A summery of a research conducted in Kuwait for a large project. The research concluded recommendations for climatic adaptation and energy conservation.
The document discusses the hot and humid climate found in parts of India. It defines the characteristics of this climate, including temperature ranges between 21-32°C, high humidity around 75%, and rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Areas with this climate include coastal regions in peninsular India like Goa, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The document then analyzes the climate and its influence on architecture in these areas, recommending design features like large windows, shaded facades, high thermal mass and light colors to cope with the hot and humid conditions.
It is a literature case study, which consist of two parts. 1st half covers the introduction of hot and dry climate and design factors that we consider while designing in hot and dry areas. And 2nd part consist of litrature case study of building "SANGATH - An Architect’s Studio, Ahmedabad By B.V. Doshi".
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
This document discusses the passive cooling technique of courtyard design. A courtyard is an open area surrounded by buildings that allows natural ventilation and creates a microclimate. Courtyards benefit buildings by creating a conditioned zone through stack effect ventilation and reducing the need for mechanical cooling. Proper courtyard design considers factors like elevation, ratio, and dimensions to maximize passive cooling effects for different climates. Courtyards have historically been used in Islamic and Nepalese architecture and remain effective in contemporary sustainable building.
passive design strategies in composite & warm-humid climates.Janmejoy Gupta
The document discusses passive solar design considerations for mud huts in Jharkhand, India. It examines how climate impacts rural building design with a focus on the composite climate of the region. Key factors discussed include site selection, orientation, shading calculations, housing forms, window size and placement, indoor temperature balance, and settlement patterns. Climate data from Ranchi and Jamshedpur districts is analyzed to determine optimal design strategies like orientation and shading devices that minimize heat gain in summer and maximize it in winter for thermal comfort.
The document describes building design techniques for hot, dry climates. It discusses traditional courtyard houses with surrounding rooms that enclose an outdoor space for shade. Wind towers called "badgirs" are also described, which capture cooler winds at the top and distribute air through enclosed rooms. Different types of walls and roofs that provide thermal insulation and reflect solar radiation are outlined, such as cavity walls, radiant barriers, and double-skinned designs with ventilated layers.
Summary of Climate Responsive Design by Richard Hydemaram krimly
The document provides an overview of climate responsive design strategies. It discusses how building form, structure, roofs, walls, floors, and courtyards can be designed to moderate the local climate for human comfort. Key strategies mentioned include using overhangs, light-weight structures, operable walls and roofs, thermal mass, natural ventilation, courtyards, and re-entrant spaces to allow airflow while blocking solar heat gain. The document emphasizes designing based on analytical understanding of the climate and site conditions.
The document discusses the hot and humid climate found in parts of India. It defines the characteristics of this climate, including temperature ranges between 21-32°C, high humidity around 75%, and rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Areas with this climate include coastal regions in peninsular India like Goa, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The document then analyzes the climate and its influence on architecture in these areas, recommending design features like large windows, shaded facades, high thermal mass and light colors to cope with the hot and humid conditions.
It is a literature case study, which consist of two parts. 1st half covers the introduction of hot and dry climate and design factors that we consider while designing in hot and dry areas. And 2nd part consist of litrature case study of building "SANGATH - An Architect’s Studio, Ahmedabad By B.V. Doshi".
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
This document discusses the passive cooling technique of courtyard design. A courtyard is an open area surrounded by buildings that allows natural ventilation and creates a microclimate. Courtyards benefit buildings by creating a conditioned zone through stack effect ventilation and reducing the need for mechanical cooling. Proper courtyard design considers factors like elevation, ratio, and dimensions to maximize passive cooling effects for different climates. Courtyards have historically been used in Islamic and Nepalese architecture and remain effective in contemporary sustainable building.
passive design strategies in composite & warm-humid climates.Janmejoy Gupta
The document discusses passive solar design considerations for mud huts in Jharkhand, India. It examines how climate impacts rural building design with a focus on the composite climate of the region. Key factors discussed include site selection, orientation, shading calculations, housing forms, window size and placement, indoor temperature balance, and settlement patterns. Climate data from Ranchi and Jamshedpur districts is analyzed to determine optimal design strategies like orientation and shading devices that minimize heat gain in summer and maximize it in winter for thermal comfort.
The document describes building design techniques for hot, dry climates. It discusses traditional courtyard houses with surrounding rooms that enclose an outdoor space for shade. Wind towers called "badgirs" are also described, which capture cooler winds at the top and distribute air through enclosed rooms. Different types of walls and roofs that provide thermal insulation and reflect solar radiation are outlined, such as cavity walls, radiant barriers, and double-skinned designs with ventilated layers.
Summary of Climate Responsive Design by Richard Hydemaram krimly
The document provides an overview of climate responsive design strategies. It discusses how building form, structure, roofs, walls, floors, and courtyards can be designed to moderate the local climate for human comfort. Key strategies mentioned include using overhangs, light-weight structures, operable walls and roofs, thermal mass, natural ventilation, courtyards, and re-entrant spaces to allow airflow while blocking solar heat gain. The document emphasizes designing based on analytical understanding of the climate and site conditions.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses practices that improve the environment while creating aesthetically pleasing landscapes. It aims to minimize inputs like water, chemicals, and fertilizers and outputs like plant trimmings and polluted runoff. The main components of sustainable landscaping are water, soil, plants, and air. Some principles include using greywater and rainwater, choosing plants suited to the soil type, and selecting plants that require fewer resources and create less waste. Performance measures to evaluate sustainability include metrics like CO2 emissions, biomass levels, and impacts on livelihood, ecosystem services, pollution, and resources.
This document discusses the Indian Green Building Council's (IGBC) green building rating system for residential buildings, called IGBC Green Homes. It provides an overview of IGBC Green Homes and its voluntary rating system, which evaluates new and renovated residential buildings across several criteria, including energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor environmental quality. The rating system provides certification levels from Certified to Platinum based on the total credits earned. The document also includes a case study of a Platinum-rated green school project in Vadodara, Gujarat that utilized various green design, material, and energy saving features.
