This document discusses sterility testing protocols for pharmaceutical products as per Indian Pharmacopeia guidelines. It defines sterility testing as testing to confirm absence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is important for medical devices and preparations like ophthalmic, injections, implants etc. The test is based on principle that microorganisms will grow in nutritive media at favorable temperature. There are two methods for sterility test - membrane filtration method suitable for liquids and direct inoculation method where samples are directly inoculated to culture media. The document discusses the different culture media and quantities of samples used based on product type.
The document discusses a hammer mill, which reduces particle size through repeated impacts using rotating hammers. It has various pharmaceutical uses including grinding raw materials and excipients. A hammer mill works by feeding materials into a chamber containing rapid rotating hammers that fracture particles through collisions. Properly sized particles pass through screens while larger ones require further grinding. Key advantages are rapid grinding and easy control of particle size. Disadvantages include potential heat damage and susceptibility to foreign objects in the feed.
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Ant...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III. Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Antimicrobial Agent: Concentration of the disinfectant.
Chemical Structure of the disinfectant.
Formulation of the disinfectant.
Interfering substances in the environment.
pH of the surrounding.
Potentiation and antagonism of the disinfectants.
Surface Tension.
Temperature.
Time of Contact.
Type and no. of microbes present.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:
Properties of chemical agents
Environment
Types of microorganisms
Intended application
Toxicity agents
Culture state
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
Laminar air flow cabinets are enclosed workstations that use HEPA filters to create contamination-free environments for sensitive work. Air is pulled through pre-filters and a HEPA filter by a fan to remove particles before flowing smoothly and horizontally over the work area. These cabinets protect samples from external contaminants and are useful for aseptic media preparation and microbiology work. Proper operation requires sterilizing surfaces with UV light before and after use while maintaining positive air pressure and smooth laminar air flow.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Microbial spoilage-by S.D.Mankar types, sources of contamination, factors,Ass...someshwar mankar
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products,
sources and types of microbial contaminants, assessment of microbial contamination and
spoilage.
This document discusses sterility testing protocols for pharmaceutical products as per Indian Pharmacopeia guidelines. It defines sterility testing as testing to confirm absence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is important for medical devices and preparations like ophthalmic, injections, implants etc. The test is based on principle that microorganisms will grow in nutritive media at favorable temperature. There are two methods for sterility test - membrane filtration method suitable for liquids and direct inoculation method where samples are directly inoculated to culture media. The document discusses the different culture media and quantities of samples used based on product type.
The document discusses a hammer mill, which reduces particle size through repeated impacts using rotating hammers. It has various pharmaceutical uses including grinding raw materials and excipients. A hammer mill works by feeding materials into a chamber containing rapid rotating hammers that fracture particles through collisions. Properly sized particles pass through screens while larger ones require further grinding. Key advantages are rapid grinding and easy control of particle size. Disadvantages include potential heat damage and susceptibility to foreign objects in the feed.
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Ant...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III. Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Antimicrobial Agent: Concentration of the disinfectant.
Chemical Structure of the disinfectant.
Formulation of the disinfectant.
Interfering substances in the environment.
pH of the surrounding.
Potentiation and antagonism of the disinfectants.
Surface Tension.
Temperature.
Time of Contact.
Type and no. of microbes present.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:
Properties of chemical agents
Environment
Types of microorganisms
Intended application
Toxicity agents
Culture state
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
Laminar air flow cabinets are enclosed workstations that use HEPA filters to create contamination-free environments for sensitive work. Air is pulled through pre-filters and a HEPA filter by a fan to remove particles before flowing smoothly and horizontally over the work area. These cabinets protect samples from external contaminants and are useful for aseptic media preparation and microbiology work. Proper operation requires sterilizing surfaces with UV light before and after use while maintaining positive air pressure and smooth laminar air flow.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Microbial spoilage-by S.D.Mankar types, sources of contamination, factors,Ass...someshwar mankar
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products,
sources and types of microbial contaminants, assessment of microbial contamination and
spoilage.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
The document discusses various techniques used for size separation of particles in pharmaceutical processes. It defines different powder sizes according to mesh aperture sizes. Some common size separation methods described are sieving, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, filter bags, and elutriation tank. Sieving involves agitation of powders on mesh screens to separate particles by size. A sieve shaker uses vibration to quickly separate particles. A cyclone separator and air separator use centrifugal forces and air currents respectively to separate particles. Filter bags apply suction to separate fine powders, while an elutriation tank separates particles based on density differences in water.
