ABSTRACT:By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women’s
language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon
of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they
actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor,
her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the
interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their
linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language,
and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators,
methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women’s
language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in
court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between
judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce,
criminal offence, or others.
KEYWORDS: sociolinguistics, conventional, theoretical, empirical, women’s language
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
1) The document discusses the history and development of the field of language and gender, which emerged in the 1970s during second-wave feminism.
2) Three pioneering works published in 1975 helped launch this new field by questioning biological determinism and documenting differences in women's and men's speech.
3) Robin Lakoff's 1975 book identified specific linguistic forms that characterize "women's language" as weaker and more mitigated than men's language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses Chomsky's views on competence and performance, Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, and Hymes' concept of communicative competence. It also covers variation in language, the relationship between language and identity, language and solidarity, and idiolects. Additionally, it summarizes the Whorfian hypothesis, discusses micro and macro-sociolinguistics, compares linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and outlines some key methodological issues like data collection techniques and research design. Presentations on specific topics are scheduled for the next session.
Gender Issues In Classroom and Society.pptxJawad Ahmed
This Presentation is on Gender issues regarding language in classroom and society. This is the most important topic in sociolinguistics and It also focuses on language differences of men and women.
The document provides an overview of muted group theory, which proposes that dominant groups create language that mutes subordinate groups. It discusses applications of the theory to gender, including how men created language to better express themselves while limiting women. The document then proposes a new study to apply muted group theory to romantic relationships, hypothesizing it may reveal communication issues between partners from dominant and subordinate groups. Interviews and surveys of different relationship types would test if muted group impacts expression.
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
This document discusses research into differences in language use between men and women, known as sociolinguistics. It summarizes two important aspects sociolinguists study: differences in linguistic features used by each gender, and reasons for those differences. Two types of studies are described - those finding very clear gender differences, and those finding preferential use of certain speech features. Some languages have separate gender-exclusive varieties. Research also finds differences in word choice, vocabulary and morphology between genders. Women generally use more standard variants of language due to social status consciousness and their role as guardians of social values.
1) The document discusses the history and development of the field of language and gender, which emerged in the 1970s during second-wave feminism.
2) Three pioneering works published in 1975 helped launch this new field by questioning biological determinism and documenting differences in women's and men's speech.
3) Robin Lakoff's 1975 book identified specific linguistic forms that characterize "women's language" as weaker and more mitigated than men's language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses Chomsky's views on competence and performance, Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, and Hymes' concept of communicative competence. It also covers variation in language, the relationship between language and identity, language and solidarity, and idiolects. Additionally, it summarizes the Whorfian hypothesis, discusses micro and macro-sociolinguistics, compares linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and outlines some key methodological issues like data collection techniques and research design. Presentations on specific topics are scheduled for the next session.
Gender Issues In Classroom and Society.pptxJawad Ahmed
This Presentation is on Gender issues regarding language in classroom and society. This is the most important topic in sociolinguistics and It also focuses on language differences of men and women.
The document provides an overview of muted group theory, which proposes that dominant groups create language that mutes subordinate groups. It discusses applications of the theory to gender, including how men created language to better express themselves while limiting women. The document then proposes a new study to apply muted group theory to romantic relationships, hypothesizing it may reveal communication issues between partners from dominant and subordinate groups. Interviews and surveys of different relationship types would test if muted group impacts expression.
Tielke Vogt, Hauptstudium, LN
Svenja Follmann, Hauptstudium, LN
Julia Selzer, Grundstudium, TN
Meike Tadken, Grundstudium, LN
Judith Mertens, Hauptstudium, TN
Sonja Schröder, Grundstudium, TN
Language and Gender
Prof. Penelope Eckert
Prof. Sally McConnell-Ginet
This document outlines the contents of a course on language and gender, including sections on constructing gender, linking the linguistic to the social, organizing talk, making social moves, positioning ideas and subjects, and working the market use of varieties
1) The document discusses debates around gender differences in language use and dominance. It describes views that see men's language as assertive and dominant in public spheres while women's language is seen as passive and focused on private matters.
2) Alternative views see gender differences in language as socially constructed rather than innate. Differences may reflect how men and women are socialized rather than fixed biological traits.
3) More recent research calls for understanding gender as a dynamic social performance rather than a fixed category, and examining how language is used to both construct and deconstruct notions of masculinity and femininity in interaction.
language and gender group 5 presentation.pptxKainatJameel
This document discusses speech act theory and how language can be used to perform actions and not just describe things. It outlines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses how gender can influence language use and interpretations, with assumptions that women use more polite and affective language while men use more instrumental language. However, it argues these gender divisions are problematic and overlook how both gender use language for multiple purposes. Affiliative motives and social influences can also shape how language is used across contexts.
This document summarizes the key aspects of sociolinguistic research on language variation and social class. It discusses how social class can influence language use through sociolects. It describes William Labov's seminal study in New York City that correlated non-prevocalic /r/ usage with social class. The study found higher /r/ usage among higher social classes. It also outlines the typical stages of quantitative sociolinguistic research pioneered by Labov, including selecting variables, collecting speech samples, identifying linguistic variables, processing data, and interpreting results.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
Analyzing Women S Language Features Used By Lisa Allardice In Her News ArticlesAllison Thompson
This document provides background information on a study that analyzed the use of women's language features in news articles written by Lisa Allardice. It discusses language and gender theory, focusing on Robin Lakoff's ten features of women's language. The study collected data from three of Allardice's news articles and identified 74 instances of 6 features: lexical hedges, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. The dominant feature used was found to be hypercorrect grammar. Previous related studies are also summarized that examined women's language in movies and found varying dominant features used.
