L2 3-bronchial asthma
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This document discusses the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of asthma. It notes that airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation are integral to asthma. Common allergens that can trigger asthma attacks include house dust mites, pets, cockroaches, and fungi. Aspirin can also trigger asthma attacks through its effects on leukotriene production. Clinically, asthma presents with wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a condition that can complicate asthma and cystic fibrosis through an allergic reaction to fungal spores, and is generally treated with oral corticosteroids and antifungal medications.
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Bronchial asthma
Tracheal auscultation is recommended as part of the routine clinical assessment for asthma patients as high pitched wheezes may be heard more easily over the trachea in hyperinflated lungs. Chest X-rays are only necessary for severe asthma to rule out other conditions like pneumonia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal spores in the airways that can complicate asthma in 1-2% of cases and cystic fibrosis in 5-10% of cases. It is generally treated with low-dose oral corticosteroids and itraconazole may help reduce steroid use.
bronchial asthma
Tracheal auscultation is recommended as part of the routine clinical assessment for asthma patients due to hyperinflated lungs making wheezes easier to hear over the trachea than the lungs. Chest X-rays are only necessary for severe asthma to rule out other conditions like pneumonia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal spores in the airways that can complicate asthma and cystic fibrosis, causing eosinophilia. It is generally treated with low-dose oral corticosteroids and itraconazole may help reduce steroid use.
Aspergillosis
This document summarizes aspergillosis, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), chronic necrotizing aspergillosis (CNA), and aspergilloma. Aspergillus is a common mold that can cause a variety of pulmonary diseases. IPA predominantly affects immunocompromised patients and presents as pneumonia. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy, galactomannan testing, and imaging. Voriconazole is recommended treatment. CNA occurs in patients with underlying lung disease and is characterized by slow lung tissue invasion. Itraconazole is effective treatment. Aspergilloma involves a fungus ball in a pre-existing lung cavity.
Pulmonary aspergilloma
A 78-year-old male presented with cough, breathlessness, chest pain and haemoptysis. He had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated 2 years prior. Investigations revealed a cavitary lesion in his left lung containing a fungal mass. He was diagnosed with pulmonary aspergilloma developing in a pre-existing cavity from prior tuberculosis. Pulmonary aspergilloma occurs due to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus infecting cavities left by healed tuberculosis. It was treated successfully with intravenous amphotericin B and oral itraconazole for 6 months. Relevant examinations and tests are needed to differentiate pulmonary aspergilloma from other conditions like lung cancer and properly
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Interstitial lung fibrosis diseases
This document discusses updates in interstitial lung disease (ILD). ILD encompasses over 200 diseases involving fibrosis and inflammation of the lung parenchyma. While traditionally considered rare, ILD now constitutes 10-15% of respiratory patients due to increased recognition through advanced imaging techniques. A clinical diagnosis is possible for some forms but lung biopsy is often needed. Common symptoms include dyspnea. Physical exam may reveal crackles. Imaging like HRCT is useful for diagnosis and monitoring. Pulmonary function tests typically show a restrictive pattern.
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Bronchial asthma
Tracheal auscultation is recommended as part of the routine clinical assessment for asthma patients as high pitched wheezes may be heard more easily over the trachea in hyperinflated lungs. Chest X-rays are only necessary for severe asthma to rule out other conditions like pneumonia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal spores in the airways that can complicate asthma in 1-2% of cases and cystic fibrosis in 5-10% of cases. It is generally treated with low-dose oral corticosteroids and itraconazole may help reduce steroid use.
bronchial asthma
Tracheal auscultation is recommended as part of the routine clinical assessment for asthma patients due to hyperinflated lungs making wheezes easier to hear over the trachea than the lungs. Chest X-rays are only necessary for severe asthma to rule out other conditions like pneumonia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal spores in the airways that can complicate asthma and cystic fibrosis, causing eosinophilia. It is generally treated with low-dose oral corticosteroids and itraconazole may help reduce steroid use.
Aspergillosis
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Pulmonary aspergilloma
A 78-year-old male presented with cough, breathlessness, chest pain and haemoptysis. He had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated 2 years prior. Investigations revealed a cavitary lesion in his left lung containing a fungal mass. He was diagnosed with pulmonary aspergilloma developing in a pre-existing cavity from prior tuberculosis. Pulmonary aspergilloma occurs due to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus infecting cavities left by healed tuberculosis. It was treated successfully with intravenous amphotericin B and oral itraconazole for 6 months. Relevant examinations and tests are needed to differentiate pulmonary aspergilloma from other conditions like lung cancer and properly
Aspergillosis
Common ubiquitous mold. A species of mold that is found all over the world. More than 185 different types of Aspergillus have been identified and more are continuing to be identified.