Aseptic Area and Microbial Control. - Pharmaceutical Microbiology (SYBpharm) ...Kiran Shinde
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction to Aseptic area & room
Designing of Aseptic Room
Laminar Airflow Equipment
Sources of Contamination & Method of Prevention
Classification of Aseptic Area-Room
Testing of Clean Aseptic Room
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
The document discusses the raw materials and nutritional requirements for bacterial culture media. It outlines that quality water, agar, peptone, casein hydrolysate, meat extract, yeast extract, and malt extract are important raw materials. It also discusses the roles of macro and micronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements. Carbon sources like glucose provide energy, while buffers and indicators are also added. Nutritional requirements include vitamins, growth factors, and a balanced mix of major and minor elements to support bacterial growth.
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Distillation is a process that separates components of a liquid mixture based on differences in their volatilities in heating and cooling processes. It involves selectively boiling the more volatile components by heating the mixture and then condensing the vapor.
There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation is used to separate components with large differences in volatility, while fractional distillation allows separation of mixtures with components of similar volatility by conducting multiple distillation steps. Distillation finds applications in purification of solvents, separation of essential oils, and production of alcoholic beverages and petroleum products among others. Key aspects of distillation systems include the still, condenser and
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
This document summarizes different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It discusses capillary viscometers like Ostwald's viscometer which measures flow through a capillary tube. Falling and rising body viscometers like the Hoeppler ball viscometer measure the terminal velocity of a ball. Rotational viscometers like the cup and bob viscometer apply shear between two surfaces, one stationary and one rotating. Other viscometers described include cone and plate, vibrational, bubble, and oscillating viscometers. The document provides formulas, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of various viscometer types used to characterize fluids.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
Microbiological assay-Principles and methods of different microbiological assay.someshwar mankar
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for standardization of
antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids. Assessment of a new antibiotic.
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-V Part-1
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products, source and type of contaminants. Introduction: Defintion Types of Microbial Spoilage:
1. Infection induced due to contaminated pharmaceutical products: Table no. 1.1 Common pathogens spoiling pharmaceutical products:
2. Physicochemical spoilage –
i) Viable growth ii) Gas production
iii) Colouration / Decolouration
iv) Odour formation
v) Taste change
3. Physical Spoilage:
Cracking of emulsion:
Odor changes
4. Biological spoilage:
Microbial Toxins
Microbial Metabolites
5. Chemical spoilage: Table 1.2 Susceptibility of pharmaceutical ingredients to microbial contamination
Factors affecting microbial spoilage
Size of contaminant inoculum
Nutritional factors
Moisture content
pH
Storage temperature
Redox potential
Packaging design
Sources and Types Of Contamination:
Personnel,
Poor facility design,
Incoming ventilation air,
Machinery and other equipment for production,
Raw material and semi-finished material,
Packaging material,
Utilities,
Different media used in the production process as well as for cleaning and Cleanroom clothing.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(b)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
This document discusses two methods for measuring surface and interfacial tension: the Wilhelmy plate method and the DuNouy ring method. The Wilhelmy plate method involves immersing a thin plate into a liquid and measuring the force required to detach the plate from the surface. The surface tension can then be calculated based on this force measurement. The DuNouy ring method similarly uses a ring immersed at an interface and measures the force needed to detach the ring, from which the interfacial tension can be derived. Both methods relate the measured detachment force to the perimeter of the liquid/interface and surface/interfacial tension.
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility. It involves heating a mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points and then condensing the vapors. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column with multiple theoretical plates to achieve high purity separations, while steam distillation uses steam to lower boiling points of heat-sensitive materials. Distillation is an important separation technique used in pharmacy, chemistry, and other fields.
1) An aseptic area is a sterile environment designed to prevent microbial contamination of products. It must control dust and avoid provisions for microbes to enter.
2) Laminar flow equipment uses HEPA filters to blow sterile air and prevent contamination when performing sensitive tasks. It maintains sterile conditions.
3) Sources of contamination in an aseptic area include airborne microbes, operators, raw materials, and equipment that are not properly sterilized or stored. Maintaining aseptic technique and conditions is important to prevent contamination.
Biochemical tests are based on reactions that takes place in various living rganisms. In microbiology these are useful for identification of various microorganisms like identification and differentiation of various bacterial species. IMViC test is a group of test that are used to differentiate between Escheritia and Enterobacter species.