This paper spotlights one of the most influential Chinese American novels, ‘The Joy Luck Club’. Broadly adhering to the principles and orientations of Eco-discourse analysis and using Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar as a framework of analysis, this study uncovers ideologies pointing to an asymmetrical power structure between the mother and the daughter and discusses the underlying Chinese philosophy of mother, which helps daughter find her genuine identity. This paper concludes with revealing the true contradiction behind the conflict of mother-daughter, i.e., the two distinct value systems, and expect people to think and act ecologically, promoting the development of eastern eco-ideology.
This document discusses interaction analysis and analyzes differences between male and female speech patterns. It examines previous research finding that males tend to dominate conversations through interruptions and use more vulgar language. The document then describes a study where a conversation between two men and two women was recorded and analyzed. Key findings were that males interrupted more and used more vulgar terms, while females used more active listening devices and tentative language. However, results for tag question use contradicted previous research. While not conclusive, the analysis found some differences in conversational styles between genders.
Variations and Interactional Sociolinguistics - Language and GenderJeeMarieDumanag1
The document discusses variations in sociolinguistics and interactional sociolinguistics. It summarizes William Labov's 1963 study on Martha's Vineyard, where he investigated phonological variations in vowel sounds between different age, social, and ethnic groups. It also summarizes Penelope Eckert's 2001 study in a Detroit high school, where she observed friendship groups and found that students spoke more like their close friends who shared social practices, rather than others in their demographic group. The document outlines the key concepts and methods of interactional sociolinguistics, including defining speech communities and analyzing language use in social contexts through ethnographic observation.
The document discusses gender and language from several perspectives. It begins by distinguishing between sex, which refers to biological differences, and gender, which refers to culturally constructed roles and expectations. It notes that gender boundaries are conceptual rather than physical. The document then examines gender stereotypes and roles, as well as how language differs between men and women in terms of pronunciation, intonation, grammar, vocabulary and conversational styles. Finally, it analyzes gender bias and asymmetries in the English language.
The document discusses gender and language from several perspectives. It begins by distinguishing between sex and gender, noting that sex refers to biological differences while gender refers to culturally constructed roles. It then examines how gender boundaries are conceptual rather than physical, and how they have become more fluid over time. Several lists provide examples of masculine and feminine personality and physical traits as stereotyped by culture. The document also looks at how language use may differ between men and women, such as women using more hedging words and tag questions. Finally, it considers how men and women behave differently in conversations, such as who interrupts more or introduces topics.
1) Research has found differences in the language used by men and women, with women using more hedges, tag questions, and precise language that expresses uncertainty.
2) According to Robin Lakoff, women use both hedging and boosting language devices to lack confidence, with hedges expressing uncertainty and boosters trying to persuade others.
3) Studies have shown that in cross-sex interactions, men frequently interrupt women but women less frequently interrupt men, and men tend to dominate conversations more.
Structuralism & Generativism
This document provides an overview of structuralism and generativism in linguistics. It discusses European structuralism beginning in the 1920s based on Saussure's work, as well as American structuralism from the 1930s-1960s influenced by behaviorism. Generativism emerged in the late 1950s with Chomsky's work and emphasized the creativity and productivity of language. It separated competence from performance and focused on universal grammar. Generativism marked a departure from structuralism by emphasizing what languages have in common rather than their diversity.
10 DEFINING REALITY A Powerful Tool Dale Spender .docxpaynetawnya
10
DEFINING REALITY
A Powerful Tool
Dale Spender
FOR REASONS I EXPLORE in this essay, too little attenti on has been
paid to the role of language in the construction of inequality. This
reluctance on the part of many to consider language and power issues
is itself worth attention. As evidenced by the essays in this collection,
there are many ways of approaching the topic of language and power;
the one I am going to use is that of sketching my own route to the in-
tersection of language and power . It is an idiosyncratic route, but one
that helps map out the terrain, and leads to some of the reasons for the
long tradition of separating questions about language from questions
about power-a separation that has implications for every speaker in
every conversation.
To attempt to itemize the properties of language in terms that
would be satisfactory to all those who focus on language as an area of
research would be to take on an impossible task; to attempt to
categorize definitively the properties of power would be to assume an
equally impossible task; at the very least this makes language and
power an area of debate and contention. However, despite the many
differences of opinion that may exist about the nature of language and
the nature of power, it may be possible to arrive at a consensus that
will help formulate the parameters and permit discussion .
For example, it is likely that, regardless of one's background or in-
terest, there would be little disagreement with the statement that
language is a means of organizing and structuring the world. It is also
likely that most people would accept both Suzanne Langer's thesis
(1942, 1976) that language is a means of symbolizing and representing
experience, and Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman's thesis (1972)
that it is the vehicle for constructing reality. And perhaps there would
be little quarrel with a broad definition of power as the capacity of
some persons to produce effects on others, effects sometimes contrary
194
Dale Spender 195
to their interests. If these claims can be accepted, then there is a basis
for bringing language and power together and for formulating the
focus of this chapter: I will consider how some people affect others
through the means of organizing and structuring the world, through
symbolizing and representing experience, through the construction of
reality.
To begin, I am going to address myself to the issue of men having
the capacity to have effects on women, through language. I am going
to discuss the negation of women's experience in a male-dominated
society fro m inside that framework, from within the context of male
domination. As a woman, I am going to describe the experience of
women in a society where women's experience is frequently denied or
dismissed . If I were a man, speaking for women, or if I were describ-
ing men 's experience, then my case would probably be seen as
representative, but-because I am a w ...
