The document discusses various types of language and speech errors, categorizing them into performance, competence, syntactic, morphological, and phonological errors, along with specific examples. It emphasizes the significance of understanding errors in communication and their implications for language development, particularly among second language learners. Additionally, it touches upon speech disorders such as dysarthria, stuttering, and apraxia, alongside their causes and characteristics.

1. LANGUAGE
AND SPEECH
ERORS
ERRORS

2. Data Collection :
Faiqa bano
Laiba Hanif
Arooba malik
Amna mustafa
Nabiha ali
Slides and Presentation format:
Faiqa Bano
BS English
Faculty of Languages and Literature
International Islamic University, Islamabad.

3. what is an error?
“AN ACT INVOLVING AN
UNINTENTIONAL DEVIATION FROM
TRUTH OR ACCURACY”
In language (linguistics), an error occurs when
someone unintentionally go against the rules of
language.

4. Basic types
PERFROMANCE ERRORS
1.
rapid speaking
not referred as very serious
when two
people are
communicating
(or interacting
even indirectly)
there is a
chance of
lexical error
2. COMPETENCE ERRORS
lack of knowledge
serious ones

5. Lexical Errors
common cause of this error can be minimal vocabulary/ lack of knowledge
Spelling
errors
Wrong word
choice
Incomplete
sentences
types
teacher! Can
you please
assign me my
‘dairy.’
(diary)
desined’.
(designed)
., I cannot
‘present’
what I am
feeling right
now.
(express)
I am unable
( I am unable
to complete
this task)

6. continued.
‘to come along’.
he wrote a sentence ‘he was to
coming along with Safdar.’ (he
was coming along with Safdar)
REDUNDANCY
A specific thing used in a
sentence, which does not suit the
other parts of sentence is error of
collocation. (Specific words)
COLLOCATION
statement terminator is ‘identity’
for compiler. (identifier)
WORD FORMATION

7. Literal translation
Paris, capitale mondiale de la mode et de la
création, vous convie à une balade sous le signe du
plaisir et de l’élégance.
Literal translation: Paris, world capital of fashion
and creation, 'invites you to stroll under the sign of
pleasure and elegance.'
Actual: Paris, the world capital of fashion and
design, invites you for a walk, where the focus is on
indulgence and elegance
In 'Hotel Transylvania 2' Jonathan
asks Drac for a bluetooth.
1.
A literal bluetooth comes.

8. Syntactic Errors
SYNTAX IS THE ORDER OR ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS AND
PHRASES TO FORM PROPER SENTENCES. THE MOST BASIC
SYNTAX FOLLOWS A SUBJECT + VERB + DIRECT OBJECT
FORMULA.
while watching a movie, people who text on their phone
are very annoying.
(people who text on their phone while watching a movie
are very annoying.

9. Types
Come for a
visit I have
plenty of food.
(Come for a
visit! I have
plenty of food.)
This house is
dusty filthy and
stinky. (This
house is dusty,
filthy and
stinky).
To the
movies we
are going.
(We are
going to the
movies)
I'm getting the
car right now. I
can be there in
no time. (I'm
getting the car
right now. I
should be there
in no time).
Punctuation Word order

10. CONTINUED
ARTICLES
1. His father is teacher
in school. (His father is
a teacher in school).
2. I usually get up at
7am in morning. (I
usually get up at 7am in
the morning).
ADJECTIVE
1. I have car red.
(I have a red car).
2. My hobby
favourite is swim.
(My favourite hobby
is swimming).
INFINITIVES
He like watch movies.
(He likes to watch
movies).