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This document discusses pulmonary sarcoidosis, a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-caseating granulomatous inflammation of the lung and multisystem involvement. It most commonly affects North American blacks, North European whites, and women. Clinical features can include respiratory symptoms, skin and eye lesions, fatigue, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions through tests like biopsy and bronchoscopy. Treatment may involve corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs depending on severity and organ involvement. Prognosis is generally good if limited to hilar lymphadenopathy, but fibrosis can lead to respiratory failure.
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2. HRCT is superior to chest x-ray for assessing interstitial lung diseases as it allows for better evaluation of the extent and distribution of lung abnormalities. It can also help determine whether a lung biopsy is needed and from where samples should be taken.
3. Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing and chest pain are common respiratory symptoms in interstitial lung diseases. Physical exam may reveal crack
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The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
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- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
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Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
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interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a broad category of over 100 lung disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs. The pathophysiology involves injury to the lungs which causes inflammation, fibrosis, and thickening of the lung tissue. This replaces normal lung structures and impairs gas exchange. Symptoms include breathing difficulties and cough. Diagnosis involves imaging, pulmonary function tests, and sometimes lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, oxygen therapy, and sometimes lung transplantation. Prognosis depends on the specific ILD diagnosis.
Abpa aspergillosis -asthma day
1) The document discusses Allergic BronchoPulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA), a condition caused by an allergic reaction to the fungus Aspergillus in the lungs. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and management of ABPA.
2) Key points include that ABPA typically affects people with asthma or cystic fibrosis, and is diagnosed based on criteria including a history of asthma, pulmonary infiltrates on chest imaging, positive skin test to Aspergillus, and elevated IgE levels and precipitating antibodies.
3) Management involves use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation during acute episodes.
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* Pleural effusion is the most common pulmonary manifestation in SLE and usually presents as bilateral, small or moderate exudative effusions that resolve spontaneously without residual damage.
* Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a serious pulmonary complication characterized by hemoptysis, rapid drop in hemoglobin, and new infiltrates on imaging, requiring aggressive immunosuppression.
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Tracheal auscultation is recommended as part of the routine clinical assessment for asthma patients due to hyperinflated lungs making wheezes easier to hear over the trachea. Chest X-rays are only necessary for severe asthma to rule out other conditions like pneumonia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to fungal spores in the airway wall that can complicate asthma in 1-2% of patients and cystic fibrosis in 5-10% of patients. Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis includes regular low-dose oral corticosteroids with itraconazole to reduce steroids in some patients.
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The document provides information on pulmonary aspergillosis, caused by inhalation of the Aspergillus fungus. It discusses the main disease entities: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), aspergilloma, invasive aspergillosis, and chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. ABPA involves hypersensitivity reactions in asthma/CF patients. Aspergilloma forms fungal balls in pre-existing lung cavities. Invasive aspergillosis mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and can disseminate. Chronic forms progress over months-years in patients with underlying lung disease. Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are outlined
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ABPA
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CT: Interstitial lung disease
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3. Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing and chest pain are common respiratory symptoms in interstitial lung diseases. Physical exam may reveal crack
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The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
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- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
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Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
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3) Management involves use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation during acute episodes.
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* Pleural effusion is the most common pulmonary manifestation in SLE and usually presents as bilateral, small or moderate exudative effusions that resolve spontaneously without residual damage.
* Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a serious pulmonary complication characterized by hemoptysis, rapid drop in hemoglobin, and new infiltrates on imaging, requiring aggressive immunosuppression.
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- Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common pathogenic species. It produces gliotoxin which inhibits the immune response.
- Allergic forms include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), bronchocentric granulomatosis, and extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Invasive forms include chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis.
- Diagnosis involves radiology, culture, serology and biopsy. Treatment depends on the specific
Pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus
Pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupusInternal medicine department, faculty of Medicine Beni-Suef University Egypt
Pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus
Prof Nabila Laz, head of chest department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University
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Pulmonary-renal syndrome is a potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. It requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications like respiratory distress and renal failure. The most common causes are ANCA-associated vasculitis (60% of cases) and Goodpasture's syndrome (20% of cases). Diagnosis involves tests for ANCA, anti-GBM antibodies, complement levels, and renal biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but typically involves steroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis.
fungal_sinusitis.pptx
This document discusses various types of fungal sinusitis. It begins by categorizing fungal rhinosinusitis into invasive and non-invasive types based on the presence or absence of fungal invasion of tissue. It then describes the different subtypes of non-invasive and invasive fungal sinusitis in detail, including their pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. It also discusses potential complications of fungal sinusitis such as orbital or intracranial infections that can arise from local or distant spread beyond the paranasal sinuses.