This document discusses research on gender differences in language. It examines how some languages grammatically mark gender in pronouns and how some have gender-exclusive vocabularies. It also discusses gender-preferential language and how gender has been studied from a variationist linguistic perspective. A key topic is Robin Lakoff's 1975 characterization of "women's language" as tentative, uncertain, and weak. This characterization is critiqued as proposing a deficit view of women's language based on a perceived male norm. Explanations for observed gender differences in language use are examined.
This document discusses linguistic analysis of a foreign language, specifically focusing on cognitive linguistics. It covers topics like conceptual semantics, cognitive grammar, sociocognitive linguistics, and applications of cognitive linguistics to teaching second and foreign languages. The document also discusses gender and inclusive language in English, including the use of singular "they" and efforts to make language more inclusive.
This chapter discusses research on gender and language use. It begins with an introduction that outlines the history and focus of studies in this area. The chapter contents are then reviewed, which will examine aspects of language and gender as related to sociolinguistic issues. The methods used in studies of gender and language are discussed historically, progressing from studies of distinctive female and male language forms to more contextualized interactional analyses. Section 7.2 reviews traditional views of "women's language" and "men's language" but notes these imply homogeneity, while more recent research emphasizes diversity within gender groups. Section 7.3 will quantify gender differences through sociolinguistic interviews and examine relationships between gender, social class, lifestyle, interaction patterns
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) studies the connection between neurology, language, and behavioral patterns to effect positive change. It posits that people experience the world through subjective sensory representations and can model successful behaviors and mindsets of others. NLP techniques aim to reprogram limiting beliefs and unwanted behaviors through methods like anchoring positive feelings to external stimuli.
Two main theories exist to try and explain the differences in male and female...SamerYaqoob
1. The document analyzes gender differences in language use as shown in the TV program "Mind Your Language" season 3. It finds differences between men and women in areas like pronunciation, intonation, grammar, vocabulary choice, and topic choice.
2. Women tend to have better pronunciation and use more standard grammar, while men are more relaxed in their language use. Women also prefer softer language and topics involving emotions, while men prefer assertive language and topics like sports and politics.
3. Examples from conversations on the show demonstrate these differences, like a woman defending her answer with high intonation and a man giving a response without proper grammar. Topic choices also reflected traditional gender associations.
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
Tielke Vogt, Hauptstudium, LN
Svenja Follmann, Hauptstudium, LN
Julia Selzer, Grundstudium, TN
Meike Tadken, Grundstudium, LN
Judith Mertens, Hauptstudium, TN
Sonja Schröder, Grundstudium, TN
Language and Gender
Prof. Penelope Eckert
Prof. Sally McConnell-Ginet
This document outlines the contents of a course on language and gender, including sections on constructing gender, linking the linguistic to the social, organizing talk, making social moves, positioning ideas and subjects, and working the market use of varieties
1) The document discusses debates around gender differences in language use and dominance. It describes views that see men's language as assertive and dominant in public spheres while women's language is seen as passive and focused on private matters.
2) Alternative views see gender differences in language as socially constructed rather than innate. Differences may reflect how men and women are socialized rather than fixed biological traits.
3) More recent research calls for understanding gender as a dynamic social performance rather than a fixed category, and examining how language is used to both construct and deconstruct notions of masculinity and femininity in interaction.
language and gender group 5 presentation.pptxKainatJameel
This document discusses speech act theory and how language can be used to perform actions and not just describe things. It outlines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses how gender can influence language use and interpretations, with assumptions that women use more polite and affective language while men use more instrumental language. However, it argues these gender divisions are problematic and overlook how both gender use language for multiple purposes. Affiliative motives and social influences can also shape how language is used across contexts.
This document summarizes the key aspects of sociolinguistic research on language variation and social class. It discusses how social class can influence language use through sociolects. It describes William Labov's seminal study in New York City that correlated non-prevocalic /r/ usage with social class. The study found higher /r/ usage among higher social classes. It also outlines the typical stages of quantitative sociolinguistic research pioneered by Labov, including selecting variables, collecting speech samples, identifying linguistic variables, processing data, and interpreting results.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
Analyzing Women S Language Features Used By Lisa Allardice In Her News ArticlesAllison Thompson
This document provides background information on a study that analyzed the use of women's language features in news articles written by Lisa Allardice. It discusses language and gender theory, focusing on Robin Lakoff's ten features of women's language. The study collected data from three of Allardice's news articles and identified 74 instances of 6 features: lexical hedges, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, and emphatic stress. The dominant feature used was found to be hypercorrect grammar. Previous related studies are also summarized that examined women's language in movies and found varying dominant features used.
This paper spotlights one of the most influential Chinese American novels, ‘The Joy Luck Club’. Broadly adhering to the principles and orientations of Eco-discourse analysis and using Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar as a framework of analysis, this study uncovers ideologies pointing to an asymmetrical power structure between the mother and the daughter and discusses the underlying Chinese philosophy of mother, which helps daughter find her genuine identity. This paper concludes with revealing the true contradiction behind the conflict of mother-daughter, i.e., the two distinct value systems, and expect people to think and act ecologically, promoting the development of eastern eco-ideology.
This document discusses interaction analysis and analyzes differences between male and female speech patterns. It examines previous research finding that males tend to dominate conversations through interruptions and use more vulgar language. The document then describes a study where a conversation between two men and two women was recorded and analyzed. Key findings were that males interrupted more and used more vulgar terms, while females used more active listening devices and tentative language. However, results for tag question use contradicted previous research. While not conclusive, the analysis found some differences in conversational styles between genders.