A hot air oven uses dry heat between 150-250°C to sterilize items through conduction. Common sterilization times are 170°C for 30 minutes, 160°C for 60 minutes, or 150°C for 150 minutes. Items are sterilized as heat penetrates from the outside in, destroying cell constituents. Quality controls like Browne's tubes and spore strips ensure proper sterilization. While easy to use and non-toxic, dry heat takes longer than moist heat and may damage some materials.
The document provides descriptions of various microbiological instruments and their principles and uses. It describes instruments such as microscopes, analytical balances, deep freezers, Bunsen burners, laminar air flow hoods, water baths, water distillers, vortex mixers, incubators, autoclaves, heating plates, centrifuges, colony counters, pH meters, spectrophotometers, magnetic stirrers, hot air ovens, homogenizers, micropipettes and more. For each instrument, it explains the basic principle of operation and typical applications in microbiology laboratories.
1. The document discusses various microbiological instruments and their principles and uses, including the microscope, analytical balance, deep freezer, Bunsen burner, laminar air flow, water bath, water distiller, vortex mixture, incubator, autoclave, heating plate, centrifuge, colony counter, pH meter, spectrophotometer, magnetic stirrer, hot air oven, homogenizer, micropipette, and heating mantle.
2. Many of the instruments work based on principles like magnification, balancing electromagnetic forces, maintaining low temperatures, controlled heating, sterile air flow, distillation, mixing samples, controlled environmental conditions for microbial growth, steam sterilization, separating samples via centrifugal force, counting microbial colonies,
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
The document discusses various techniques used for size separation of particles in pharmaceutical processes. It defines different powder sizes according to mesh aperture sizes. Some common size separation methods described are sieving, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, filter bags, and elutriation tank. Sieving involves agitation of powders on mesh screens to separate particles by size. A sieve shaker uses vibration to quickly separate particles. A cyclone separator and air separator use centrifugal forces and air currents respectively to separate particles. Filter bags apply suction to separate fine powders, while an elutriation tank separates particles based on density differences in water.
Aseptic Area and Microbial Control. - Pharmaceutical Microbiology (SYBpharm) ...Kiran Shinde
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction to Aseptic area & room
Designing of Aseptic Room
Laminar Airflow Equipment
Sources of Contamination & Method of Prevention
Classification of Aseptic Area-Room
Testing of Clean Aseptic Room
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
The document discusses the raw materials and nutritional requirements for bacterial culture media. It outlines that quality water, agar, peptone, casein hydrolysate, meat extract, yeast extract, and malt extract are important raw materials. It also discusses the roles of macro and micronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements. Carbon sources like glucose provide energy, while buffers and indicators are also added. Nutritional requirements include vitamins, growth factors, and a balanced mix of major and minor elements to support bacterial growth.
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Distillation is a process that separates components of a liquid mixture based on differences in their volatilities in heating and cooling processes. It involves selectively boiling the more volatile components by heating the mixture and then condensing the vapor.
There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation is used to separate components with large differences in volatility, while fractional distillation allows separation of mixtures with components of similar volatility by conducting multiple distillation steps. Distillation finds applications in purification of solvents, separation of essential oils, and production of alcoholic beverages and petroleum products among others. Key aspects of distillation systems include the still, condenser and
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
This document summarizes different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It discusses capillary viscometers like Ostwald's viscometer which measures flow through a capillary tube. Falling and rising body viscometers like the Hoeppler ball viscometer measure the terminal velocity of a ball. Rotational viscometers like the cup and bob viscometer apply shear between two surfaces, one stationary and one rotating. Other viscometers described include cone and plate, vibrational, bubble, and oscillating viscometers. The document provides formulas, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of various viscometer types used to characterize fluids.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
Microbiological assay-Principles and methods of different microbiological assay.someshwar mankar
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for standardization of
antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids. Assessment of a new antibiotic.
