The document analyzes and compares political speeches from Woodrow Wilson in 1917 and Barack Obama. It finds that both speeches emphasize community and unity while using elevated language that is accessible to the public at that time. While rules of three and repetition are more common in Obama's contemporary speech, both speeches contain similar polysyllabic vocabulary, showing standards of education to hold office have not changed. The findings show little change in presidential speech between Wilson and Obama, supporting the hypotheses with only small lexical variation.
How young people are represented in the media in Argentina. Stereotypes and representations.
Roxana Morduchowicz, Ph.D., Director of Medias in Schools Program, Ministry of Education, Argentina.
Youth and Media -seminar, 16.9.2010, Helsinki.
A2 Collective Identity Essay Plan - representation of women in the mediastmarysmediastudies
Plan prepared for a wall display on the A2 Collective Identity exam question 'The media do not construct reality, they merely offer a window on the world.' This is based on case studies of the representation of women in the media.
How young people are represented in the media in Argentina. Stereotypes and representations.
Roxana Morduchowicz, Ph.D., Director of Medias in Schools Program, Ministry of Education, Argentina.
Youth and Media -seminar, 16.9.2010, Helsinki.
A2 Collective Identity Essay Plan - representation of women in the mediastmarysmediastudies
Plan prepared for a wall display on the A2 Collective Identity exam question 'The media do not construct reality, they merely offer a window on the world.' This is based on case studies of the representation of women in the media.
Language of politics cannot be separated from the politics of language. The notion of "Political Discourse" does not remain limited to the "institutional" field of politics (e.g. parliamentary discourse, election campaigns, party programmes, speeches, etc.) but opens to all linguistic manifestations that may be considered to be political, provided that it is convincingly argued what makes them "political". In order to illuminate new and old forms of political discourses inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives and elaborated linguistic methodologies have to complement each other.
ABSTRACT:By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women’s
language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon
of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they
actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor,
her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the
interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their
linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language,
and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators,
methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women’s
language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in
court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between
judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce,
criminal offence, or others.
KEYWORDS: sociolinguistics, conventional, theoretical, empirical, women’s language
Evasive/Deceptive Use of Euphemistic Language in Discourse: Barak Obama’s Spe...inventionjournals
Obama mourns Japanese and other causalities in Hiroshima and calls for „a world free of nuclear weapons‟ as he became the first sitting U.S chief of staff to visit the site of dropping the first nuclear weapon in history. His speech neither mentioned anything about the 1945 atomic bombing nor showed an intention to apologize for the committed treacherous and odious military act. The completely extravagant speech appeared to be carefully crafted to draw the attention to reconciliation rather than expressing guilt and asking for forgiveness. His speech stunned so many people who saw that his presence only should have been enough to appease the Japanese. All Japanese people who witnessed the catastrophe (dead or surviving victims) are in need for Obama‟s apology to find comfort and are willing to forget and forgive. Quite the contrary, an impish rhetoric impinged upon them, and Obama appeared to be an extrovert who is seeking support for the upcoming election as well as for his plan of nuclear weapon proliferation as U.S. national interest bristles with tens of thousands of nuclear heads used as threat to the entire world. Furthermore, Euphemism is used in his speech to add insult to injury and to emphasize the “no regret” situation. Some went further to declare that the speech symbolizes the second nuclear bomb dropping which will take the Japanese people too long to heal. Obama‟s predicament is that his blurred speech seems to have lost much of its initial impetus when he should have felt impelled to bluntly apologize to the Japanese people.
Social Dialects Varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, gender and a number of other social parameters.
Before exploring these factors in detail, it is important to draw attention to one particular interaction between social values and language use.
Tense Present Democracy, English, and the Wars over UsageBy D.docxbradburgess22840
Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage
By David Foster Wallace
Harper’s Magazine
April 2001
Did you know that probing the seamy underbelly of U.S. lexicography reveals ideological strife and controversy and intrigue and nastiness and fervor on a nearly hanging-chad scale? For instance, did you know that some modern dictionaries are notoriously liberal and others notoriously conservative, and that certain conservative dictionaries were actually conceived and designed as corrective responses to the "corruption" and "permissiveness" of certain liberal dictionaries? That the oligarchic device of having a special "Distinguished Usage Panel... of outstanding professional speakers and writers" is an attempted compromise between the forces of egalitarianism and traditionalism in English, but that most linguistic liberals dismiss the Usage Panel as mere sham-populism?
Did you know that U.S. lexicography even had a seamy underbelly?