This document provides a case study of a residence in Charlevoix, USA that achieved LEED Platinum certification. The 2350 square foot home was developed as a high-performance sustainable home for a retired couple. It incorporated various sustainable design features like efficient appliances, natural lighting, rainwater harvesting, and local/recycled materials. Despite challenges from the remote location and harsh winter weather during construction, the homeowners were inspired to adopt a green lifestyle and found the process rewarding. The home has experienced significant savings on utilities and provides a comfortable indoor environment.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
Suzlon One Earth is a renewable energy campus that generates 7% of its energy needs on-site through wind turbines, solar panels, and photovoltaic cells, with the remaining 93% coming from off-site wind turbines. The building incorporates 154.83kW of renewable energy and uses an innovative HVAC system combining various efficient components to minimize energy consumption. Solar panels on the learning center atrium roof generate green power, while the orientation of blocks and use of daylighting and task lighting help control glare and energy use. Rainwater is harvested and greywater recycled on-site for flushing, cooling, and landscaping.
The document describes the PEDA office complex in Chandigarh, India. The complex was designed as a solar passive building using various solar technologies. It features a central atrium with water bodies for cooling, cavity walls for insulation, a unique hyperbolic shell roof to admit daylight, and a 25kWp building-integrated solar power plant. The complex was designed to minimize energy usage and provide a comfortable and productive working environment through natural means.
The document discusses different climate types and their key characteristics:
- Climate Hot and Humid located between 15°N-S with day temperatures 27-32°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall of 2000-5000mm.
- Hot and Dry located 15-30°N/S with day temperatures 43-49°C, low humidity, and low annual rainfall of 50mm.
- Composite climate near tropics with temperatures and rainfall varying between dry and wet seasons.
Building material for different climate activityAmrata Yadav
This document discusses building materials suitable for different climate zones. It describes the general characteristics of hot and dry, humid, and cold climates. For hot and dry climates, it recommends white or green roofs, thick stone walls, and tile flooring. For humid climates, it suggests concrete roofs, sloped roofs, and bamboo flooring. For cold climates, it proposes metal or cement tile roofs, multi-pane windows, solid wood flooring, and carpeting. The document emphasizes choosing durable, insulating materials that regulate indoor temperatures and withstand extreme weather conditions for each climate type.
buildings rated by GRIHA and LEED, sustainable buildings around the wold, gre...DhvaniR2
nearly 10 building of India which are rated for green buildings in India by GRIHA and LEED India,
there is 10-10 buildings which are rated by GRIHA and LEED
there is detailed information of each buildings
inforamtion are in form of:
location,
master plans,
sustainavle factors,
unit plans, sections
construction diagrams
sustainable and green factors diagram which effect the building as a elements
Center of environmental science & engineering building IIT, Kanpur
Indian institute of management, Kozhikode
VVIP Circuit house, Pune
IIT, Kanpur
Titan new corporation building, Bangalore
Indira paryavaran bhavan
Teri building, Bangalore
this all are griha rated buildings
Infinity benchmark, Kolkata
CII, Hyderabad
DPR construction phoenix regional office, Arizona
Infosys limited, Mysore
this are the buildings of leed
Need of climate responsive measures for buildingsSukhneet Kaur
This document discusses the need for climate responsive design in buildings. It defines climate responsive design as designing buildings to harmonize with the local climate and site conditions to reduce ecological impacts and increase energy efficiency. It discusses how vernacular designs evolved to be climate sensitive and provides examples of climate responsive design features like sun shading, natural ventilation. The document emphasizes that climate responsive design benefits both the environment and occupants by increasing comfort while reducing energy costs and emissions. It outlines factors to consider in climate sensitive design like orientation, glazing selection, natural ventilation.
The document summarizes the design of the Himurja Office Building in Shimla, India. Some key points:
1) The building was designed by architect Arvind Krishan to be energy efficient using passive solar techniques suitable for Shimla's cold climate, including air heating panels, insulation, and a connective loop staircase to distribute heat.
2) Sustainability was a focus, utilizing materials like recycled steel, solar panels, and maximizing natural light through oversized windows.
3) The design achieved energy efficiency through features like double glazing, minimal northern fenestration, insulation, and a solar water heating system.
4) Plans and sections show the layout including solariums
Data collection - Climate Analysis - Tropical Wet and Dry Climate - Architect...LipikaPandey
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE
HOT AND HUMID
HOT AND DRY
DESIGN STRATEGIES
ORIENTATION AND POSITIONING
SHADING DEVICES
VENTILATION AND CROSS VENTILATION
PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES
COLOR SCHEME
ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS TO BE USED - ROOF, WALL, WINDOWS
This document discusses passive design strategies for buildings in cold climatic zones. It provides information on passive heating, cooling, and design elements like solar orientation, thermal mass, insulation, and ventilation. It then summarizes two case studies: the Himurja building in Shimla, which uses features like air heating panels, double glazed windows, and solar energy systems, and the MLA Hostel in Shimla, which incorporates strategies such as solar orientation, insulation, sunspaces, and innovative heating systems.
The document discusses water as an important design element in landscape architecture. It describes how water has been used historically by landscape architects to add visual interest and break up monotonous solid materials. Water can be perceived and have different meanings depending on the observer. The document then discusses water's multidimensional nature and how it relates to the environment, society, culture, finances, and aesthetics. Specific landscape values of water like sound, movement, and reflection are also mentioned. Different techniques for incorporating water features like fountains, ponds, and streams are outlined.