Variations and Interactional Sociolinguistics - Language and GenderJeeMarieDumanag1
The document discusses variations in sociolinguistics and interactional sociolinguistics. It summarizes William Labov's 1963 study on Martha's Vineyard, where he investigated phonological variations in vowel sounds between different age, social, and ethnic groups. It also summarizes Penelope Eckert's 2001 study in a Detroit high school, where she observed friendship groups and found that students spoke more like their close friends who shared social practices, rather than others in their demographic group. The document outlines the key concepts and methods of interactional sociolinguistics, including defining speech communities and analyzing language use in social contexts through ethnographic observation.
The document discusses gender and language from several perspectives. It begins by distinguishing between sex, which refers to biological differences, and gender, which refers to culturally constructed roles and expectations. It notes that gender boundaries are conceptual rather than physical. The document then examines gender stereotypes and roles, as well as how language differs between men and women in terms of pronunciation, intonation, grammar, vocabulary and conversational styles. Finally, it analyzes gender bias and asymmetries in the English language.
The document discusses gender and language from several perspectives. It begins by distinguishing between sex and gender, noting that sex refers to biological differences while gender refers to culturally constructed roles. It then examines how gender boundaries are conceptual rather than physical, and how they have become more fluid over time. Several lists provide examples of masculine and feminine personality and physical traits as stereotyped by culture. The document also looks at how language use may differ between men and women, such as women using more hedging words and tag questions. Finally, it considers how men and women behave differently in conversations, such as who interrupts more or introduces topics.
1) Research has found differences in the language used by men and women, with women using more hedges, tag questions, and precise language that expresses uncertainty.
2) According to Robin Lakoff, women use both hedging and boosting language devices to lack confidence, with hedges expressing uncertainty and boosters trying to persuade others.
3) Studies have shown that in cross-sex interactions, men frequently interrupt women but women less frequently interrupt men, and men tend to dominate conversations more.
Structuralism & Generativism
This document provides an overview of structuralism and generativism in linguistics. It discusses European structuralism beginning in the 1920s based on Saussure's work, as well as American structuralism from the 1930s-1960s influenced by behaviorism. Generativism emerged in the late 1950s with Chomsky's work and emphasized the creativity and productivity of language. It separated competence from performance and focused on universal grammar. Generativism marked a departure from structuralism by emphasizing what languages have in common rather than their diversity.
10 DEFINING REALITY A Powerful Tool Dale Spender .docxpaynetawnya
10
DEFINING REALITY
A Powerful Tool
Dale Spender
FOR REASONS I EXPLORE in this essay, too little attenti on has been
paid to the role of language in the construction of inequality. This
reluctance on the part of many to consider language and power issues
is itself worth attention. As evidenced by the essays in this collection,
there are many ways of approaching the topic of language and power;
the one I am going to use is that of sketching my own route to the in-
tersection of language and power . It is an idiosyncratic route, but one
that helps map out the terrain, and leads to some of the reasons for the
long tradition of separating questions about language from questions
about power-a separation that has implications for every speaker in
every conversation.
To attempt to itemize the properties of language in terms that
would be satisfactory to all those who focus on language as an area of
research would be to take on an impossible task; to attempt to
categorize definitively the properties of power would be to assume an
equally impossible task; at the very least this makes language and
power an area of debate and contention. However, despite the many
differences of opinion that may exist about the nature of language and
the nature of power, it may be possible to arrive at a consensus that
will help formulate the parameters and permit discussion .
For example, it is likely that, regardless of one's background or in-
terest, there would be little disagreement with the statement that
language is a means of organizing and structuring the world. It is also
likely that most people would accept both Suzanne Langer's thesis
(1942, 1976) that language is a means of symbolizing and representing
experience, and Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman's thesis (1972)
that it is the vehicle for constructing reality. And perhaps there would
be little quarrel with a broad definition of power as the capacity of
some persons to produce effects on others, effects sometimes contrary
194
Dale Spender 195
to their interests. If these claims can be accepted, then there is a basis
for bringing language and power together and for formulating the
focus of this chapter: I will consider how some people affect others
through the means of organizing and structuring the world, through
symbolizing and representing experience, through the construction of
reality.
To begin, I am going to address myself to the issue of men having
the capacity to have effects on women, through language. I am going
to discuss the negation of women's experience in a male-dominated
society fro m inside that framework, from within the context of male
domination. As a woman, I am going to describe the experience of
women in a society where women's experience is frequently denied or
dismissed . If I were a man, speaking for women, or if I were describ-
ing men 's experience, then my case would probably be seen as
representative, but-because I am a w ...
This document discusses research on gender differences in language. It examines how some languages grammatically mark gender in pronouns and how some have gender-exclusive vocabularies. It also discusses gender-preferential language and how gender has been studied from a variationist linguistic perspective. A key topic is Robin Lakoff's 1975 characterization of "women's language" as tentative, uncertain, and weak. This characterization is critiqued as proposing a deficit view of women's language based on a perceived male norm. Explanations for observed gender differences in language use are examined.
This document discusses linguistic analysis of a foreign language, specifically focusing on cognitive linguistics. It covers topics like conceptual semantics, cognitive grammar, sociocognitive linguistics, and applications of cognitive linguistics to teaching second and foreign languages. The document also discusses gender and inclusive language in English, including the use of singular "they" and efforts to make language more inclusive.
