Lasers in dentistry (2)/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
Lasers in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
A full presentation of one hour of all types of lasers in ophthalmology for under graduates and post graduates after going through all the uploaded slides till today. This includes laser photocoagulation, laser iridotomy, and laser capsulotomy in detail
What is laser; Its uses in dermatology; Types of lasers; Treatment options for acne scars, melasma; hyper pigmentation; wrinkles; warts; Dark skin, facial rejuvenation; stains; rosacea; hair removal options;
Lasers in dentistry/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Lasers in dentistry (2)/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
Lasers in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
A full presentation of one hour of all types of lasers in ophthalmology for under graduates and post graduates after going through all the uploaded slides till today. This includes laser photocoagulation, laser iridotomy, and laser capsulotomy in detail
What is laser; Its uses in dermatology; Types of lasers; Treatment options for acne scars, melasma; hyper pigmentation; wrinkles; warts; Dark skin, facial rejuvenation; stains; rosacea; hair removal options;
Lasers in dentistry/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Lasers in dentistry1/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Its basic principle of working, features or characteristics, types, applications, hazards caused by LASER and future scopes.
Ramesh is available for interview and he can do only C2C
We have 40 software engineers currently on our W2 that are available for rates are from $100 corp to corp NO Full time pls email zed@tekforcecorp.com And varsha@tekforcecorp.com and copy sandy4singh@gmail.com Tekforce corp engineers rates between $95 / $100 our candidates are very senior level engineers . Please notify me via email with your urgent requirements that are direct clients requirements.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Laser & x rays 2
1. GROUP#3
Applied Physics
Laser & X-Rays
GROUP MEMBERS:
1-Hafeez Rasheed
2-M.Husnain
3.Saqlain Abbas
4-Attiq-ur-Rehman
5-Farhad Iqbal
2. LASER
History and Introduction
2
• The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes
Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard
Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
• “Laser” is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation”
• A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation.
3. LASER
History and Introduction
3
• LASER is an invention of the twentieth century. The operating principle of
many types of lasers depend directly on the quantum mechanical
structure of the atom.
• It has already been shown that a photon is emitted when an electron
makes a transition from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
• This is called spontaneous emission
• Normally in spontaneous emission, an electron in an atom eventually
drops to a lower level in a time that is about 10*8 sec giving off a photon
in this process
• The operation of a laser depends on stimulated emission,
• An incoming photon stimulates an electron to change energy levels.
4. Design of a LASER
4
• A laser consists of a gain medium, a mechanism to energize it, and
something to provide optical feedback.
• The gain medium is a material with properties that allow it
to amplify light by way of stimulated emission.
• Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is
amplified (increases in power).
• For the gain medium to amplify light, it needs to be supplied with energy
in a process called pumping.
• The energy is typically supplied as an electric current or as light at a
different wavelength. Pump light may be provided by a flash lamp or by
another laser.
5. Design of a LASER
5
• The most common type of laser uses feedback from an optical cavity—a
pair of mirrors on either end of the gain medium.
• Light bounces back and forth between the mirrors, passing through the
gain medium and being amplified each time.
• Typically one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is partially
transparent.
• Some of the light escapes through this mirror. Depending on the design
of the cavity (whether the mirrors are flat or curved), the light coming
out of the laser may spread out or form a narrow beam.
• In analogy to electronic oscillators, this device is sometimes called
a laser oscillator.
7. LASER
History and Introduction
7
• LASER is an invention of the twentieth century. The operating principle of
many types of lasers depend directly on the quantum mechanical
structure of the atom.
• It has already been shown that a photon is emitted when an electron
makes a transition from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
• This is called spontaneous emission
• Normally in spontaneous emission, an electron in an atom eventually
drops to a lower level in a time that is about 10*8 sec giving off a photon
in this process
• The operation of a laser depends on stimulated emission,
• An incoming photon stimulates an electron to change energy levels.
8. FR
Properties of LASER
8
These three properties of laser light are what make it more of a hazard
than ordinary light.
Monochromatic
Directional
Coherent
Many different types of lasers have been developed, with highly
varied characteristics
9. Monochromatic
T h e l i g h t e m i t t e d f r o m a l a s e r
i s m o n o c h r o m a t i c , t h a t i s , i t i s o f o n e
w a v e l e n g t h ( c o l o r ) .
I n c o n t ra s t , o r d i n a r y w h i t e l i g h t i s a
c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a ny d i f fe re n t w a v e l e n g t h s
( c o l o r s ) .
10. Directional
Lasers emit lig ht th at is h ig h ly directio nal.
Laser lig ht is emitted as a relatively
n arrow b eam in a sp ec ific d irec tion .
O rd in ar y lig ht, su ch as comin g from th e
su n , a lig ht b u lb , or a can d le, is emitted in
many d irec tion s away from th e sou rc e.
11. Coherent
Th e lig ht from a laser is said to
b e coh erent , wh ic h mean s th e wavelen gth s
of th e laser lig ht are in p h ase in sp ac e an d
time.
12. Types of LASER
S o l i d - s t a t e l a s e r
G a s l a s e r
L i q u i d l a s e r
S e m i c o n d u c t o r l a s e r
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LASER Elements
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Population inversions can be produced in a gas, liquid, or solid, but most laser media are gases or solids.
Typically, laser gases are contained in cylindrical tubes and excited by an electric current or external light
source, which is said to “pump” the laser.