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This document provides an overview of asthma management. It defines asthma as a disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and usually eosinophilic airway inflammation. Common manifestations include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, chest tightness and mucus production in relation to triggers. The diagnosis is based on patient history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests showing reversibility and airway responsiveness testing. Treatment involves reducing triggers, medications to provide rapid relief of symptoms like SABAs, and controllers to reduce inflammation like ICSs alone or in combination with LABAs. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and exacerbations.
Asthma.pptx
This document provides information on bronchial asthma (BA), including:
1. BA is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath in response to triggers.
2. Pathogenesis involves chronic airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction from bronchoconstriction and remodeling, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Principal cells involved are mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes.
3. Classification of BA severity is based on symptoms, nighttime symptoms, lung function measurements, and exacerbations. Clinical evaluation includes patient history, physical exam assessing respiratory distress, and tests to measure lung function such
aproach to ild.pptx
The document provides information on evaluating patients presenting with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Key points include:
1. ILDs are a heterogeneous group of lung disorders that present with similar clinical, radiographic, or pathological features. Patients commonly present with breathlessness, cough, pulmonary symptoms associated with another disease, or abnormal imaging/lung function tests.
2. A thorough history is important and can provide clues to underlying causes. Relevant factors include age, gender, symptom onset/duration, medical history, medications, smoking history, family history, occupational exposures, and extrapulmonary symptoms.
3. Physical exam may reveal nonspecific lung crackles but can also detect signs of underlying connective tissue
Respiratory Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.pptx
This document summarizes the respiratory manifestations that can occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It describes several types of lung involvement including airway disease, parenchymal lung disease, vascular diseases, and pleural disease. Specific conditions discussed in detail include acute lupus pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial lung disease such as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and organizing pneumonia, acute reversible hypoxemia syndrome, and pulmonary embolism. Treatment options are provided for some of the conditions.
Asthma and status asthmaticus
This document provides an overview of asthma including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, status asthmaticus, and treatment. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by airway inflammation and affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. Key risk factors include atopy, genetic predisposition, infections, obesity, and air pollution. Clinical features include symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, with status asthmaticus defined as an acute exacerbation not responding to standard treatment and requiring more intensive interventions.
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Case_Presentation_on_Management_of_Asthma,_21st_of_July_2023.pptx
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Dr.Vikas - Pulmonary manifestations of Aspergillosis
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Endocrinology concerns the synthesis, secretion and action of hormones. These are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that coordinate the activities of many different cells. Endocrine diseases can therefore affect multiple organs and systems.
L2-5.Disorders of THE Thyroid gland.. PPX
The thyroid gland is the body's largest single organ specialized for endocrine hormone production. Its function is to secrete an appropriate amount of the thyroid hormones, primarily (thyroxine, T4) , and a lesser quantity of triiodothyronine (T3) , which arises mainly from the subsequent extrathyroidal deiodination ofT4.
L6-8.Disorders of the reproductive system.pptx
In the male, the testis serves two principal functions: synthesis of testosterone by the interstitial Leydig cells under the control of luteinising hormone (LH), and spermatogenesis by Sertoli cells under the control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (but also requiring adequate testosterone).
L9-10.Disorders of Parathyroid gland.pptx
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L11-14. Disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenals.pptx
Hypopituitarism describes combined deficiency of any of the anterior pituitary hormones. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on the underlying lesion and the pattern of resulting hormone deficiency.
L 6.approach to chest pain
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons patients present for medical attention and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which could include ischemic heart disease, pulmonary issues, gastrointestinal problems, or other non-cardiac causes. The characteristics of cardiac chest pain often involve pain that builds up over minutes rather than seconds, may radiate to the arm or jaw, and is commonly accompanied by symptoms like sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Proper diagnosis requires considering risk factors, symptoms, and test results such as ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and imaging to correctly identify the source and manage appropriately.
L 5. approach to diarhea
1. Diarrhea is defined as having more than 3 loose or liquid stools per day. It can be acute (lasting less than 2 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 4 weeks).
2. Acute diarrhea is often infectious and can be classified as watery, bloody, or dysentery. Evaluation is needed if bloody, associated with fever or infection, or not resolving. Chronic diarrhea often has non-infectious causes like IBS.
3. History and symptoms help determine the cause and guide testing/treatment. Infectious acute diarrhea may require antibiotics while watery diarrhea often resolves on its own with rehydration. Chronic diarrhea distinguishes organic from functional causes.
L 3 4.approach to fever
Fever is a common symptom that requires understanding the pattern and timing to determine the potential cause. Not all fevers are due to infections, and infections do not always present with fever. Careful examination of factors like time of rash appearance can help identify specific disorders as the source of the fever.
L 2. approach to jaundice
This document provides an approach to jaundice written by Dr. Bilal Natiq Nuaman, an assistant professor of medicine at Al-Iraqia Medical College. It discusses obstructive jaundice and thanks the reader.