Windows control the quantity and quality of natural light in a space. Window size determines the amount of light, while orientation impacts light intensity and color. Natural ventilation relies on wind movement to circulate air through openings, and window placement considers local climate and indoor air quality needs. Windows also impact interior layout by attracting furniture arrangement and defining usable floor space. Their location should account for views, glare, and effects on furnishings.
PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY BUILDING , CHANDIGARHSiddiq Salim
The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India utilizes passive solar design principles to provide lighting, cooling, and heating with minimal energy usage. Constructed in 2004, the building's design incorporates elements like solar shells, a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, and photovoltaic panels to maximize natural light and thermal regulation. As a result, the building achieves the highest rating of energy efficiency and has the lowest energy performance index in India for a non-air-conditioned building.
The document discusses vernacular architecture, which is architecture based on localized needs, materials, and traditions. Vernacular architecture evolves over time based on its environmental and cultural context. It tends to use simple and inexpensive local materials and designs that meet the needs of the local population. Examples of architectural elements, materials, and regional variations from around the world are provided to illustrate how vernacular design is adapted to the environment and resources available.
1. Climate is determined by various climatic factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, air humidity, precipitation, wind, sky conditions, and vegetation. These factors can be measured using instruments like pyranometers, thermometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, anemometers, and observation respectively.
2. Solar radiation, the most important climatic factor, is measured using pyranometers and pyrheliometers which detect thermal energy from sunlight. Sunshine duration is recorded using a sunshine recorder.
3. Ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction are also important factors measured using thermometers, hygrometers, anemometers, and weather meters respectively. These all influence
The document discusses several topics related to climatology and its importance for building design. It provides background information on climate zones in India and how climatic elements like temperature, humidity, and wind affect thermal comfort and building performance. It outlines factors to consider for natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading design. The document also discusses earlier building construction practices and how climate services can help define building standards.
This document provides an overview of landscape architecture basics and examples. It defines landscape, landscaping, and landscape architecture. It outlines the aims and objectives of landscape architecture as well as common elements like living elements, natural elements, and man-made elements. It discusses scale and the scope of the profession. It then provides case studies of three landscape architecture projects - Dhanmondi Lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the Royal Botanic Garden in Cranbourne, Australia, and the Duchess Residence in Singapore. For each case study, it describes the landscape features and how they were transformed over time.
The document discusses sustainable urban planning and development. It notes that current urban growth trends are unsustainable due to low densities, segregated land uses, and endless expansion. An alternative vision is presented of compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-oriented development within existing urban footprints to conserve agricultural land and resources. Key principles include equitable distribution of wealth, local economies integrated with their regions, and non-motorized transportation to reduce pollution and infrastructure costs. The goal is sustainable cities that thrive in symbiosis with their regions while realizing humanity's highest potential.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses practices that improve the environment while creating aesthetically pleasing landscapes. It aims to minimize inputs like water, chemicals, and fertilizers and outputs like plant trimmings and polluted runoff. The main components of sustainable landscaping are water, soil, plants, and air. Some principles include using greywater and rainwater, choosing plants suited to the soil type, and selecting plants that require fewer resources and create less waste. Performance measures to evaluate sustainability include metrics like CO2 emissions, biomass levels, and impacts on livelihood, ecosystem services, pollution, and resources.
This document discusses the Indian Green Building Council's (IGBC) green building rating system for residential buildings, called IGBC Green Homes. It provides an overview of IGBC Green Homes and its voluntary rating system, which evaluates new and renovated residential buildings across several criteria, including energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor environmental quality. The rating system provides certification levels from Certified to Platinum based on the total credits earned. The document also includes a case study of a Platinum-rated green school project in Vadodara, Gujarat that utilized various green design, material, and energy saving features.
This document provides a case study of a residence in Charlevoix, USA that achieved LEED Platinum certification. The 2350 square foot home was developed as a high-performance sustainable home for a retired couple. It incorporated various sustainable design features like efficient appliances, natural lighting, rainwater harvesting, and local/recycled materials. Despite challenges from the remote location and harsh winter weather during construction, the homeowners were inspired to adopt a green lifestyle and found the process rewarding. The home has experienced significant savings on utilities and provides a comfortable indoor environment.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
Suzlon One Earth is a renewable energy campus that generates 7% of its energy needs on-site through wind turbines, solar panels, and photovoltaic cells, with the remaining 93% coming from off-site wind turbines. The building incorporates 154.83kW of renewable energy and uses an innovative HVAC system combining various efficient components to minimize energy consumption. Solar panels on the learning center atrium roof generate green power, while the orientation of blocks and use of daylighting and task lighting help control glare and energy use. Rainwater is harvested and greywater recycled on-site for flushing, cooling, and landscaping.
The document describes the PEDA office complex in Chandigarh, India. The complex was designed as a solar passive building using various solar technologies. It features a central atrium with water bodies for cooling, cavity walls for insulation, a unique hyperbolic shell roof to admit daylight, and a 25kWp building-integrated solar power plant. The complex was designed to minimize energy usage and provide a comfortable and productive working environment through natural means.
The document discusses different climate types and their key characteristics:
- Climate Hot and Humid located between 15°N-S with day temperatures 27-32°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall of 2000-5000mm.
- Hot and Dry located 15-30°N/S with day temperatures 43-49°C, low humidity, and low annual rainfall of 50mm.
- Composite climate near tropics with temperatures and rainfall varying between dry and wet seasons.