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-V Part-1
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products, source and type of contaminants. Introduction: Defintion Types of Microbial Spoilage:
1. Infection induced due to contaminated pharmaceutical products: Table no. 1.1 Common pathogens spoiling pharmaceutical products:
2. Physicochemical spoilage –
i) Viable growth ii) Gas production
iii) Colouration / Decolouration
iv) Odour formation
v) Taste change
3. Physical Spoilage:
Cracking of emulsion:
Odor changes
4. Biological spoilage:
Microbial Toxins
Microbial Metabolites
5. Chemical spoilage: Table 1.2 Susceptibility of pharmaceutical ingredients to microbial contamination
Factors affecting microbial spoilage
Size of contaminant inoculum
Nutritional factors
Moisture content
pH
Storage temperature
Redox potential
Packaging design
Sources and Types Of Contamination:
Personnel,
Poor facility design,
Incoming ventilation air,
Machinery and other equipment for production,
Raw material and semi-finished material,
Packaging material,
Utilities,
Different media used in the production process as well as for cleaning and Cleanroom clothing.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(b)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
This document discusses two methods for measuring surface and interfacial tension: the Wilhelmy plate method and the DuNouy ring method. The Wilhelmy plate method involves immersing a thin plate into a liquid and measuring the force required to detach the plate from the surface. The surface tension can then be calculated based on this force measurement. The DuNouy ring method similarly uses a ring immersed at an interface and measures the force needed to detach the ring, from which the interfacial tension can be derived. Both methods relate the measured detachment force to the perimeter of the liquid/interface and surface/interfacial tension.
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility. It involves heating a mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points and then condensing the vapors. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column with multiple theoretical plates to achieve high purity separations, while steam distillation uses steam to lower boiling points of heat-sensitive materials. Distillation is an important separation technique used in pharmacy, chemistry, and other fields.
1) An aseptic area is a sterile environment designed to prevent microbial contamination of products. It must control dust and avoid provisions for microbes to enter.
2) Laminar flow equipment uses HEPA filters to blow sterile air and prevent contamination when performing sensitive tasks. It maintains sterile conditions.
3) Sources of contamination in an aseptic area include airborne microbes, operators, raw materials, and equipment that are not properly sterilized or stored. Maintaining aseptic technique and conditions is important to prevent contamination.
Biochemical tests are based on reactions that takes place in various living rganisms. In microbiology these are useful for identification of various microorganisms like identification and differentiation of various bacterial species. IMViC test is a group of test that are used to differentiate between Escheritia and Enterobacter species.
A hot air oven uses dry heat between 150-250°C to sterilize items through conduction. Common sterilization times are 170°C for 30 minutes, 160°C for 60 minutes, or 150°C for 150 minutes. Items are sterilized as heat penetrates from the outside in, destroying cell constituents. Quality controls like Browne's tubes and spore strips ensure proper sterilization. While easy to use and non-toxic, dry heat takes longer than moist heat and may damage some materials.
The document provides descriptions of various microbiological instruments and their principles and uses. It describes instruments such as microscopes, analytical balances, deep freezers, Bunsen burners, laminar air flow hoods, water baths, water distillers, vortex mixers, incubators, autoclaves, heating plates, centrifuges, colony counters, pH meters, spectrophotometers, magnetic stirrers, hot air ovens, homogenizers, micropipettes and more. For each instrument, it explains the basic principle of operation and typical applications in microbiology laboratories.
1. The document discusses various microbiological instruments and their principles and uses, including the microscope, analytical balance, deep freezer, Bunsen burner, laminar air flow, water bath, water distiller, vortex mixture, incubator, autoclave, heating plate, centrifuge, colony counter, pH meter, spectrophotometer, magnetic stirrer, hot air oven, homogenizer, micropipette, and heating mantle.
2. Many of the instruments work based on principles like magnification, balancing electromagnetic forces, maintaining low temperatures, controlled heating, sterile air flow, distillation, mixing samples, controlled environmental conditions for microbial growth, steam sterilization, separating samples via centrifugal force, counting microbial colonies,
Instrument in microbiology Analytical Balance.Autoclave.Bunsen burner.Centrifuge.Colony Counter.Deep Freezer. Homogenizers . Hot plate.
A microscope is an instrument that can be used to observe small objects, even cells.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN MICROBIOLOGY LAB WITH PRINCIPLE AND.pptDheraCharles
The document discusses various instruments used in microbiology labs, including their principles of operation and common uses. It describes analytical balances, autoclaves, Bunsen burners, centrifuges, colony counters, deep freezers, homogenizers, hot plates, hot air ovens, incubators, laminar flow hoods, magnetic stirrers, microscopes, pH meters, spectrophotometers, vortex mixers, water baths, water distillers, wire loops, Bijoh bottles, glassware, and Durham tubes. It also covers proper collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological analysis.