L 1.introduction to medicine
This document provides an introduction to internal medicine, including:
- Internal medicine deals with preventing, diagnosing, and treating non-surgical diseases affecting adults. Doctors in this field are called internists or physicians.
- Internal medicine has many subspecialties including cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, and others focused on specific organ systems.
- The diagnostic process in internal medicine involves taking a history, performing an examination, and ordering relevant investigations to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment. Accurately diagnosing patients' conditions is crucial for determining the correct management approach.
L14 15.pneumothorax +corpulmonale
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young, tall smokers, or secondary, affecting those with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Examination may find reduced or absent breath sounds on the affected side. Chest x-ray shows the lung edge and any mediastinal shift. Small, asymptomatic primary pneumothoraces may resolve without treatment while larger ones often require chest tube drainage. Surgery is recommended after recurrent episodes to prevent future occurrences.
L12 13.tuberculosis
The 2018-2019 school year was a successful one for our district. Enrollment increased slightly to over 5,000 students across our 10 schools. Academically, our students performed well with above average test scores and graduation rates. Several of our schools received state recognition for narrowing achievement gaps among student groups.
L10 11.lung consolidation
Lung consolidation is caused by pneumonia, malignancy, or infarction and results in the accumulation of solid and liquid material in the air spaces of the lung. Pneumonia is the most common cause and presents with symptoms like fever and productive cough. Malignancy like lung cancer often presents with cachexia, clubbing, and productive cough. The document discusses the diagnosis, causes, and types of pneumonia and lung cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancers. Pneumonia can be classified by pathogen, anatomy, or presentation as lobar, bronchial, or atypical.
L9 pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries usually caused by blood clots. It can be diagnosed based on risk factors, symptoms, and tests like a D-dimer blood test, CT scan, or lung scan. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves blood thinners like heparin or warfarin to prevent further clots. For severe cases, thrombolysis can dissolve clots while a vena cava filter may be placed for recurrent clots or if blood thinners are contraindicated.
L8 pleural effusion
This document discusses a medical case involving a patient presenting with yellow, brittle nails and a triad of pleural effusion, bronchiectasis, and lymphedema.
L6 7.interstitial lung disease
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It is a single date with no other context provided.
L4 5 .copd
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L1 introduction to respiratory medicine
This medical document discusses a patient who experienced a unilateral pulmonary embolism in 2018-2019 and has a history of Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa. The document lists these three conditions but does not provide any other context or details about the patient.
ECG
This document discusses an approach to interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG). It examines the heart rate, identifies any premature atrial contractions, analyzes the axis of the heart, and checks for signs of ST elevation myocardial infarction.
L 13-15 .Approach to nutrition
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L2 3-bronchial asthma
- 1. 2018-2019
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- 6. Pathophysiology • Airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) – the tendency for airways to narrow excessively in response to triggers that have little or no effect in normal individuals – is integral to the diagnosis of asthma and appears to be related, although not exclusively, to airway inflammation 6
- 7. • The relationship between atopy (the propensity to produce IgE) and asthma is well established. Common examples of allergens include house dust mites, pets such as cats and dogs, pests such as cockroaches, and fungi. Inhalation of an allergen into the airway is followed by an early and late- phase bronchoconstrictor response 7
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- 10. • In cases of aspirin-sensitive asthma, the ingestion of salicylates results in inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes, preferentially shunting the metabolism of arachidonic acid through the lipoxygenase pathway with resultant production of the asthmogenic leukotrienes. 10
- 11. Clinical Presentation • Asthma may manifest with different syndromes, often overlapping 11
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- 23. In the presence of hyperinflated lungs, high pitched wheezes may be heard more easily over the trachea than over the lung. Tracheal auscultation has therefore been advocated as part of the routine clinical assessment in asthma. 23
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- 60. • CXR Only necessary in severe asthma to exclude other conditions (e.g., pneumonia, Pneumothorax , pneumomediastinum, foreign body). 60
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- 64. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) occurs as a result of a hypersensitivity reaction to germinating fungal spores in the airway wall. The condition may complicate the course of asthma(1–2%) and cystic fibrosis(5–10%), and is a recognized cause of pulmonary eosinophilia. Genetic susceptibility is important. 64
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- 67. • Management ABPA is generally considered an indication for regular therapy with low-dose oral corticosteroids (prednisolone 7.5–10 mg daily), with the aim of suppressing the immunopathological responses and preventing progressive tissue damage. In some patients, itraconazole (400 mg/day) facilitates a reduction in oral steroids, and a 4-month trial is usually recommended to assess its efficacy. Exacerbations, particularly when associated with new chest X-ray changes, should be treated promptly with prednisolone 40–60 mg daily and physiotherapy. If persistent lobar collapse occurs, bronchoscopy (usually under general anesthetic) should be performed to remove impacted mucus and ensure prompt re- inflation. 67
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