This chapter discusses research on gender and language use. It begins with an introduction that outlines the history and focus of studies in this area. The chapter contents are then reviewed, which will examine aspects of language and gender as related to sociolinguistic issues. The methods used in studies of gender and language are discussed historically, progressing from studies of distinctive female and male language forms to more contextualized interactional analyses. Section 7.2 reviews traditional views of "women's language" and "men's language" but notes these imply homogeneity, while more recent research emphasizes diversity within gender groups. Section 7.3 will quantify gender differences through sociolinguistic interviews and examine relationships between gender, social class, lifestyle, interaction patterns
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) studies the connection between neurology, language, and behavioral patterns to effect positive change. It posits that people experience the world through subjective sensory representations and can model successful behaviors and mindsets of others. NLP techniques aim to reprogram limiting beliefs and unwanted behaviors through methods like anchoring positive feelings to external stimuli.
Two main theories exist to try and explain the differences in male and female...SamerYaqoob
1. The document analyzes gender differences in language use as shown in the TV program "Mind Your Language" season 3. It finds differences between men and women in areas like pronunciation, intonation, grammar, vocabulary choice, and topic choice.
2. Women tend to have better pronunciation and use more standard grammar, while men are more relaxed in their language use. Women also prefer softer language and topics involving emotions, while men prefer assertive language and topics like sports and politics.
3. Examples from conversations on the show demonstrate these differences, like a woman defending her answer with high intonation and a man giving a response without proper grammar. Topic choices also reflected traditional gender associations.
Similar to Sociolinguistics and Women’s Language (20)
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
This tutorial presentation offers a beginner-friendly guide to using THREADS, Instagram's messaging app. It covers the basics of account setup, privacy settings, and explores the core features such as close friends lists, photo and video sharing, creative tools, and status updates. With practical tips and instructions, this tutorial will empower you to use THREADS effectively and stay connected with your close friends on Instagram in a private and engaging way.
This tutorial presentation provides a step-by-step guide on how to use Facebook, the popular social media platform. In simple and easy-to-understand language, this presentation explains how to create a Facebook account, connect with friends and family, post updates, share photos and videos, join groups, and manage privacy settings. Whether you're new to Facebook or just need a refresher, this presentation will help you navigate the features and make the most of your Facebook experience.
Telegram is a messaging platform that ushers in a new era of communication. Available for Android, Windows, Mac, and Linux, Telegram offers simplicity, privacy, synchronization across devices, speed, and powerful features. It allows users to create their own stickers with a user-friendly editor. With robust encryption, Telegram ensures message security and even offers self-destructing messages. The platform is open, with an API and source code accessible to everyone, making it a secure and social environment where groups can accommodate up to 200,000 members. Customize your messenger experience with Telegram's expressive features.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE REMINI BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Remini is easy and quick for enhancing your photos. Start by downloading the Remini app on your phone. Open the app and sign in or create an account. To improve a photo, tap the "Enhance" button and select the photo you want to edit from your gallery. Remini will automatically enhance the photo, making it clearer and sharper. You can compare the before and after versions by swiping the screen. Once you're happy with the result, tap "Save" to store the enhanced photo in your gallery. Remini makes your photos look amazing with just a few taps!
UR BHatti Academy dedicated to providing the finest IT courses training in the world. Under the guidance of experienced trainer Usman Rasheed Bhatti, we have established ourselves as a professional online training firm offering unparalleled courses in Pakistan. Our academy is a trailblazer in Dijkot, being the first institute to officially provide training to all students at their preferred schedules, led by real-world industry professionals and Google certified staff.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE G-TEAMS BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Google Teams (G-Teams) is simple. Start by opening the Google Teams app on your phone or visiting the G-Teams website on your computer. Sign in with your Google account. To join a meeting, click on the link shared by the organizer or enter the meeting code in the "Join a Meeting" section. To start a meeting, click on "New Meeting" and share the link with others. You can use the chat feature to send messages and the video button to turn your camera on or off. G-Teams makes it easy to connect and collaborate with others!
Your LinkedIn Success Starts Here.......SocioCosmos
In order to make a lasting impression on your sector, SocioCosmos provides customized solutions to improve your LinkedIn profile.
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Lifecycle of a GME Trader: From Newbie to Diamond Handsmediavestfzllc
Your phone buzzes with a Reddit notification. It's the WallStreetBets forum, a cacophony of memes, rocketship emojis, and fervent discussions about Gamestop (GME) stock. A spark ignites within you - a mix of internet bravado, a rebellious urge to topple the hedge funds (remember Mr. Mayo?), and maybe that one late-night YouTube rabbit hole about tendies. You decide to YOLO (you only live once, right?).
Ramen noodles become your new best friend. Every spare penny gets tossed into the GME piggy bank. You're practically living on fumes, but the dream of a moonshot keeps you going. Your phone becomes an extension of your hand, perpetually glued to the GME ticker. It's a roller-coaster ride - every dip a stomach punch, every rise a shot of adrenaline.
Then, it happens. Roaring Kitty, the forum's resident legend, fires off a cryptic tweet. The apes, as the GME investors call themselves, erupt in a frenzy. Could this be it? Is the rocket finally fueled for another epic launch? You grip your phone tighter, heart pounding in your chest. It's a wild ride, but you're in it for the long haul.
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1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 1
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-12, pp-01-06
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Sociolinguistics and Women’s Language
Xuejiao Leng1
, Bo Wang2
1
(Graduate School, University of Perpetual Help System Dalta, Philippines)
2
(Department of English and Applied Linguistics, De La Salle University, Philippines)
Corresponding author:Xuejiao Leng
ABSTRACT:By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women’s
language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon
of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they
actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor,
her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the
interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their
linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language,
and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators,
methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women’s
language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in
court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between
judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce,
criminal offence, or others.