1. The document provides information on various instruments used in microbiology laboratories, including their uses and working principles.
2. Instruments described include analytical balances, autoclaves, Bunsen burners, centrifuges, deep freezers, hot air ovens, hot plates, incubators, laminar airflow hoods, magnetic stirrers, microscopes, pH meters, spectrophotometers, water distillers, and ultraviolet lamps.
3. Each instrument is explained in terms of its typical applications in microbiology studies and experiments and how it functions at a basic level.
This document provides an overview of common laboratory equipment used in microbiology. It describes microscopes, autoclaves, incubators, ovens, laminar flow hoods, refrigerators, centrifuges, balances, hot plates, vortex mixers, water baths, pH meters, Bunsen burners, inoculating loops/needles, microscope slides, petri dishes, and other basic supplies. The purpose of each piece of equipment is explained briefly.
1. An incubator provides optimal conditions like temperature, humidity, and gas levels for microbial growth. It maintains these conditions through heating/cooling cycles and insulation.
2. A Bunsen burner is a gas-fueled open flame tool used commonly for sterilization and heating in medical laboratories.
3. Pipettes are used to precisely transfer small volumes of liquids and include manual, disposable, Pasteur, and micropipettes ranging from milliliters to microliters. Micropipettes accurately measure volumes in the microliter range for molecular biology applications.
The instruments used in laboratory be it Autoclave, Water Bath, Incubator, Spectrophotometer, Oven, Laminar Air Flow, Vortex Mixer, Colony counter, pH Meter, Colorimeter and Centrifuge Machine.
This report of mine includes all the major details about the instruments, various important experiments from the field of biotechnology. The major highlight of this report is "PLANT TISSUE CULTURE" which includes banana culture in it.
Common Laboratory Equipment with their Working PrinciplesBimochan Poudel
Definition and objectives of use of lab equipments
•Common terms related to lab equipments: e.g.Sterilization, autoclaving, moist heat, dry heat, refrigeration, deep freezing, distillation etc.
•Principle behind the equipments
•Functions of lab equipments
•Identification and differention of instruments,
•e.g. Microscope: (simple, compound and binocular), Autoclave, Incubator, Hot air oven, Refrigerator, Centrifuge, Distillation set, Water bath, pH Meter, Colorimeter and Weighing balances
This document summarizes several common pieces of laboratory equipment used in microbiology. It describes the autoclave as a machine that uses steam under pressure to sterilize materials through moist heat sterilization. A hot air oven uses extremely high temperatures over hours to destroy microorganisms through heat conduction. An incubator maintains a constant temperature optimized for microbial growth through a thermostat-controlled heating and cooling cycle. Other described equipment include a rotary shaker for mixing cultures, a boiling water bath, centrifuge for sedimentation, microscope, laminar air flow hood, refrigerator, and spectrophotometer which uses the Beer-Lambert law to measure light absorption and analyze chemical concentrations.
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This document summarizes various types of microbiological equipment used in laboratories for studying microorganisms, including petri dishes, incubators, anaerobic jars, hot air ovens, autoclaves, Bunsen burners, inoculating needles, laminar flows, electronic balances, glassware, pipettes, microscopes, and their purposes. It describes how petri dishes are used to grow microbes, incubators are used to control temperature for microbe growth, and anaerobic jars are used to culture anaerobic bacteria. Autoclaves are highlighted as able to achieve higher sterilization temperatures than boiling water.
This document provides guidelines for laboratory safety and lists required equipment for plant disease laboratories. The safety guidelines instruct researchers to identify chemicals before use, avoid direct contact or inhalation, keep flames away from flammables, wear protective equipment, and clean work areas. Required equipment includes sterilization devices like autoclaves and dry ovens, incubation equipment like water baths and incubators, analytical devices, glassware for containing samples, and common lab tools. Proper use of this specialized equipment following safety protocols is necessary for isolating and studying microorganisms involved in plant diseases.
This document lists and describes 20 pieces of common equipment used in a microbiology laboratory, including autoclaves for sterilization, incubators for culture growth, hot air ovens, inoculating loops, vortex mixers, water baths, heating mantles, hot plates, UV chambers, inoculation chambers, pH meters, colony counters, microscopes, refrigerators, Bunsen burners, spirit lamps, micrometers, balances, thermometers, and membrane filter sets. Each tool has a specific purpose in microbiological processes like sterilization, culture handling, observation, or measurement.