Building material for different climate activityAmrata Yadav
This document discusses building materials suitable for different climate zones. It describes the general characteristics of hot and dry, humid, and cold climates. For hot and dry climates, it recommends white or green roofs, thick stone walls, and tile flooring. For humid climates, it suggests concrete roofs, sloped roofs, and bamboo flooring. For cold climates, it proposes metal or cement tile roofs, multi-pane windows, solid wood flooring, and carpeting. The document emphasizes choosing durable, insulating materials that regulate indoor temperatures and withstand extreme weather conditions for each climate type.
buildings rated by GRIHA and LEED, sustainable buildings around the wold, gre...DhvaniR2
nearly 10 building of India which are rated for green buildings in India by GRIHA and LEED India,
there is 10-10 buildings which are rated by GRIHA and LEED
there is detailed information of each buildings
inforamtion are in form of:
location,
master plans,
sustainavle factors,
unit plans, sections
construction diagrams
sustainable and green factors diagram which effect the building as a elements
Center of environmental science & engineering building IIT, Kanpur
Indian institute of management, Kozhikode
VVIP Circuit house, Pune
IIT, Kanpur
Titan new corporation building, Bangalore
Indira paryavaran bhavan
Teri building, Bangalore
this all are griha rated buildings
Infinity benchmark, Kolkata
CII, Hyderabad
DPR construction phoenix regional office, Arizona
Infosys limited, Mysore
this are the buildings of leed
Need of climate responsive measures for buildingsSukhneet Kaur
This document discusses the need for climate responsive design in buildings. It defines climate responsive design as designing buildings to harmonize with the local climate and site conditions to reduce ecological impacts and increase energy efficiency. It discusses how vernacular designs evolved to be climate sensitive and provides examples of climate responsive design features like sun shading, natural ventilation. The document emphasizes that climate responsive design benefits both the environment and occupants by increasing comfort while reducing energy costs and emissions. It outlines factors to consider in climate sensitive design like orientation, glazing selection, natural ventilation.
The document summarizes the design of the Himurja Office Building in Shimla, India. Some key points:
1) The building was designed by architect Arvind Krishan to be energy efficient using passive solar techniques suitable for Shimla's cold climate, including air heating panels, insulation, and a connective loop staircase to distribute heat.
2) Sustainability was a focus, utilizing materials like recycled steel, solar panels, and maximizing natural light through oversized windows.
3) The design achieved energy efficiency through features like double glazing, minimal northern fenestration, insulation, and a solar water heating system.
4) Plans and sections show the layout including solariums
Data collection - Climate Analysis - Tropical Wet and Dry Climate - Architect...LipikaPandey
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE
HOT AND HUMID
HOT AND DRY
DESIGN STRATEGIES
ORIENTATION AND POSITIONING
SHADING DEVICES
VENTILATION AND CROSS VENTILATION
PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES
COLOR SCHEME
ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS TO BE USED - ROOF, WALL, WINDOWS
This document discusses passive design strategies for buildings in cold climatic zones. It provides information on passive heating, cooling, and design elements like solar orientation, thermal mass, insulation, and ventilation. It then summarizes two case studies: the Himurja building in Shimla, which uses features like air heating panels, double glazed windows, and solar energy systems, and the MLA Hostel in Shimla, which incorporates strategies such as solar orientation, insulation, sunspaces, and innovative heating systems.
The document discusses water as an important design element in landscape architecture. It describes how water has been used historically by landscape architects to add visual interest and break up monotonous solid materials. Water can be perceived and have different meanings depending on the observer. The document then discusses water's multidimensional nature and how it relates to the environment, society, culture, finances, and aesthetics. Specific landscape values of water like sound, movement, and reflection are also mentioned. Different techniques for incorporating water features like fountains, ponds, and streams are outlined.
Windows control the quantity and quality of natural light in a space. Window size determines the amount of light, while orientation impacts light intensity and color. Natural ventilation relies on wind movement to circulate air through openings, and window placement considers local climate and indoor air quality needs. Windows also impact interior layout by attracting furniture arrangement and defining usable floor space. Their location should account for views, glare, and effects on furnishings.
PUNJAB ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY BUILDING , CHANDIGARHSiddiq Salim
The Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) office building in Chandigarh, India utilizes passive solar design principles to provide lighting, cooling, and heating with minimal energy usage. Constructed in 2004, the building's design incorporates elements like solar shells, a hyperbolic paraboloid roof, and photovoltaic panels to maximize natural light and thermal regulation. As a result, the building achieves the highest rating of energy efficiency and has the lowest energy performance index in India for a non-air-conditioned building.
The document discusses vernacular architecture, which is architecture based on localized needs, materials, and traditions. Vernacular architecture evolves over time based on its environmental and cultural context. It tends to use simple and inexpensive local materials and designs that meet the needs of the local population. Examples of architectural elements, materials, and regional variations from around the world are provided to illustrate how vernacular design is adapted to the environment and resources available.
1. Climate is determined by various climatic factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, air humidity, precipitation, wind, sky conditions, and vegetation. These factors can be measured using instruments like pyranometers, thermometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, anemometers, and observation respectively.
2. Solar radiation, the most important climatic factor, is measured using pyranometers and pyrheliometers which detect thermal energy from sunlight. Sunshine duration is recorded using a sunshine recorder.
3. Ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction are also important factors measured using thermometers, hygrometers, anemometers, and weather meters respectively. These all influence
The document discusses several topics related to climatology and its importance for building design. It provides background information on climate zones in India and how climatic elements like temperature, humidity, and wind affect thermal comfort and building performance. It outlines factors to consider for natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading design. The document also discusses earlier building construction practices and how climate services can help define building standards.
This document provides an overview of landscape architecture basics and examples. It defines landscape, landscaping, and landscape architecture. It outlines the aims and objectives of landscape architecture as well as common elements like living elements, natural elements, and man-made elements. It discusses scale and the scope of the profession. It then provides case studies of three landscape architecture projects - Dhanmondi Lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the Royal Botanic Garden in Cranbourne, Australia, and the Duchess Residence in Singapore. For each case study, it describes the landscape features and how they were transformed over time.
The document discusses sustainable urban planning and development. It notes that current urban growth trends are unsustainable due to low densities, segregated land uses, and endless expansion. An alternative vision is presented of compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-oriented development within existing urban footprints to conserve agricultural land and resources. Key principles include equitable distribution of wealth, local economies integrated with their regions, and non-motorized transportation to reduce pollution and infrastructure costs. The goal is sustainable cities that thrive in symbiosis with their regions while realizing humanity's highest potential.