KEYWORDS: sociolinguistics, conventional, theoretical, empirical, women’s language
I. INTRODUCTION
Gender has always been one of the important components in social studies, and massive researches
have been conducted to address the differences lying between the two genders, and successively, the finding of
inequality emerges preceding feminism and women’s activism that are frequently advocated as the purpose and
significance of a series of social studies. With sociology intersecting with linguistics, researchers find that there
is a substantial space to be explored in terms of language used by different genders under social context, a
special domain of sociolinguistics study. Surveying the previous studies, researchers always develop their own
studies in two ways, theoretical and empirical.
In theoretical studies, they discuss the key issues on the basis of previous theoretical articles as well as
their own their own understanding and introspection. For example, by referring to prestigious works of scholars,
Eliasoph (1987) develops a deep discussion on women’s language in his paper Politeness, power, and women’s
language: rethinking study of language and gender. On the other hand, empirical studies have been witnessed
with fruitful outcomes. For example, Baxter (2012) studies women of the corporation from a sociolingustic
perspective of senior women’s leadership language in the UK; Pebrianti (2013) specializes in women’s language
features used by Indonesian females; Mahmoud (2017) focuses on women’s linguistic features in Disney
movies. No matter which resources the data come from, people have been trying to construct a framework of
how women use language in specific context, which may be resulted by the dominating ideologies of the public,
or in converse, may also shape the general attitude of the major population towards women’s linguistic
performance.
Methodology of the studies on women’s language is another independent issue worthy of special
attention. Works at the offset of this field build a mount of theoretical frameworks, whose conceptual analysis
provides the basic model for the following researches on particular cases. Conversational analysis and corpus
analysis are the two major tactics of empirical study. Interestingly, the context can be amazingly diverse, e.g.
women’s talk in the workplaces, in renowned movies, in a remarkable community, etc. Moreover, how those
numerous studies are able to make sense is worth paying special attention to.
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II. FEATURES OF CONVENTIONAL WOMEN’S LANGUAGE
The founder of women’s language study, Lakoff (1975), is among the early scholars who undergo
speculative thinkings and come up with detailed explanations about how to talk like a lady. He finds that
women’s styles of speaking can be spotted in all levels of English grammar.
In the level of lexicon, first, women precisely are more capable of naming colors than men do, e.g.
beige, ecru, aquamarine, lavender, and so on. They are unremarkable in women’s active vocabulary, but not in
men’s, because men tend to consider a discussion of fine colour trivial, ridiculous, or irrelevant to the real
world, and men tend to relegate such a non-crucial topic to the business of women, showing an inequality
between men and women.
What’s more, it is noticed that men and women are different in the use of particles. Here is a sample
contrast from Lakoff, whose particles will tell you one ofits speaker from another:
(a) Oh dear, you've put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.
(b) Shit, you've put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.
You will find with no doubt that “oh dear” should be the words from a woman, while “shit” should
come from a man. Actually, this is what a prototypical man and a prototypical woman do, which may be a
universal concept because it is not only true in the English speaking world, but also in other communities like
Chinese. It is surely believed that “shit” is so dirty and rude a word that men are more likely to make use of it
than women. In Lakoff’s opinion, the choice of particle indexes the degree of its user’s strong emotion, and
women tend to be thought of the users practising less strong particles. However, practically, a number of women
also get used to uttering particles that are relatively strong.
In addition to naming colors and particles, similar disparities also exist in adjectives. Some adjectives
are neutral regarding the sex of their speakers, while some others are considered women only. Here are the
examples:
neutral women only
great adorable
terrific charming
cool sweet
neat lovely
divine
In the level of syntax, according to Lakoff, there is only one rule which can distinguish woman from
man - tag questions. It is an expression somewhere in the middle between a statement and a yes-no question,
because of its less assertiveness than the former but more confidence than the latter. This is a hot issue to be
discussed by the following scholars looking into women’s language. More macro-level women’s language is
introduced by Zimmerman and Quéré (2000). They believe women tend to talk more than men, speak in more
polite form, ask more questions, and be more cooperative.
Apart from the features of conventional women’s language described above, others are the use of
hedges, intensifiers, and emphatic stress, etc., all of which are later named tentative language by Leaper and
Robnett (2011). The reason why they are assumed conventional is that all the features are stereotypes of what
women’s language should be. It is similar to Chomsky’s theory of linguistics, who has been devoted to
describing what languages should be in general, ignoring what it will be in a particular context. That’s why
women’s language study is more of an issue in interactional sociolinguistics rather than in the domain of general
linguistics.
III. THEORETICAL NEGOTIATION OF THE EXPECTED WOMEN’S LANGUAGE
There are some common disputes about women and women’s language, gender and gender difference.
For instance, should we consider women less-dominant or women merely in a different position from men,
similarly, women’s language less-dominant or merely a different style from men? Is women’s conventional
language powerless or in a polite form? Is women’s language really powerless or powerful in some context as
well?
Dominance or Difference
It is undoubted that differences exist between the language use of genders, bringing the crucial issue of
inequality. The reason why feminists always focus on this issue is that people think men are dominant in power
in this patriarchal society, and so are they in speeches especially the talk between different sexes. Hence,
whether the differences of language use lying between genders leads to men’s dominance in speeches becomes a
topic of debate.
In Dominance Approach, it is believed that men dominate women in terms of social power, and
definitely, men dominate women in terms of speech as well. For example, Zimmerman and West (1975)
conducts a research concentrating on the way in which men usually interrupt women during a conversation.