This document provides information about various pieces of laboratory equipment and apparatus. It describes 31 different types of laboratory equipment including beakers, test tubes, Florence flasks, Erlenmeyer flasks, graduated cylinders, funnels, evaporating dishes, crucibles, reagent bottles, Bunsen burners, clamps, stands, rings, test tube holders, brushes, gauzes, tripods, spatulas, stirring rods, mortar and pestles, droppers, racks, thermometers, microscopes, balances, pipettes, burettes, platforms, analytical balances, alcohol lamps, tongs, volumetric flasks, spring balances, and hot plates. It also provides safety guidelines for working in the laboratory
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Exp. no. 01. study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
1. Tutor
Mr. Eknath D. Ahire, Assistant Professor,
Department of pharmaceutics, MET’s, Institute of Pharmacy, BKC, Adgoan, Nashik- 3
Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
2. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
Requirements – Bunsen burner, Microscope, Petri Dish, Nichrome Wire loop, Autoclave,
Centrifuge, Colony Counter, Refrigerator, Hot air oven, Incubator, Laminar Air Flow/
Laminar Hood (Aseptic area)
1. Bunsen burner
Bunsen burner is a standard tool used in laboratories, named after Robert Bunsen.
It is a gas fuelled single open flame.
Working Principle
This burner is made with a metal tube on a flat base with a gas inlet at the bottom of
the tube, which may have an adjustable valve.
On the sides of the tube are openings which can be adjusted with a collar to control
the amount of air that can enter.
Once the burner is connected to a gas source, the gas is forced by the gas pressure so
that the gas reaches the top where the flame is ignited with a match or a lighter.
Uses
It is commonly used for processes like sterilization, combustion, and heating.
In medical or microbiology laboratories, it is commonly used for micro-loop
sterilization.
3. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
2. Microscope
Microscopes are devices that allow the observer to an exceedingly close view of
minute particles.
Working Principle
There are many different types of microscopes, each of which works on their
respective principles. However, there is some commonality in them.
The basic principle in a microscope is magnification.
Based on the relative position of the object from the lens or electromagnets,
different positions, nature, and magnification of the image can be achieved.
Different types of microscopes are developed to cater to the specific needs of the
observation. However, the common theme is magnification.
Uses
Based on the type of microscopes, different microscopes are used for different
purposes.
They are primarily used for the observation of minute particles which cannot be
observed with naked eyes.
4. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
3. Petri Dish
Working Principal and uses
A Petri dish is a shallow transparent glass or plastic cylindrical lidded
dish, used to contain a thin layer of agar on which to grow bacteria
and fungi.
Petri dish name is given in the honour of scientist Richard petri who
designed these special plate for microbial culture growth and
isolation.
These are made up either glass or plastic material.
Petri plates containing nutrient media are called as culture dishes.
Petri plates maintain sterile environment inside.
5. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
4. Nichrome Wire loop
Working Principal and uses
An inoculation loop, also called a smear loop, inoculation wand or
microstreaker, is a simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to pick
up and transfer a small sample (inoculum) from a culture of
microorganisms, e.g. for streaking on a culture plate.
This loop is an economical implement that will withstand repeated
flaming and sterilization.
6. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
5. Autoclave
An autoclave is a pressurized chamber used for the process of sterilization and
disinfection by combining three factors: time, pressure and steam
Working Principle
Autoclaves use steam as their sterilization agent.
The basic principle of an autoclave is that all the items within the autoclave come in
direct contact with the steam for a particular period irrespective of the nature of
the material- whether it is liquid, plastic ware, or glassware.
The amount of time and the temperature depends on the type of material being
sterilized and the increase in temperature of the cycle allows for shorter periods.
Uses
Autoclaves are mostly used for the sterilization of medical or laboratory equipment
with the capacity of sterilizing a large number of materials at once.
They are commonly used for the preparation of culture media during laboratory
applications.
7. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
6. Centrifuge
A centrifuge is a device that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis,
where an outward force is applied perpendicularly to the axis.
A laboratory centrifuge is motor-based and allows the rotation of a liquid sample
resulting in the separation of the components of the mixture.
Working Principle
A centrifuge works on the principle of sedimentation, where the high speed of the
rotation causes the denser particles to move away from the center while smaller,
less dense particles are forced towards the center.
