This document discusses endangered animals, types of farming, and soil types. It provides details on three extinct species: the thylacine or Tasmanian tiger, the quagga subspecies of plains zebra, and the Iberian lynx. It also describes different farming methods like dry farming, irrigated farming, mixed farming, single crop farming, and diversified farming. Finally, it outlines characteristics of different soil types found in India like red soil, laterite soil, mountain soil, and alluvial soil.

1. Social science
project work
 Land, soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife
resources
 Content
 Endangered animals
 Types of farming
 Types of soil

2. Endangered animals

3. Commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger,
The thylacine was the largest known
carnivorous marsupial of the modern
times. Virtually wiped out in the wild due
to constant hunting (they were thought to
be a threat to sheep and other small farm
animals) and the encroachment of
humans on their already limited habitat .
The thylacine was finally recognized as
being in danger of becoming extinct in the
1936, too little, too late as that same year.
The last thylacine, named Benjamin died
on 7 September as the result of neglect-
locked out of its sheltered sleeping
quarters and exposed to freezing
temperatures at night in Hobart zoo,
Tasmania. 60 years on there are still
claims of sightings but all are yet to be

4. The quagga was a southern subspecies of
the plains zebra. It differed from other zebras
mainly in having stripes on the head, neck,
and front portions of its body only, and having
brownish, rather than white, on its upper
parts. The last free quaggas may have been
caught in 1870. the last captive quaggas
mare , died on 12 august 1883 in Amsterdam
zoo, where she had lived since 9 may 1867.
it was not released that this quaggas mare
was the very last of her kind. Because of the
confusion caused by the indiscriminate use of
the term “quagga” for any zebra, the true
quagga was hunted to extinction without this
being realized until many years later. The
quagga became extinct because it was
ruthlessly hunted down for meat and leather
by south African farmers, also they were
seen by the settlers as competitors, like other
wild grass eating animals, for their livestock,
mainly sheep and goat.

5. The Iberian lynx, Lynx perdinus, is a critical
endangered species field native to the
Iberian peninsula in southern Europe. It is
one of the most endangered cat species in
the world. According to the conservation
group SOS lynx, if this species died out, it
would be one of the few feline extinctions
since the 10,000 years ago. The species was
formerly classified as a subspecies of the
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), but is now
considered a separate species. Both species
occurred together in central Europe in the
Pleistocene epoch, being separated by
habitat choice. The Iberian lynx is believed to
have evolved from lynx issiodorensis.

6. Although it once roamed throughout
northern African middle east, the deep-
rooted mythology(once domesticated
by the ancient Egyptians as a food
source and for sacrificial purposes )
with surrounded the animal was not
enough to save it from European
hunters who began hunting them for
recreations and meat. People who
resided in morocco shot these animals
for fun, and for hunting, which wiped
large herds of them out. Many
Hartebeests were captured and were
kept alive but they eventually died out.
The last Bubal Hartebeest was
probably a female which died in the

7. TYPES OF FARMING

8. Farming in areas where Rainfall is
deficient and there is no assured
source of artificial irrigation, is
referred to as dry farming. On the
other hand farming is assured water
supply from artificial sources of
irrigation is known as irrigated
farming. In dry farming the land
starved of water is hard or poor in soil
fertility where as irrigated farming is
easier, more remunerative, flexible
and adaptable to changing
technology.

9. Mixed farming is the combining of to
independent agricultural enterprises
on the same farm. A typical case of
mixed farming is the combination of
crop enterprise with dairy farming or
in more general terms, crop
cultivation with livestock farming.
Mixed farming may be treated as a
special case of diversified farming.
This particular combination of
enterprises, support each other and
add to the farmers profitability.

10. Single crop farming is a form of
specialized farming. If a farmer
specializes in crop enterprise it left to
him to produce a single crop or a
multiplicity of crops. In practice, it may
happen that a farmer seldom produces a
single crop except in the case of cash
crops such as sugarcane, etc. even if a
farmer wishes to specialise in crop
cultivation, he will often choose more
than one crop to safeguard against
market uncertainties and also to ensure
optimum utilisation of his resources. It
may therefore, be observed that neither
a single crop nor a multiplicity of crops
good be desirable proposition.

11. When a farmer is a is engaged in a
multitude of farm enterprises, it is
referred to as diversified farming. If
a large number of crop enterprises,
with or without a number of non
crop enterprises is run by a single
farmer, it is referred to as
diversified farming. Raising of five
or six crops make it diversified. The
motive behind diversified farming
is self sufficiency.

12. Types of soil

13. Red soil more sand than clay and do
not retain moisture. Red soils form
from the weathering of old
crystalline rocks and this soil is
slightly acidic. Like alluvium and
verticals, red soils are poor in
phosphorous and nitrogen. Red
soils are also low in lime but have
iron and a small amount of humus.
Farmers grow groundnut, millet,
potatoes, rice, sugarcane tobacco
and wheat in red soil.

14. Laterite soils are formed when
temperatures are high and there are
wet and dry periods with high
rainfall during the wet periods that
leaches silica, but leaves iron and
aluminum oxides behind, which is
known as laterite, according to
WiZiO. When exposed to air brown
yellowish soils becomes hard, making
it’s a hard building material. Cashew,
coconut, rubber and tea trees grow in
the soil, which is rich in iron and
poor in lime, magnesium and potash.

15. Mountain soils are, mainly found In hill
slopes and are formed by the depositions
organic matter wood and forests and
lands. Mountain soils are generally
located in the dry and cold districts like
ladakh, lahaule and spite district kinnaur
district etc. mountains are mostly found
in the Himalaya regions Sikkim , Assam
,arunachal Pradesh and Kashmir and
also in the peninsula, and eastern Ghats
and the summits of sahyadris. There is a
huge variety of soils in the Himalaya
mountains ranges and the mountain
soils are one among such diverse
varieties.

16. The alluvial soils occupy about 15 lakhs
sq.km of area stretching from the river
Sutlej in the west to the Brahmaputra
valley in the east.
This also occurs in the valleys of Narmada
and tapi in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat;
Mahanadi in the Chhattisgarh and Orissa;
Godavari in Andrapradesh; then Krishna in
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and kaveri
in Tamil nadu. Along the coast of Kerala
these are called coastal alluvium and in the
deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna
and kaveri as deltaic alluvium. These soils
are mainly derived from the debris brought
down from the Himalayas or from the silt
left out by the retreating sea. there colour
vararies from light grey to ash grey and the
texture in the sandy to silty loam.