The occasion for this article is Oxford University Press's semi-recent release of Bryan A. Garner's A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. The fact of the matter is that Garner's dictionary is extremely good, certainly the most comprehensive usage guide since E. W. Gilman's Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, now a decade out of date.
Its format, like that of Gilman and the handful of other great American usage guides of the last century, includes entries on individual words and phrases and expostulative small-cap MINI-ESSAYS on any issue broad enough to warrant more general discussion. But the really distinctive and ingenious features of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage involve issues of rhetoric and ideology and style, and it is impossible to describe why these issues are important and why Garner's management of them borders on genius without talking about the historical context
in which ADMAU appears, and this context turns out to be a veritable hurricane of controversies involving everything from technical linguistics to public education to political ideology, and these controversies take a certain amount of time to unpack before their relation to what makes Garner's usage guide so eminently worth your hard-earned reference-book dollar can even be established; and in fact there's no way even to begin the whole harrowing polymeric discussion without taking a moment to establish and define the highly colloquial term SNOOT.
From one perspective; a certain irony attends the publication of any good new book on American usage. It is that the people who are going to be interested in such a book are also the people who are least going to need it, i.e., that offering counsel on the finer points of U.S. English is Preaching to the Choir. The relevant Choir here comprises that small percentage of American citizens who actually care about the current status of double modals and ergative verbs. The same sorts of people who watched Story of English on PBS (twice) and read W. Satire's column with t.
Assignment Writing Your Working Bibliography You should have be.docxssuser562afc1
Assignment: Writing Your Working Bibliography
You should have been gathering ten (10) potential sources for your research paper and writing notes. This list should look like a works cited list, but it is actually the working bibliography—sources that you might be able to use as evidence in your research paper.
Set your paper up according to MLA as if you are writing an actual works cited page, although the work is a bibliography. The title of this assignment is "Working Bibliography." Type a copy of your "potential sources." You should have at least ten of these. The sources should be a variety of magazines, scholarly journals, books, etc. Do not use listservs, chats, Facebook, Twitter, e-mails, blogs, and Wikkipedia as sources. In addition, your sources should be reliable. Make sure to follow the conventions of MLA and your textbook. Upload your work as an attachment. A works cited example is found in your textbook. Follow the conventions.
Remember to do the following:
1.Alphabetize by the author’s last name. Don’t include the person’s degree’s title before or after the name, for example, Dr. or M.D
2.If you have no author, begin with the title of the source.
3.When the title begins with "a, an, the," you should alphabetize by using the next important word in the title.
4.Books may be italicized or underlined.
5.Articles are enclosed in quotation marks.
6.Use your text for citing sources properly from chapter 35. Follow the formats and punctuation.
7.Abbreviate the publisher’s name.
8.Abbreviate months except May, June, and July.
9.If you have no publisher’s name, use the abbreviation (n. p.).
10.If you have no page number, use the abbreviation (n. pag.).
11.If you have no city where the source was published, use the abbreviation (n. p.).
12. Don't number the entries.
13. Double-space the entire document.
14. Use a hanging indention.
McWhorter 2
Darrell McWhorter
English Comp II
Mrs, Montgomery
September 10, 2013
Narrow Topic, Research Questions, Tentative Thesis, and Search Strategy
Topic: Television Impacts
Narrowed Topic: Television Impacts on America’s families
More Restricted Topic: Television Impacts on America’s Families Social Lives
Most Restricted: Impacts of Television on America’s Social-Cultural Lives
Thesis:
Due to its constant presence in American’s lives, television due to its entertaining, fast-moving, and visually interesting style, commands many American’s attention for a substantial period of time acting as a mode of competition against other methods of human interaction, thus, producing substantial impact on the social and cultural composition of the society.
Research Questions:
1. Is the television a source of distraction to most American’s lives?
2. Does the television surpass other modes of human interaction?
3. Did the invention of the television influence the way American’s think?
4. How has the television affected social issues in the society?
5. Through its influence on the society, does the tel ...
Tense Present Democracy, English, and the Wars over UsageBy D.docxjacqueliner9
Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage
By David Foster Wallace
Harper’s Magazine
April 2001
Did you know that probing the seamy underbelly of U.S. lexicography reveals ideological strife and controversy and intrigue and nastiness and fervor on a nearly hanging-chad scale? For instance, did you know that some modern dictionaries are notoriously liberal and others notoriously conservative, and that certain conservative dictionaries were actually conceived and designed as corrective responses to the "corruption" and "permissiveness" of certain liberal dictionaries? That the oligarchic device of having a special "Distinguished Usage Panel... of outstanding professional speakers and writers" is an attempted compromise between the forces of egalitarianism and traditionalism in English, but that most linguistic liberals dismiss the Usage Panel as mere sham-populism?