Landscape planning at a local level in Europe. The cases of Germany, France, ...Pere Sala i Martí
Presentació en el Taller d'experts 'Landschaftsplanung im Innenbereich' (La planificació del paisatge urbà i periurbà) a Vilm, Alemanya (27 d'octubre de 2015), organitzat per l'Agència Federal de Conservació de la Natura - Bundesamt für Naturschutz (Govern federal alemany).
Presentación en el Taller de expertos 'Landschaftsplanung im Innenbereich' (La planificación del paisaje urbano y periurbano) en Vilm, Alemania, (27 de octubre de 2015), organizado por la Agencia Federal de Conservación de la Naturaleza - Bundesamt für Naturschutz (Gobierno federal alemán).
Presentation at the Experts Meeting 'Landschaftsplanung im Innenbereich' (Urban and periurban landscape planning) in Vilm, 27 October 2015, organized by Bundesamt für Naturschutz (German Federal Government).
The document summarizes landscape planning and environmental law in Kazakhstan. It discusses Kazakhstan's 14 provinces and terrain that extends from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains. It also notes Kazakhstan's continental climate with cold winters and hot summers. The document then discusses Kazakhstan's landscape diversity and progress collaborating with international environmental organizations. It concludes by outlining Kazakhstan's legislative base for environmental law and policy, including its National Environmental Protection Programme and involvement in global agreements.
Landscape architecture involves analyzing, planning, designing, and managing the natural and built environment. Landscape architects enhance quality of life by adding beauty to the environment while solving problems related to environmental impacts, traffic flow, and site use. They design parks, playgrounds, streets, and more. To become a landscape architect, one obtains a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture, becomes licensed if required, and can work in private firms, institutions, or government agencies. Salaries range from $39,300 for entry-level to $89,700 on average nationally.
The document discusses the goals and principles of physical planning. Physical planning aims to design sustainable and livable communities through land use planning, transportation infrastructure, and consideration of environmental and cultural resources. It can take either a rationalistic approach through comprehensive master plans or an incremental approach through smaller individual projects. The goals of physical planning are evaluated using indicators to monitor progress and the social, environmental, and economic impacts of development plans.
What is landscape? What is landscape architecture? What is landscape design? ...ktball
This document defines key landscape-related terms and concepts. It explains that landscape includes both natural and human elements that shape the land. Landscape architecture involves designing outdoor public spaces to achieve environmental, social, and aesthetic goals. Landscape design is an artistic process that arranges natural and constructed elements on the land according to principles like unity, color, texture and scale. The landscape design process involves research, analysis of the site conditions, determining client needs, creating conceptual plans, and considering long-term maintenance.
The document discusses several important planning concepts including:
1) Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard which proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that combined the benefits of both urban and rural living.
2) Geddesian Triad by Patrick Geddes which emphasized the organic relationship between social, physical, and economic environments in planning.
3) Neighborhood Unit concept by Clarence Perry which proposed planning residential areas with schools, parks, and shops at their core to create self-sufficient neighborhoods.
4) Radburn Concept by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright which pioneered the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in planned communities.
AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017Carol Smith
What is machine learning? Is UX relevant in the age of artificial intelligence (AI)? How can I take advantage of cognitive computing? Get answers to these questions and learn about the implications for your work in this session. Carol will help you understand at a basic level how these systems are built and what is required to get insights from them. Carol will present examples of how machine learning is already being used and explore the ethical challenges inherent in creating AI. You will walk away with an awareness of the weaknesses of AI and the knowledge of how these systems work.
This document provides an overview of geo-genetic processes and their impact on the environment. It discusses (1) how the natural cycles of the biosphere involve the exchange of energy and matter through processes like vaporization and weathering, (2) how human technologies and industrial activities are disrupting these natural cycles by producing waste and greenhouse gas emissions that pollute the air and soil, and (3) the need to implement sustainable practices like recycling and reforestation to reduce environmental damage and control waste production.
This document provides a summary of a report on protecting the environment through managing waste production and developing sustainable practices. It discusses how waste materials can be recycled and transformed into superorganic minerals to replenish and protect soil. Implementing cooperative waste management systems across countries and establishing regulations for industries can help reduce pollution and carbon emissions while supporting economic development through innovative recycling and reuse of resources.
This document provides a summary of a report on protecting the environment through managing waste production and developing sustainable resources. It discusses how waste materials can be recycled and transformed into superorganic minerals to replenish the soil and protect the atmosphere. Implementing cooperative waste management systems across countries and utilizing recycled materials to create new resources could help reduce pollution and support continued economic development while preserving the environment.
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1. Landscape Planning for Climatic Adaptation in hot arid climatic zones
Imad Kayyali
Preface:
There are not different “kinds” of architecture, but only different situations, which
require different solutions in order to satisfy man’s physical and psychic needs.
Man dwells when he can orient himself within and identify himself with an
environment, or, in short, when he experiences the environment as meaningful.
Dwelling therefore implies something more than “shelter”. It implies that the spaces
where life occurs are places, in the true sense of the word. A place is a space, which
has a distinct character. Since ancient times the genius loci, or “spirit of place”, has
been recognized as the concrete reality man has to face and come to terms with in
his daily life.
Christian Orberg-Schultz
This article summarizes a project research that has been conducted in some Gulf country. The site was
distinguished with its extreme dry and hot climate, in addition to the dust storms, which blow in spring
and summer each year, resulting sand erosion and very uncomfortable weather conditions. These
conditions may cause some problems for the labors that will be in site during construction.