Thus, the denser particles settle at the bottom while the lighter particles are
collected at the top.
In a laboratory table top centrifuge, the sample tubes are aligned at an angle so that
the particles have to travel a shorter distance before they hit the bottom.
Uses
The primary application of a centrifuge is the separation of particles suspended in a
suspension.
It can be used for the separation of cell organelles, nucleic acid, blood components,
and separation of isotopes.
8. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
7. Colony Counter
A colony counter is used to estimate the density of a liquid
culture by counting the number of CFU (colony forming
units) on an agar or culture plates.
Working Principle
This instrument can accommodate different sizes of plates
which are scanned on top with UV, white light and/or
fluorescent illumination.
One can accomplish the counting either manually with the
touch pressure or with a digital counter.
Uses
A colony counter is primarily used for counting the number
of colonies present on a culture plate to estimate the
concentration of microorganisms in liquid culture.
9. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
8. Refrigerator
Working Principle
Refrigerator are based on the principle that under extremely
low temperatures, there is minimum microbial growth which
allows for the protection and preservation of different
substances.
Based on this principle, we can even preserve cultures over a
long period of time without any change in the concentration
of the microorganisms.
Uses
A Refrigerator can be used for the preservation of different
things used in the laboratories for a very long period of time.
Refrigerators are used in laboratories to store and preserve
medical equipment, food items, blood samples, medicines,
and injections, etc. for a more extended period of time.
10. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
9. Hot air oven
A hot air oven is an electrical device that is used for sterilization of medical equipment or
samples using dry heat.
Working Principle
Hot air oven is a type of dry heat sterilization which is performed on dry materials and on
substances that do not melt or catch fire under high temperature.
There are two types of hot air oven based on the working principle,
Forced air hot air oven: In this type of hot air oven, the heated air inside the oven is
distributed throughout the oven with a fan. This prevents the rising of hot air towards the
top while keeping the cold air at the bottom. This allows for the adequate heating of
materials inside the oven.
Static air hot air oven: In this type of oven, the heat is produced by coils present at the
bottom of the oven with no fan. The hot air rises and doesn’t allow the effective
sterilization of the materials.
The equipment inside the oven acquire heat and pass the heat towards the center, one
layer at a time which allows for effective dry heat sterilization.
Uses
Hot air oven can be used to sterilize materials like glassware, metal equipment, powders,
etc.
It allows for the destruction of microorganisms as well as bacterial spores.
11. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
10. Incubator
An incubator is a device that is used in the laboratories for the growth and maintenance of
microorganisms and cultures.
Incubator provides an optimal temperature, pressure, moisture, among other things required
for the growth of microorganisms.
Working Principle
The incubator is based on the principle of maintaining a proper atmosphere for the growth of
microorganisms.
Incubators have a heating system that allows for the temperature within the incubator to be
adjusted according to the type of organism cultivated inside.
Similarly, they are provided with adjustments for maintaining the concentration of CO2 to
balance the pH and humidity required for the growth of the organisms.
Variation of the incubator like a shaking incubator is also available, which allows for the
continuous movement of the culture required for cell aeration and solubility studies.
Uses
Incubators have a wide range of applications including cell culture, pharmaceutical studies,
haematological studies, and biochemical studies.
Incubators can also be used in the steam cell research area.
12. Experiment No. 01
Aim – To study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology
11. Laminar Air Flow/ Laminar Hood
Laminar Hood is a closed device primarily for processes or instruments
sensitive to microbial contamination.
Working Principle
A Laminar Hood is made up of stainless steel, avoiding joints and corners to
prevent the accumulation of bacterial spores.
This device creates a sterile environment with the flow of sterile air through a
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter and shortwave ultraviolet
germicidal lamp that sterilizes the workstation.
Laminar Air Flow has to turn on 15 minutes before to ensure complete
sterilization and the workstation should be cleaned with ethanol before and
after use.
Uses
Laminar Hood is commonly used to conduct processes that are sensitive to
contamination.
It is used for experiments related to plant tissue culture and for the
experiments of genetic transformation.
13. Result – The apparatus used in experimental
microbiology was studied.
References
1. Dr. Chandrakant Kokare, Pharmaceutical
Microbiology Experiments and Techniques, Nirali
Prakashan.
2. Savita Mandan, Umesh Laddha, Experimental
Microbiology, Career Publication.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_7TMqtCJ2g
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chODOKSPJS
4