Similarly, solid-state lasers may use semiconductors or transparent crystals with small concentrations of
light-emitting atoms.
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Applications of LASER
The most significant applications of lasers include:
Lasers in medicine
Lasers in communications
Lasers in industries
Lasers in science and technology
Lasers in military
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15
LASER in Medicine
Bloodless surgery
Destroy kidney stones
Cancer diagnostics and surgery
Eye lens curvature correction
Creation of PLASMA
Treatment of Liver and Lung diseases
Removal of tumors
Removal of Caries
Cosmetic treatments e.g. acne treatment and cellulite
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16
LASER in Communication
Laser light is used in optical fiber
communications to send information over
large distances with low loss.
Laser light is used in underwater
communication networks.
Lasers are used in space communication,
radars and satellites
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LASER in Industries
To cut glass and quartz
In electronic industries
Heat treatment
To drill aerosol nozzles and control orifices
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18
LASER in Science
Study of Brownian motion of particles
Counting of number of atoms
Store data on CD-ROM
To retrieve information from CD (Compact Disc)
Determination of rate of rotation of earth
Used in computer printers
To setup invisible fence to protect an area
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LASER in Military
Used in LIDAR’s to accurately measure the distance to an object.
The ring laser gyroscope is used for sensing and measuring very small angle of rotation of the moving objects.
Lasers are used to dispose the energy of a warhead by damaging the missile.
21. X-RAYS
History and Introduction
21
• Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
• German Physicist
• A professor at Wurzburg University in Germany
• Discovered X-rays (Nov-8 , 1895)
• 1st noble prize in Physics in 1901
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What are X-Rays
Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 pet
hertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.
X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays.
In many languages, X-radiation is referred to as Rontgen radiation
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How X-Rays were produced
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Roentgen noticed crystals near a high-voltage cathode-ray tube exhibiting a fluorescent glow, even when he
shielded them with dark paper.
Some form of energy was being produced by the tube that was penetrating the paper and causing the crystals to
glow. Roentgen called the unknown energy "X-radiation.“
Experiments showed that this radiation could penetrate soft tissues but not bone, and would produce shadow
images on photographic plates.
For this discovery, Roentgen was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in physics, in 1901.
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First Experiment
He first experimented by placing his wife’s hands on photographic fluorescent plate for 15
minutes
When he developed the plate, the outline of the bones of her hand could be seen
He named these Unknown rays as X-radiations
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26
Production of X-Rays
An important source of X rays is synchrotron radiation . X rays are also produced in a highly evacuated glass bulb, called
an X-ray tube, that contains essentially two electrodes—an anode made of platinum, tungsten, or another heavy metal
of high melting point, and a cathode. When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes, streams of electrons
(cathode rays) are accelerated from the cathode to the anode and produce X rays as they strike the anode.
Two different processes give rise to radiation of X-ray frequency.
1. In one process radiation is emitted by the high-speed electrons themselves as they are slowed or even stopped in
passing near the positively charged nuclei of the anode material.
2. In a second process radiation is emitted by the electrons of the anode atoms when incoming electrons from the
cathode knock electrons near the nuclei out of orbit and they are replaced by other electrons from outer orbits.
The spectrum of frequencies given off with any particular anode material thus consists of a continuous range of
frequencies emitted in the first process, and superimposed on it a number of sharp peaks of intensity corresponding
to discrete frequencies at which X rays are emitted in the second process.
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27
Modern X-Rays working
X-rays were found to be able to penetrate through materials of light atoms like flesh. Havier atoms like metal absorb
them.
A beam of high energy electrons crashes into a metal target and X-rays are produced. A filter near the X-Ray source
blocks the low energy rays so only the high energy rays pass through a patient towards a sheet of film.
Along with the sheet of film ,a second sheet of film prevents the scattered x-rays from fogging the picture.
Calcium in bones is considered a type of metal and when photographic film is placed on the body ,it allows the
technician to take the picture and X-ray is developed to solve or analyze the problem
The soft tissue in a human body is composed of smaller atoms, and so does not absorb X-ray photons particularly as
well.
The calcium atoms that make up your bones are much larger, so they are better at Absorbing X-ray’s photons
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28
Applications and Uses
• Broken Bones
Today, x-rays are an integral part of contemporary hospitals and medical centers. This is their
most common application, with doctor’s using machines to take photographs of a patient’s body.
Photographic film is placed behind the body, with the x-ray then turned on. The rays easily pass
through the skin, but take a little longer to travel through the bone. This is why bones appear much
lighter in color. Using the results, doctors can develop effective treatment plans
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• Radiation Therapy
X-rays play an important role in the fight against cancer, with high energy radiation used to kill
cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Patients undergo treatment outside the body (known as external-beam radiation therapy) or from
radioactive material that’s inserted into the body in close proximity to cancer cells. This is called
internal radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
Radiation therapy can be dangerous, yet it’s still received by around 50% of cancer patients during
the course of their treatment.
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32
• Airport Security
Almost every airport on the planet is now fitted with some form of x-ray security
system that scans baggage to check for dangerous items.
In the past few years full body x-ray scans have also emerged as an additional
security measure.
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• Revealing Counterfeit Art
Perhaps one of the lesser known uses, x-rays are also used by art historians to
detect whether or not a picture has been painted over an existing piece.