Our team’s idea was to protect the site through the landscape planning, before any construction works
being curried out on site. Our main target that could become our main achievement was to minimize the
effects of the harsh climate generators, in addition to increase all those elements that may beco- me
moderating factors and provide comfort for the work site.
In response to Dubai Municipality’s plan on the continuous training program, this study has been enriched
recently, with additional text on the climate that distinguishes Dubai and a high percentage of the UAE
area while still part of the hot arid climate area, this climate witnesses high humidity.
The article manifests two parts: The first part demonstrates in summary the general topics of landscape
architecture. The second sheds lights on landscape planning for climatic adaptation, with special emphasis
for the hot arid climate zone.
Imad M. Kayyali
Dubai, 1999.
Part One: Landscape Architecture:
1.1 Introduction:
While architects are involved with the design of buildings and their immediate surroundings, landscape
architects are concerned with the design and preservation of the whole outdoor natural elements:
topography, vegetation, water surfaces, Ecology, etc, that should make man’s outdoor life more
comfortable, & afford him with means that help him to resist natural dangers such as: frost, floods, dust &
precipitation, etc. as well as man-made effective elements, such as: pollution & noise, land forms & water
features, beside facilitating man with recreational areas, pathways, street furniture & others.
1
2. Landscape architecture has been developed through history, in parallel with architecture. Landscape
styles were related to regions, cultures or historical eras, such as: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece,
Romans, Islamic World, middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, China, Japan, India, etc.
New movements have appeared in the late 1960s in several regions, that concluded landscape types into
the following defined categories.
a- Formal Geometric Landscape b- Rustic Landscape
c- Natural and Desert Landscape. d- Transitional Landscape
e- Tropical Landscape f- Oriental Landscape.
g- Woody Landscape.
Eventually, Landscape Architecture comprises the following two parts:
a- Hard Landscape: which is concerned with man-made elements, such as paving, sidewalks,
streets, parapets, decks, gazebos, etc.
b- Soft Landscape: Which deals with plant materials and vegetation: trees, shrubs, vines, ground
covers, etc.
1.2 Plants:
The Plant Kingdom is usually categorized into the following:
a- Annuals, b- Non-flowering (ferns) & Herbaceous perennials (Bulbs) c- Biennials.
d- Woody Perennials- Flowering plants (Permanent).
For landscape purpose, plant materials are sorted out into:
a- Trees b- Shrubs c-Bushes
d- Vines e- Ground Covers and Lawns f- Bulbs, Ferns & Annuals.
Trees and shrubs are usually either Deciduous or Evergreen, where deciduous stands for those species
which loose their leaves in winter.
1.3 Site Analysis:
Prior to the design process get started, a full site analysis shall be conducted, comprising site geology,
slopes, ecology, soil, vegetation, climate, aquifers & infrastructure. Analyzing this information shall lead to
the best adaptation to site restrictions, potentials & requirements.
Part Two: Landscape Planning for Climatic Adaptation in Hot Arid Climate.
2.1 Introduction:
In the ancient times, it was said that man’s life pattern is dependent upon the climatic conditions
in which he finds himself. Environment dictates man’s means of livelihood, home, food and
clothing
People believe that the proper climatic conditions were the main stimulus for the development
of civilizations, also it is believed that workers productivity declines in climates of excessive heat
or cold.
2
3. Hence, we are getting closer to the question: can man control his environment? In spite of the
great choices offered by modern technology in order to facilitate man with means so as to
sustain excessive climatic conditions, it became quite improper to rely on those artificial means
that have side effects upon man’s environment. Beside, communities are loosing natural
resources through the extensive use of modern technology.
During last decades, man began to look for natural elements those can modify his micro-climate.
The relatively new expression of “micro-climate” describes the climatic conditions of a very local
area or place, such as a hillside or an in-house courtyard, which are smaller in scale than the
Mesoclimate and the Macroclimate scales. The micro-climate shall not confuse the reader with
the microclimate expression, which describes the microscopic scale of climatic conditions.
The following table illustrates the principal climatic scales:
Climate Scale Example
Macro-climate Extremely Large Continent, Country
Meso-climate Country, City
Moderate
Micro-climate Small City block, Lot, Garden
Microclimate Extremely small Leaf, sidewalk crack
2.2 Climatic Impact of Natural and Man-made Elements:
2.2.1. Climate Generators:
Before discussing the natural elements affecting micro-climate areas, it’s quite helpful
to have a look on the main generators of climate affecting man’s comfort. These
generators are:
i- Solar Radiation: moving through the atmosphere, solar radiation may:
a- Reflected back into space.
b- Dissipated within the atmosphere.
c- Diffused through the atmosphere.
d- Strikes the earth’s surface.
Energy is transferred through, Radiation, Conduction
and Convection. Radiated Heat transfers at the
speed of light in the form of electromagnetic waves.
The other forms of heat transfer are much slower
and need a media to transfer.
The dynamics of the solar movement shall be
analyzed for best shading.
3
4. ii- Winds: Moving over the earth’s surface, they encounter of impediments which:
detract, deflect, obstruct and lessen the impact of speed of the flow of the
unobstructed wind.
Wind movement can be (a) Laminar (Steady), (b) Turbulent (Random Pattern and
unpredictable) or (c) Separated. Air movement is affected by its inertia, friction with
surrounding elements and differences in pressure and temperature.
The major groups of winds are:
a- Tropical Easterly of Trade Winds.
b- The Mid-latitude Westerly.
c- Polar Winds.
iii- Precipitation and Humidity: Rain, Snow, Moisture, Evaporation, Dew and Frost.
Atmospheric Humidity can be measured in three different ways:
a- Absolute Humidity: g/m3 of air
b- Specific Humidity: g/kg of air.
c- Vapor Pressure: Bars of Water Weight.
d- Relative Humidity RH: Actual/ Saturated %
2.2.2 Man Made Elements (Hard Landscape Materials)
Different Materials have variable responses to sun radiation, in what we call “Specific
Heat”. On the other hand, some of the material’s properties may alter the material’s
response against sun radiation. Those properties are, Mass, color, texture, exposed area,
location, orientation, etc.
