nerve fibers.
• Laser analgesia is a non-invasive, non-destructive, and non-thermal bio-modulating
technique with the ability to reduce or suppress painful sensations; it is obtainable in a
low-energy-level irradiation form.
67. 2. PULPAL DIAGNOSIS
A) LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY
• Non-invasive method used to assess blood flow in micro
vascular systems.
• This method uses Helium Neon and diode lasers at a
lower power of 1 or 2 Mw, based on Doppler principle to
measure the blood flow in the pulp.
MECHANISM OF WORKING
68. • A beam of laser light is directed to the tooth surface through a fibre
optic source
• Light enters the tooth and gets absorbed by red blood cells in pulpal
capillaries leading to shift in frequency of scattered light.
• In moving blood cells their frequency shift according to Dopplers
principle.
• This shift in frequency does not occur in light that is absorbed by
stationary objects
• A proportion of doppler shifted light is detected with the help of a
photodetector .
• Signal is then calculated with preset algorithm in LDF machine
69. B). THERMAL TESTING
1. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been used and it shows better pulpal
response than hot gutta percha.
2. As a differential diagnosis between normal pulp, acute pulpitis and
chronic pulpitis.
3.Laser used - Nd:YAG at 2W, 20 pulses per sec (pps) at a distance of
10mm from the tooth surface.
4.Normal pulp- mild transient pain with in 20 to 30 sec and disappears
in a couple of seconds after laser stimulation is stopped.
6. Acute pulpitis – pain induced immediately and continuous more
than 30sec.
7.Chronic pulpitis – no pain or pain
started after one min application and
continuous more than 30sec.
70. 3.PULPCAPPING AND
PULPOTOMY
• Since laser has the ability to coagulate and seal small blood vessels
and leads to potentially bloodless field.
• The wound will be sterile after interacting with laser and will have
an improved prognosis.
• No damage in the underlying laser ablated tissues has been found in
studies using Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers.
• There was presence of secondary dentin and the odontoblasts layer
was regular and not disturbed.
71.
72. 4. IN
OBTURATION
• Argon, CO2 and Nd: YAG lasers have been used to soften gutta-
percha and results indicate that Argon laser produces a very good
apical seal.
• Thermo plasticised gutta percha system are one of the efficient
methods in achieving a fluid- impervious seal.
• Softening of gutta percha has been attempted with CO2, Nd:YAG
and Er:YAG lasers.
73. 5.ENDODONTIC
RETREATMENT
• Rationale of using laser in non surgical endodontic retreatment may
be ascribed to need to remove foreign material from root canal
system which is difficult to achieve by conventional methods
• Nd:YAP (1340 nm) laser Neodymium doped yttrium aluminium
perovskite laser used in root canal retreatment cases.
• Nd:YAG laser used to remove gutta percha and broken files from
root canal.
74. LASER IN BLEACHING
Whitening process achieved by chemical oxidation
process.
Lasers used for bleaching :-
Carbon dioxide (10600 nm)
Nd:YAG
Argon (515 nm)
Diode (980 nm)
KTP (532 nm) KTP is Potassium titanyl Phosphate laser.
Reducing agent + Oxidising agent Tooth Bleaching material Free
reactive radicals react with unsaturated bonds Larger stain molecules
converted into smaller ones Simple molecules are formed Reflect less
light or become colorless
Application of laser light generates heat Activates bleaching
agent(fused silica+35%H2O2) H2O2 H2O+ O2 (nascent oxygen)
75. TREATMENT OF INCOMPLETE TOOTH
FRACTURE
1. Lasers are used in repairing incomplete vertical fractures by
causing fusion of the fracture.
2. CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers have been unsuccessfully used to
approximate fractured roots.
INDICATIONS:
a. Teeth with lateral canal leading to periodontal involvement.
b. Teeth with pulp necrosis and purulent pulpitis.
c. Teeth with periapical lesions upto 5mm or more.
d. Teeth that has been treated at least 3 months with no success.
CONTRAINDICATIONS :
In advanced periodontitis cases.
A deep crown and root fracture.
Obliterated root canals in endodontic treated teeth.
76. REFERENCES
• 1) Nisha Garg, Textbook of Endodontics, 2nd edition.
• 2) Grossman, Endodontic Practice,13th edition.
• 3) Cohen, Pathways of Pulp, 10th edition.
• 4) Stabholz A et al. Lasers in endodontics. Dent Clin N Am 48 (2004)
809-832.
• 5) Nishad SG et al. Laser in Endodontics J Adv Med Dent Sci Res
2016;3(2):137-141.
• 6) Bansode PV et al. Lasers in Endodontics-A Literature Review. IOSR J
Dent Medi Sci 2016; 15( 12 ) :87-91 .
• 7)Ratnakar P et al. Lasers in Endodontics- A beginning of new era.
Indian J Stomatol 2010 :1(2);84-87
Accordingly, the spectrum of visible light covers a range approximately between 0.4 and 0.7 μm (400–700 nm); however, the border between visible and invisible spectrum is not precisely defined, depending on different factors, and is between 380 and 400 nm on one side and 700 and 800 nm on the other side.
and also producing surface decontamination and minimal dental ablation
Pre-treatment with NaOCI showed surfaces with typical morphological alterations induced by lasers with some cracks; smear layer and closed dentinal tubules were present; those pretreated with EDTA and then irradiated presented melting areas but instead no smear layer and partially open tubules
At present there are two ways to activate irrigants in root canals. First, the fibre can be used in the canal and is then activated in the canal and in the irrigant; the fibre is withdrawn at slow speed out of the canal or can be used stationary or in motion over a short distance in the can
al. This technique is referred to as laser-activated irrigation (LAI). Second, the fibre is used outside the canal and is activated in irrigant in the pulp chamber over the orifice. The latter technique was first described as the PIPS (photon-induced photoacoustic streaming) technique
In the root canal model, the lateral expansion is limited by the canal walls. The forward expansion is oscillated by the water in front, while the backward expansion is blocked by the fi bre so that pressure inside the bubble remains high for a long time since it has to overtake the resistance of the water in such a small canal. This process delays about three times the dynamics of expansion and implosion compared to the free-water situation as described from Blanken and Verdaasdonk (2007) and Matsumoto et al. (2011) [ 15 , 17 ].
The secondary cavitation bubbles are much smaller compared with the fi rst vapour bubble. Also, after the collapse of secondary cavitation bubbles, even smaller bubbles are generated, later disappearing in decreasing numbers
The 600 μm PIPS tip is held stationary in the coronal access opening only and not into the canal itself Fig. 11.21 During the required “resting phase” of 30s, a high consumption of available chlorine is seen as effervescence
The Type I pathway involves electron transfer reactions from the PS triplet state with the participation of a substrate to produce radical ions (free radicals) that can then react with oxygen to produce cytotoxic species, such as superoxide, hydroxyl and lipid-derived radicals. The Type II pathway involves energy transfer from the PS triplet state to ground-state molecular oxygen (triplet) to produce excited-state singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), which can oxidize many biological molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and lead to cytotoxicity