11. morphological errors
WHEN MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GRAMMAR ARE BEING TAINTED.
INTERLINGUAL
The learners find it
hard to learn the
rules of new
languages.
INTRALINGUAL
It happens in the
second language
without interference
of mother language
OVERGENERALIZATI
ON
learner creates similar
structure on basis of
experience
Brown (1998, cited in Heydari and Bagheri, 2012) categories
Ayesha playing
football. (is playing
He cans sing. (Can)

12. A prince which
lives in the palace
instead of a prince
who lives in
palace. Because
who is used with
living things and
which is used with
inanimate things.
IGNORANCE OF
RULES
RESTRICTION
INCOMPLETE
APPLICATION OF
THE RULES
When Correct form is
applied in an incorrect
manner,
She asked me go.(to go)
FALSE CONCEPT
HYPOTHESIS
misassumption of the
rules learnt.
Often second language
learners do not fully
grasp the
comprehension of
target language
It was happened last Sunday.
(It was last Sunday).

13. communication based errors
Induced errors:
wrong definition, examples or explanation
Errors in derivational morphemes:
• Wrong use of prefixes
The topic is unsignificant. (Insignificant)
She is inhonest. (Dishonest)
Wrong use of suffixes:
They went fastly. (Fast)
Her behavior was insultive. (Insulting)
Errors in compounding:
Compounding is a morphological process when two words
are combined together.
Text book. (Textbook)

14. • Omission of s morpheme:
To our parent. ( Parents)
She has two brother.
(Brothers)
• Addition of plural ( s)
morpheme:
Next times. (Time)
Each girls. (Girl)
• Wrong formation of past
form of Irregular Verbs:
She drinked water. ( Drank)
She runned fast in the
ground. ( Ran )
Errors in the use of inflectional morphemes:
Omission of possessive (s)
morpheme:
The omission can be of two
types.
Omission of s:
My brother car. ( Brother’s)
My sister perfume.
(Sister’s)
Omission of ( ' ) and (s) :
My brother car. ( Brother’s)
•Misuse of possessive (s)
morpheme:
University's degree.
(University)

15. Phonological Errors
TERM IT AS SLIPS OF TONGUE
It is often accompanied with mixing or replacing two sounds in a sentence or a
word
i. Shift
speech unit (an
affix here) moves
to a different
location.
She decides to
hit it. (She
decide to hits it)
ii. Exchange:
The two units
swap positions.
a. Thunder and
lightning
(lunder and
tightening)
b. Katz and
Fodor (Fatz and
Kodor)
iii. Anticipation:
a later speech
unit takes the
place of earlier
one.
a. Take my bike
(bake my bike)
b. Reading list
(leading list)

16. BLEND
two units are
combined.
a.That cat is
looking to be
spaddled.
(Spanked/Paddle
d)
continued......
PERSEVERATION
the earlier segment
replaces a later item
and the speech unit
is activated too late.
Rule of thumb
(Rule of rum)
SUBSTITUTI
ON
one unit
changes into
different unit.
Set the table
(Set the chair).
DELETION:
a unit is deleted.
I’ll just get up
and mutter
intelligibly.
(unintelligibly)
ADDITION
addition occurs
when extra sound
/unit is added.
a.optimal number
(moptimal
number)

17. Causes
IT MAY BE BY BIRTH OR IT
MAY BE BY ANY TRAUMA
muscles that are used to produce speech are
damaged or paralyzed. Their tongues are not in
their control which makes their word slur, there
are types of dysarthria.
i. Spastic dysarthria
ii. Flaccid dysarthria
iii. Ataxic dysarthria
iv. Hypokinetic dysarthria
v. Hyperkinetic dysarthria
dysarthria

18. Stuttering interrupts the flow of speech
i. Neurogenic stuttering:
It cause damage to the brain which prevents
proper coordination between the different regions
of the brain that play a role in speech.
ii. Developmental stuttering :
Genetic factors significantly increase a person’s
likelihood of developing this type of stutter.It is
mostly found in learners or in children

19. continued......
Dementia
It refers to short
term memory or
loss of ability of
thinking
.Apraxia
Apraxia of speech, or
verbal apraxia, refers to
the impairment of motor
skills that affect an
individual’s ability to
form the sounds of
speech correctly, even
when they know which
words they want to say.
Autism:
Autism, it is also called as
autism spectrum disorder
(ASD), refers to a broad
range of conditions
characterized by challenges
with social skills, repetitive
behaviors, speech and
nonverbal communication

20. FIN.....