Therefore, our landscape materials are categorized according to their abilities to reflect,
radiate and transmit solar radiation.
We hereby list some selected materials together with their relative reflectivity % of sun
radiation, taking into consideration that these figures may vary as mentioned above in
connection with other parameters such as color and texture:
Asphalt 12% Brick
50%
Concrete 40% Dark Forest 05%
Desert 25% Dry Grass 30%
Green Forest 09% Oak woodland 17%
Green Leaves 30% Green Fields 12%
High Fresh Grass 25% Rock 12%
Dry Sand 27%
2.2.3. The Natural Elements:
Landforms and vegetation are considered to be the major natural elements that may
affect the micro-climate:
4
5. a- Landforms: Landforms can be either of large, medium or small scale.
Landforms may affect air movement through deflection, impeding airflow pattern, velocity, quality
and quantity.
b- Vegetation: The effectiveness of special plant materials in climate
control depends upon the forms and character of the plant, the climate
of the region and the specific requirements of the site.
Vegetation may absorb 90% of the light falling on it.
Vegetation can filter, guide, obstruct, reduce or accelerate winds.
The optimum density of vegetation for wind control (by ASLA) is 50-60%
Vegetation may reduce wind speeds in an area to less than 10% of that in
the open, or increase them, reduce day time temperature by as much as
8.5°C, and in certain situations, raise night time temperature.
The main uses of vegetation of special importance to the energy- conscious
designers are:
1- Large trees and shrubs: screen out undesirable winds and evergreen trees of high
dense leaves should be used to control winter winds.
2- Trees: channel winds to increase ventilation.
3- Plantings: Reduce snow accumulations on ground.
4- Vegetation: Especially needle leave trees: capture fog, increase sunlight reaching
ground.
5- Deciduous Trees: Screen sunlight in summer, then reduce required cooling loads and
allow it to pass in winter, then reduce required heating loads.
6- Planted Areas: Will be cooler during day, then heat loss at night will be less, then
razing specific heat of area.
7- Precipitation increases in forest areas.
5
6. 2.3 Temperature Control:
a- Solar Radiation Control:
Vegetation provide solar radiation control through:
Absorbing, Reflecting, Radiating and Transmitting.
The Major effect of the forest on any climatic factor is
reduction of short wave radiation by 73-80%. The forest
can reduce monthly maximum air temperature in the
summer by 6.5°C, reduce annual rain fall (through
interception) by 15-30% and wind velocity by 20-60%.
b- Wind Control:
The most interest wind is that blowing at 1.8-2.5 m High.
But it is effective up to 18 m.
Planting affect air flow in the following ways:
1- Affecting Wind Movement.
2- Affecting amount of airflow.
3- Changing air direction.
4- Has no effect on lees side of a building, but may perform as an obstacle when applied on an
outlet opening.
Wind velocity control is a principal factor that needs to be modified so as to reduce energy used
in either heating or cooling. For example, heating load with a 36-km/h wind is 2.4 times as 10-
km/h wind (without protection). When protected, it would be twice only. For hot humid climate,
wind control is the vital factor that has to be considered for ventilation.
Notes on wind breaker trees and hedges:
The taller the trees are, the more raws
required, as tree gets naked trunk taller as it is
taller, which allow for low height streams of
wind.
Width affects only penetrability.
Irregular windbreakers (mixture of trees) are
more effective.
Trees of pitched edges are less effective.
The most effective ratio of height to protected
length is 1:11.5.
The optimum density for a shelter belt is about
50-60%.
Parallel shelterbelts, spaced widely apart, have no acomm-ulative effect on reducing wind
velocity. But closer ones do.
Plants should be located to protect buildings from expected directions.
2.4 Water
6
7. Seas, Lakes and Rivers are preferable for people... for amusement, picnics, recreations and
adventures, in addition to transportation.
People like to be near water surfaces because they can enjoy skating, sailing, fishing, swimming,
sinking, etc. However, they like it also because of the cooling effect that water bodies provide in
the surrounding area.
Old Arabs have practiced another experience with water features, such as: fountains, ponds,
channels, etc. In order to modify the micro- climate of places like the “Dorqua” by adding
humidity to the dry air in summer and cooling it by investing the high specific heat of water,
which cause less variation of pattern of temperature between day and night, summer and
winter.
Therefore, it would be a right decision to use water bodies in the hot arid climate zones, so as to
modify the climate and reduce its extremes through the cooling effect of water and moisture.
Add to that, a small percentage of the solar radiation is radiated off water bodies, that is because
solar radiation is stored deeply underneath surface. Water bodies cause evaporation that would
reduce temperature in the surrounding space.
Airflow in day blows from cooled sea towards warmed land, and at night, from cold land to
cooled sea.
2.5 Hot Arid Climate and Human Adaptation
2.5.1 - Hot Dry Climate:
The main macro features of the hot arid climate are: Clear sky, dry atmosphere, extends
periods of overheating & high diurnal temperature range. Among the principle
parameters of overhea- ting is the formation of the dust particles in the air that absorb
solar radiation & radiates heat through atmosphere.
2.5.1.1 Objectives of Adaptation
1- Block dry dusty wind. Vegetation can clear air through reducing the formation of
clouds of dust and smoke by preventing formation of rising air due to reducing
overheating.
2- Maximize filtered air movement in summer.
3- Maximize humidity.
4- Provide maximum shade, especially in late morning and all afternoon.
5- Create cool and dark micro-climate.
6- Vegetation is desirable as a radiation absorbent surface and for it has evaporative and
shade giving properties.
7- Increase building density.
2.5.1.2 Adaptation
1- Building shouldn’t be sited in narrow valleys, but at lower hillside for maximum
cool airflow.
