This document summarizes several common pieces of laboratory equipment used in microbiology. It describes the autoclave as a machine that uses steam under pressure to sterilize materials through moist heat sterilization. A hot air oven uses extremely high temperatures over hours to destroy microorganisms through heat conduction. An incubator maintains a constant temperature optimized for microbial growth through a thermostat-controlled heating and cooling cycle. Other described equipment include a rotary shaker for mixing cultures, a boiling water bath, centrifuge for sedimentation, microscope, laminar air flow hood, refrigerator, and spectrophotometer which uses the Beer-Lambert law to measure light absorption and analyze chemical concentrations.

1. B Y : J A Y N E S H K A M B .
A S S I S T A N T P R O F . M I C R O B I O L O G Y
S H R E E K I D I V A V S C I E N C E C O L L E G E S I M A R .
G I R - S O M N A T H
LABORATORY
EQUIPMENT

2. AUTOCLAVE
 The autoclave works on the principle of moist heat
sterilization where steam under pressure is used to
sterilize the material present inside the chamber. The
high pressure increases the boiling point of water and
thus helps achieve a higher temperature for sterilization.

An autoclave is a machine that provides a physical
method of sterilization by killing bacteria, viruses, and
even spores present in the material put inside of the
vessel using steam under pressure.
 Autoclave sterilizes the materials by heating them up to a
particular temperature for a specific period of time.
 The autoclave is also called a steam sterilizer that is
commonly used in healthcare facilities and industries for
various purposes.
 The autoclave is considered a more effective method of
sterilization as it is based on moist heat sterilization.

3. HOT AIR OVEN
 Hot air ovens use extremely high
temperatures over several hours to
destroy microorganisms and bacterial
spores. The ovens use conduction to
sterilize items by heating the outside
surfaces of the item, which then absorbs
the heat and moves it towards the center
of the item.

4. INCUBATOR
 An incubator is based on the principle that microorganisms
require a particular set of parameters for their growth and
development.
 All incubators are based on the concept that when
organisms are provided with the optimal condition of
temperature, humidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels,
they grow and divide to form more organisms.
 In an incubator, the thermostat maintains a constant
temperature that can be read from the outside via the
thermometer.
 The temperature is maintained by utilizing the heating and
no-heating cycles.
 During the heating cycle, the thermostat heats the
incubator, and during the no-heating period, the heating is
stopped, and the incubator is cooled by radiating heat to the
surrounding.

5. ROTARY SHAKER
 Ideal For use in Microbiology, Botany, Food, Biotechnology, Biochemistry
labs for Mixing and development of cultures, chemicals, solvents, assay etc.

6. BOILING WATER-BATH
 The Cu50 sensor transfer water temperature to resistance value, amplified and
compared by integrated amplifier, then output the control signal, efficiently control the
average heating power of electric heating tube and maintain water in constant
temperature.

7. CENTRIFUSE
 A centrifuge works by using the principle of sedimentation: Under the influence of gravitational
force (g-force), substances separate according to their density. Different types of separation are
known, including isopycnic, ultrafiltration, density gradient, phase separation, and pelleting.

8. MICROSCOPE
 A general biological microscope mainly consists of an objective lens, ocular lens, lens
tube, stage, and reflector. An object placed on the stage is magnified through the
objective lens. When the target is focused, a magnified image can be observed through
the ocular lens.

9. LAMINAR AIR-FLOW
 A laminar air flow unit creates dust free
abacterial air environment. Air from the
room passes through the HEPA (High
Efficiency Particulate Absorbing) filters
and is fed into the working chamber by a
unidirectional vertical descending flow.
 A laminar air flow cabinet or tissue culture
hood is a carefully enclosed bench designed
to prevent contamination of semiconductor
wafers, biological samples, or any particle
sensitive materials.

10. FRIDGE (REFRIGERATOR)
 Refrigeration is an essential food storage
technique in developed countries. The lower
temperature lowers the reproduction rate
of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate
of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a
temperature a few degrees above the freezing
point of water.
 Preservation of any kind of Microorganisms.

11. SPECTRO-PHOTOMETER
 Spectrophotometry is a method to measure
how much a chemical substance absorbs
light by measuring the intensity of light as
a beam of light passes through sample
solution. The basic principle is that each
compound absorbs or transmits light over
a certain range of wavelength.
 Beer-Lambert Law
 Beer-Lambert Law (also known as Beer's
Law) states that there is a linear
relationship between the absorbance and
the concentration of a sample. For this
reason, Beer's Law can only be applied
when there is a linear relationship.

12. Thank You