Did you know that U.S. lexicography even had a seamy underbelly?
The occasion for this article is Oxford University Press's semi-recent release of Bryan A. Garner's A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. The fact of the matter is that Garner's dictionary is extremely good, certainly the most comprehensive usage guide since E. W. Gilman's Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, now a decade out of date.
Its format, like that of Gilman and the handful of other great American usage guides of the last century, includes entries on individual words and phrases and expostulative small-cap MINI-ESSAYS on any issue broad enough to warrant more general discussion. But the really distinctive and ingenious features of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage involve issues of rhetoric and ideology and style, and it is impossible to describe why these issues are important and why Garner's management of them borders on genius without talking about the historical context
in which ADMAU appears, and this context turns out to be a veritable hurricane of controversies involving everything from technical linguistics to public education to political ideology, and these controversies take a certain amount of time to unpack before their relation to what makes Garner's usage guide so eminently worth your hard-earned reference-book dollar can even be established; and in fact there's no way even to begin the whole harrowing polymeric discussion without taking a moment to establish and define the highly colloquial term SNOOT.
From one perspective; a certain irony attends the publication of any good new book on American usage. It is that the people who are going to be interested in such a book are also the people who are least going to need it, i.e., that offering counsel on the finer points of U.S. English is Preaching to the Choir. The relevant Choir here comprises that small percentage of American citizens who actually care about the current status of double modals and ergative verbs. The same sorts of people who watched Story of English on PBS (twice) and read W. Satire's column with t.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. There will be evidence of ‘clap traps’ in the compared
political speeches.
All the texts will emphasise community and unity.
The speeches will use elevated lexis but on a level that
is understood by the society at the time.
They will have some reference to recent events.
3. There will be a variation in some lexis that reflects the
difference in social variation at the time of the speech.
Political speeches will refer to different events, showing
the context of time change.
4. Resource: The American
Presidency Project
(http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/w
s/index.php?pid=25831)
Did not use specific terms when
searching online.
The internet appeared to be the
most profitable resource as it has
a more broad archive of this
genre.
Newspapers proved to be the
least profitable resource as
transcripts of political speeches
were not commonly featured.
Other contending speeches for
analysis were: address to the
Democrat party by J.F. Kennedy.
Wilson’s speech was selected
because he speaks towards the
general public, rather than
towards other politicians, likewise
to B. Obama.
Advice:
There is a lot of material available, so
the most important thing to consider
when making a selection is context.
This is because it influences the way
the politicians speak.
5. Rules/ lists of three are more common in the
contemporary text than the older.
This is likewise with the use of repetition.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Wilson Obama
No.Ro3andRepetition
Speaker
6. both of the texts contain
polysyllabic/elevated lexis
The fact that both texts use
this feature shows that the
standard of education
needed to become a person
of such position has not
deviated since the time of
the First World War.
60.1959.37
Obama
Wilson
7. There is some contrast with more vernacular lexis in
both speeches.
in both contexts the speakers are appealing to the wider
public, so this lexis makes the speech more accessible
and allows them to appear more down to earth.
8. Both the texts emphasise unity but surprisingly don’t
make use of direct address that is often associated with
this kind of rhetoric.
The use of the second person pronoun ‘you’ does not
appear at all in both speeches.
The use of 1st person plurals such as ‘our’ and ‘we’ is
found throughout, because of the feeling of community
that they create.
9. The findings of the study illustrate that there has been, in
fact little change between the language of presidential
speech between the time of Wilson and Obama.
Hypotheses largely supported
Smaller variation in lexis than expected
10. Variety within the genre
Possibility for further more detailed investigations
Length may have caused inaccuracies
Editor's Notes
We compared two speeches by American presidents; a 2008 election speech by Obama as a contemporary text and the inaugural speech by Woodrow Wilson in 1913
The speeches are overall exerting influential power because they are persuading the general public in one or another and so the language use reflects this purpose as well as many contextual and pragmatic factors
Less differences are assumed because the genre of presidential speech is quite formulaic and has heavy pragmatic expectations behind it which mean that features will not divert too far from an established pattern
Being in England and looking for American speeches may also have made it more difficult to find print sources
In terms of context, whether the speech is during the campaign itself or after the speaker is in office will affect the speech linguistically; during the campaign features will very clearly be for persuasion where a president in a more established position can do this more subtly and may have more of an informative or reassuring purpose rather than one primarily of persuasion
There was a particularly big difference between the number or repetitions and lists of three, a range of 5 being found. This could therefore show that pragmatic expectations of the style of presidential speech has changed since the time of the first word war, when Wilson gave his inaugural speech.