Maynard (1980) notes who would dominate the topic change. Fishman (1983) claims that men have much
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greater control than women in conversations. After all, women are oppressed by men in power and consequently
in language use, i.e., linguistic differences can be interpreted as men’s linguistic dominance over women or
women’s subordination to men. In the author’s view, this approach comes from the ancient ideology when there
was an evident concept of hierarchy and women were placed at a relatively low position comparing to their men.
People took it for granted. As the society proceeds into a more civilized one, the average attitudes to genders
turn to be equal. Then comes the next approach.
In Difference Approach, men and women are raised in different subcultures, and the differences can be
attributed to their natural differences, different cultural backgrounds, or different forms of socialization
(Deborah, 1991). Eliasoph (1987) suggests that at least some of the linguistic differences between men and
women can be considered as different choices, because they look for different things in the interactions. Women
are more likely to emphasize their connection with each other, while men tend to focus more on their autonomy.
Smith (1977) observes that women are more likely to see themselves enmeshed in a context than men, while
men assert themselves separate from any specific context, which is caused by the fact, she says, that women’s
work always serves to the work of men that tends to be more abstracted and decontextualized. Chodorow (1974)
and Gilligan (1982) investigate the linguistic differences between men and women’s “games”. They assume that
men and women are playing different“games” in their actual interaction, so they turn out to adopt different use
of language. This approach analyzes women’s language from a more practical perspective, because it considers
both intrinsic and extrinsic features of women, and the mixed forces would drive each woman speak in her own
style in a particular context. To sum up, men’s dominance does not necessarily determines women’s linguistic
performance. Another important factor is the actual position that women are occupying in modern society,
because it will determine what kind of “game” they are going to play and then what language they are going to
use.
Powerlessness or Politeness
Lakoff (1975) assumes that women tend to use more tag questions and qualifiers/intensifiers, excessive
politeness, specialized vocabulary, or request rather than command as the countermeasures to their
powerlessness. In other words, since in the status with less power, women use tag questions and qualifiers to
show their respect or positive attitude, and they speak in a more polite way as a strategy in response to their less
powerful identity. This argument shifts the identity difference between male and female into the identity
difference between parties with more power and with less power, i.e., a woman in a more powerful position may
use less tag questions and speak in a less polite way; a man in a less powerful position may also use more tag
questions and speak in a more polite way. It seems too over-absolute to conclude that women must speak in this
way or women must not speak in that way. For example, in the bookLanguage, Gender, and Society,
Henley(1983) makes a wide survey of studies which deal with women’s using tag questions, and the result
shows that some studies do find that women use more tag questions. However, there are also studies which
conclude that in some context women use as many tag questions as men, and in some other context women use
much less tag questions than men. Hence, it is not powerlessness that makes women speak in a particular way,
either polite or impolite, but the context does, meaning the problem of gender inequality in language is
determined by multiple factors.
Brown (1980) investigates women’s politeness in Mayan village by asking under what conditions or in
what situations women usually use more polite expressions than men do? And why? She divides contexts into
three - women to women, women to men, and men to men - types with different levels of power in each, and
asserts that the different levels of politeness function as strategies in reaction with different levels power. She
finds that in the village, women are more polite to each other in terms of hedging, apologizing for imposing,
minimizing. This finding is too puzzling to keep in congruence with the proposition that women can enjoy more
power in female-female context interaction and they are supposed to use less polite expressions. Based on her
explanation, women play a different “game” in this context following a different set of rules comparing to their
interaction with males.
In the author’s opinion, women adopt politeness strategy accordingly, which can never be isolated from
a real context. Stereotypically, women, living such a matriarchal context, tend to utilize politeness strategy in
response to their less powerful position in their communication with men. However, theory has to adapt itself to
practice. Apart from considering their interlocutors, women also adjust their strategies by taking their own
status, their objective, optimal method of realizing the objective, even their age, etc. into their account. It
resembles more a pragmatic issue, and the actual strategy of politeness are attributed to a personal choice rather
than a rigid rule for women.
Powerful or Powerless
People’s presuppositional attitude empowers men more than women, and the marginality and
powerlessness of women is reflected in both the ways women are expected to speak, and the ways in which
women are spoken of (Lakoff, 1975). This point of view can be unfolded into two aspects. First, the ways
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women are expected to speak reflect the marginality and powerlessness of women, meaning a set of what are
considered appropriate for women’s speech are embedded into everybody’s mind, manifesting women as
powerless and subordinate to men and further leading to the ingrained ideology of a standard women’s way of
speaking. Second, the ways in which women are spoken of also reflect the marginality and powerlessness of
women. One typical example is the expressions for addressing women in this patriarchal society. There is an
unequal tendency of using address forms to refer to a general concept (e.g., the pronominal usage of “he” or the
vocabulary“businessman”, “policeman”, etc. to cover both genders). As the consequence, the original studies of
women’s language are definitely connected to feminism or women’s rights activism. Making a comparison
between the past and current mass attitudes, you may find that the awareness of inequality and potential damage
to women’s psychology has driven the unequal use of language to be avoided. Lakoff’s ideas are then widely
investigated, and criticized as well in terms of the following ways.