2- Use decks, as they are less reflective, less hot and allow air circulation
underneath.
3- Winds are to be modified rather than blocked.
4- Streets should be East-West oriented and located to the building’s north side.
For ventilation, Streets shall be perpendicular to winds direction
7
8. 5- Orient active living areas to the southeast to collect early morning sun.
6- Optimum orientation is east of South.
7- Glass areas should face south with properly designed overhangs.
8- East and West windows should be avoided to minimize radiation with low sun
angles.
9- Cluster buildings and utilize solar panels for shade.
10- Use deciduous trees in southern elevation.
11- Minimize paved areas, abandon and locate them on the lee side. Color and
texture should be studied.
12- Use vines in south and west walls for shade.
13- Use north and east areas for outdoor activities.
14- Use low conductive, high reflective materials of light color in sun-exposed
surfaces & dark color in shaded surfaces
15- Use water body and locate buildings on the lee side.
16- Use balconies, overhead canopies, courtyards & canopy trees to slow
evaporation.
17- Use ground covers and extensive irrigation.
18- Use dust and draught resistance vegetation.
2.5.2 - Hot arid Climate with high humidity:
It should be understood that this clause sheds light on the Hot Arid Climate that
witnesses high humidity, which can’t be categorized under the Hot Humid (Wet). The
reason behind this confusion is that among the basic principles of climate classification
is the precipitation rates that categorize our two types of dry and humid arid zones
under Hot Arid.
The Main Macro Features that are to be added here are the Humid Atmosphere, Light Winds and Still
Air, Extends Periods of Even Overheating and low diurnal temperature range.
The high amount of water vapor in this climate absorbs more of solar radiation that causes the
uncomfortable feeling. Man can bear a much higher air temperature in the dry weather than he can
do in the humid weather.
2.5.2.1 Objectives of Adaptation
1- Maximize filtered air movement, Speed up Winds.
2- Minimize humidity.
3- Provide maximum shade, especially in late morning and all afternoon.
4- Create cool and dark micro-climate.
5- Vegetation is desirable as a radiation absorbent surface and for it has evaporative
and shade giving properties.
6- Low building density for better air movement.
2.5.2.2 Adaptation
1- Use decks, as they are less reflective, less hot and allow air circulation underneath.
2- Winds are to be modified rather than blocked.
8
9. 3- Orient active living areas to the southeast to collect early morning sun. For a
particular site, wind direction shall be considered.
4- Winds shall be enhanced through the use of natural and man-made forms, to
create air pressure differences, thus air movement.
5- Streets shall coincide with wind direction.
6- Optimum orientation is east of South, exact angle shall be studied for the particular
site, taking into consideration the breeze direction. This degree of deviation is
12º-25º.
7- Glass areas should face south with properly designed overhangs.
8- Avoid locating your structures in the low lands, as breeze can be stopped by
windbreakers.
9- East and West windows should be avoided to minimize radiation with low sun
angles. Wind direction shall be considered to catch the breeze.
10- Separate buildings and utilize solar panels for shade.
Use deciduous trees in southern elevation.
11- Streets should be East-West oriented and located to the building’s north side.
12- Minimize paved areas, abandon and locate them on the lee side. Color and texture
should be studied.
13- Use vines in south and west walls for shade.
14- Use north and east areas for outdoor activities.
15- Use low conductive, high reflective materials of light color in sun-exposed surfaces
& dark color in shaded surfaces.
16- Air should enter the building through shaded outdoor areas, avoiding passing
through heated surfaces.
17- Use overhead canopies and canopy trees for shaded pathways. Trees shall be of
high canopy to allow airflow for proper ventilation, as low canopy trees prevent
cooling breeze and trap humidity in pockets of dead air. Trellis has some
advantages on trees, as they don’t need to grow to give the full shade.
18- Use ground covers.
19- Shading Vegetation should not block ventilating winds. Trees shall be located in
parallel to wind direction.
20- Provide Parks in the downtown to reduce concentration of heated air.
21- Equilibrium shall be achieved between the desire of softening the heat load and to
provide unobstructed ventilation of a plot or building.
22- In sloped areas, High positions are more desirable to receive winds. Skyline of
Buildings formation shall be coping with the natural form of the hill that may allow
for a smoother air movement.
23- Parking lots shall be covered with pergolas and deciduous trees.
24- In flat areas, provide more building’s separation for free wind movement.
Bibliography and References
1- Alpern. Andrew. AIA, “Handbook of specialty Elements in Architecture”. Mc Graw-Hill. New York.
1982.
2- Booth, Norman K. “Basic Elements of Landscape Architecture Design”.
3- Boutet, Terry S. “Controlling Air Movement”. Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1987.
4- Cejka, Jan & Al Amiry, Suad. “Trees & Shrubs for Landscape Use in Jordan and Neighboring
Countries”. Selden Und Tamm, Wiesbaden, West Germany, 1982.
5- Davis, A. J. & Schubert R. P. “Alternative Natural Energy Sources”. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1981.
6- Givoni, B. “Man, Climate & Architecture”. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976.
7- Konya, A. “Design Primer for Hot Climates”. Architectural Press, London, 1980.
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10. 8- Meteorological Summaries, Kuwait International Airport. 1962- 1982.
9- Olgyay, Victor. “Design with Climate”, Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1973.
10- Rimsha, A. “Town Planning in Hot Climates”.
11- Robinette, Gary O. & McClennon, Charles. “Landscape Planning for Energy Conservation”. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1983.
12- Saini, Balwat. “Building in hot dry climates”, John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
13- Simonds, John Ormsbee. “Earth Landscape, A Manual of Environmental Planning & Design”. Van
Nostrand, New York, 1983.
14- Simonds, John Ormsbee. “Landscape Architecture”. Mc Graw-Hill, 1983.
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