Audiences have an increasing idea of features that should be contained in a speech that is to be perceived as good. These features involve things like clap traps which are designed to please the crowd, but this preconception is unlikely to have existed in 1913 although Wilson was clearly aware of the need for such features of rhetoric in exerting influential power. This may also explain why Wilson’s speech contains more emotive language in comparison to Obama’s – he used it as a way to exert influential power. Repetition in particular is a strong rhetorical feature that is often seen in African-American gospel works and thus Obama would’ve had exposure to this type of public speaking which may now be seen in his political rhetoric.
Another reason for the overall similarity in the speeches is because they would both be presented directly to an audience – Wilson was known to personally give speeches in front of crowds and Obama’s are always televised; if the speeches were delivered in other forms (ex. Radio) they may take on a very different structure.
The readability according to the Flesch reading ease= 60.19 for Obama’s speech, this is 59.37 for Wilson’s, which shows that the difficulty of the speeches have not changed much over time. This level of difficulty means that it can be easily understood by 13-15 year olds showing that despite the more elevated lexis, the speech overall is accessible to all levels of education in the country which is inclusive and expected of a national leader.
In addition to showing the level of education that is pragmatically associated with the user of this more Latinate lexis, this lexis gives the feeling to those being addressed that their elected leader is someone from well read circles who thus is capable of leading the country and advancing it further and acts as a means of establishing power.
.In the time of both Wilson and Obama, the United States was a leading world economy, so as a president, they would represent this public face of the super power. Therefore through this elevated lexis, they can continue to portray the pre-assumed ideas of the US to the world in general. The fairly noticeable contrasting lexis makes the speech overall more accessible and down to earth and this is means of exerting influential power because normal people feel their leader can be one of them, and thus are persuaded that they have elected the right president from the right party. This also ties into the next point about creating a sense of community and national pride which was important in the periods that both men came into office.
Obama came to power during a time of recession and this austerity creates a demand for strong leadership which is manifested through speeches. In a similar context, Wilson also came to power during a difficult time for America – Both Europe and the States were on the brink of the First World War. The use of these grammatical features and the sense of unity they present can construct a sense of patriotism which touches national pride both in pulling through economic crisis and in mobilising the people for total war. In this way the features can be considered elements of influential power because they are essentially persuade the people to continue working. This is all fairly contextual because it ties into American ideology of working hard to achieve dreams; a similar line of reasoning may not have been so powerful among a European audience.
The lack of synthetic personalization is also likely contextual – it is a very persuasive feature so may have been needed in election speeches, rather than those when they are already in office.
Largely the findings supported the hypotheses; as detailed rhetorical devices are central to the genre whichever time period was considered, as was creating unity and using polysyllabic lexis
In terms of references to recent events, they are present in both speeches to give them coherence to time of speech but are very different in nature – Obama refers to “what began in Iowa” and Wilson “two years ago
There was a smaller variation in lexis found than was expected – there is little evidence of archaisms in Wilson’s speech and in general the lexis found appears fairly timeless, which may be due to the fact that both presidents were closely following a discourse of rhetoric and is again likely to be linked with underlying pragmatic conventions of presidential speech. Interesting to note were Wilson’s references to god and religion which were totally absent in Obama’s speech due to the increasingly secular nature of politics and a decline in the power of religion overall; in Obama’s case references to religion would not have rung home with a largely non-religious audience
The features may be dependent on the country in question; it is possible that the nature of US presidential speeches has followed a more rigid discourse structure over time than British speeches have and the types of language used will also of course vary with ideology.
Overall, the genre is very broad and varied so there would be a huge pool of resources possible; as older texts speeches by JF Kennedy and Franklin Roosevelt had been considered but of course there are numerous others and many speeches per president for each election. Another positive with this investigation is that it could be considered a starting point for many other investigations into rhetoric, such as looking at British Prime Ministers speeches for change over time. Out of language change, it could be interesting to look at variations in features depending on audience, for example Obama addresses teenagers very differently, or analyzing him speaking to an all black audience. ’
However, this scale of content and the length of the speeches means that by selecting a part of one speech it can be hard to draw generalizations about the language at the time; contextual details can be deduced but the language may vary with speaker and type of address (inaugural speech, a speech within the congress etc) so again making it hard for certain conclusions to be drawn.