First, her works are speculative and lack empirical basis (Mulac & Bradac, 1995), showing low
credibility. Second, it exaggerates gender differences in communication (Crawford, 1995), failing to
acknowledge the general similarities between man and women’s communication pattern. Third, what she
defines as women’s language depends more on the relative status or power of the language users, rather than
their genders (Henley, 2001), shifting the focus of discussion from gender to individual status. Fourth, her
interpretation of women’s language is deficient. According to Spender (1984), the difference between men and
women’s language does not necessarily reflect the superiority of masculine utterance, instead, feminine forms
may process valuable functions. For instance, women often use tag questions in order to emphasize affiliation
(Leaper & Ayres, 2007) rather than lack of power or confidence. Among those critiques above, three are trying
mitigate the impact of gender on power thereby on language use. Scholars are increasingly attributing the
differences of language use to social factors rather than biological one, e.g. social class (status), relationship
between language users, or even individual personality. Answering the question “is women’s language
powerless or powerful” is indeed intractable, because it has to be analyzed accordingly.
An interesting and hot issue that has attracted public attention recently is a piece of CNN news, which
reports that “women leaders are doing a disproportionately great job at handling the pandemic, so why aren’t
there more of them”, an opinion editorial on April 17, 2020. It praises three women political leaders, Cai
Yinwen from Taiwan, Angela Merkel from Germany, and Jacinda Ardern from New Zealand, for their excellent
performance in reacting to the world wide coronavirus pandemic. It may be not enough to tell women’s
outweighing in political power, but at least proves that women are able to qualify that powerful position. The
question is whether it is a coincidence or not. Take Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand for an
example, who is really impressive with the speech she delivered on March 19 in which she announced a shut of
borders and a four-week lockdown of the country on March 23 requiring all non-essential workers to stay at
home except for grocery shopping or exercising nearby, the country had carried out widespread testing and
recorded over 1,300 cases but only nine deaths at that time. Actually, she is acute to the potential crisis,
considerate in planning, and powerful in implementing her announcement. It can not be assumed that the
country is saved because of its female Prime Minister, however, the country is indeed moving out of crisis under
the leadership of this female regime, meaning she successfully employs her power which may, in turn, embed
more power into her future words.
Researches and examples suggest that powerful language or powerless language should not be ascribed
to gender difference, rather, it should be put into the context with an integrative analysis, including subjects,
social class, specific situations, personalities, etc. Even the weather during the occurrence of the talk can play an
important role in determining the actual language performance.
IV. RECENT EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON WOMEN’S LANGUAGE
As is discussed in the preceding section, Lasoff’s works are frequently criticized of lacking empirical
basis. Data from people’s daily life is cogent in proving propositions objectively thereby is prone to convince
readers. Numerous researches have been conducted in this way.
Typical Studies
O’Barr and Atkin (1998) studies the language variations of how women and men talk in court which
includes both ethnographic and experimental components. The findings suggest that not all women present a
high frequency of women’s language features at least in one particular context and that men do. A high
incidence of those features seem to be more closely relevant to social position in the society and the context of
the courtroom. Hence, in the particular case of court talk, this research re-conceptualizes the dichotomy of
“powerful language”and“powerless language” and concludes the significant impact of not only gender, but also
social position and context on language variations.
The major stream of empirical studies design their research on the basis of Lakoff’s categorization of
women’s language - e.g. hedges, tag questions, rising intonations, empty adjectives, intensifiers, super-polite
forms, emphatic stress, and so on. Subon (2013) looks into gender differences in the use of linguistic forms in
the speech of men and women in the Malaysian context. He choose five local males and five local females as the
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participants and applies a variety of tools for collecting data: recording, direct observation, and semi-structured
interview. The results show that women use more polite address forms than men, ask more questions, and use
more humorous language, but slightly less fillers, hedges, and affirmatives than men. In addition, women’s topic
focus more on family, self, feelings, and affiliations, while men more likely on doing things such as works.
Another example is Hardini, Darmawangsa, and Nada’s “A Study of Women’s Language Varieties in French
Movie” (2017). They employs qualitative method in studying the women’s language in the movie of La Vie en
Rose, using observation and note-taking techniques. The results reveal 10 types of language varieties in the
movie, which are from Lakoff’s categories of women’s language, with rising intonation the highest frequency
(50.9%) and hedge the lowest (0.9%). These studies, representing a bunch of empirical studies, definitely
provide us with precise figures. However, the data do not uncover any scientific truth or make any sense, but
merely a set of numbers that show how it is going on in the particular case, because another case would
undoubtedly present researchers with another set of numbers which suggest no universal laws. The reason may
come from the design of empirical research.
Empirical Designs
To design an investigation into women’s language, one should first select a target or a group of target
as the subjects, then adopt reasonable instruments to collect the data, and finally use legitimate methods to
analyze the data. In fact, gender differences may be moderated across different designs in the first two steps.
Leaper and Robnett (2011) propose two groups of moderators that may influence the results of
observing gender differences, methodological moderators and contextual moderators. The former include
operational definition (e.g. choose different markers as the tool in conversational analysis), length of
observation, method of recording, gender of the first author, and year of study; the latter include gender
composition, relationship between conversational partners, student status (it is believed college students are less
gender typed than other individuals), groups size, conversational activity (the type of topic or activity may
mediate gender difference in communication), and physical setting (gender-typed behavior may be more likely
to occur in unfamiliar settings than familiar settings (Deaux& Major, 1987)). Those moderators demonstrate that
research design plays a vital part in determining what the results of the research will be. Only if more factors are
taken into consideration, would the results be more convincing and the research itself be more valuable and
significant.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION
Women are not necessarily using more lexicon of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag
questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like
social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor, her personality, the particular occasion, etc.
Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the interaction with men. Social
position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their linguistic performance.
Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language, and research
design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators, methodological
moderators and contextual moderators.
On the basis of the three conclusions above, future study on women’s language can be further
contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in court, we should
specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between judge, prosecution
attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce, criminal offence, or
others.
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