Cloud computing provides inherent advantages over in-house IT in terms of power usage and costs. These advantages include increased hardware utilization through diversity of users, economies of scale in implementing efficiency changes, easier management of virtual servers, and greater flexibility to address institutional problems. As carbon pricing increases, these economic benefits will further accelerate the trend toward cloud computing over traditional internal data centers.
Climate change will have a big impact on how we carry out big science. Remote instrumentation to access instruments located at renewable energy sites will be critical
Improved performance through carbon aware green cloud policyIjrdt Journal
Cloud computing and Green computing are two most emergent areas in information communication technology (ICT) with immense applications in the entire globe. Due to tremendous improvements in computer networks, the people prefer the Network-based computing instead of doing something in an in-house based computing. In any business sectors, daily business and individual computing are now migrating from individual hard drives to internet servers. Therefore more and more companies are investing in building large datacenters to host Cloud services. These datacenters not only consume huge amount of energy but are also very complex in the infrastructure itself. Certain studies propose to make these datacenters energy efficient by using technologies such as virtualization and consolidation. These solutions are mostly cost driven and thus, do not directly address the critical impact on the environmental sustainability in terms of CO2 emissions. Hence, in this work, we propose a user-oriented Cloud architectural framework, i.e. Carbon Aware Green Cloud Architecture, which addresses this environmental problem from the overall usage of Cloud Computing resources.
Climate change will have a big impact on how we carry out big science. Remote instrumentation to access instruments located at renewable energy sites will be critical
Improved performance through carbon aware green cloud policyIjrdt Journal
Cloud computing and Green computing are two most emergent areas in information communication technology (ICT) with immense applications in the entire globe. Due to tremendous improvements in computer networks, the people prefer the Network-based computing instead of doing something in an in-house based computing. In any business sectors, daily business and individual computing are now migrating from individual hard drives to internet servers. Therefore more and more companies are investing in building large datacenters to host Cloud services. These datacenters not only consume huge amount of energy but are also very complex in the infrastructure itself. Certain studies propose to make these datacenters energy efficient by using technologies such as virtualization and consolidation. These solutions are mostly cost driven and thus, do not directly address the critical impact on the environmental sustainability in terms of CO2 emissions. Hence, in this work, we propose a user-oriented Cloud architectural framework, i.e. Carbon Aware Green Cloud Architecture, which addresses this environmental problem from the overall usage of Cloud Computing resources.
Digital Infrastructure in a Carbon Constrained WorldLarry Smarr
09.01.15
Invited Presentation to the
West Coast Leadership Dialogue
Stanford University
Title: Digital Infrastructure in a Carbon Constrained World
Palo Alto, CA
Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They ...Larry Smarr
09.08.20
Invited Talk
Monash University ITS Strategic Planning Session
RE-INVENT to RE-POSITION – TRANSFORMED BY ICT
Title: Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They be Transformed?
Melbourne, Australia
The Role of University Energy Efficient Cyberinfrastructure in Slowing Climat...Larry Smarr
10.04.14
Energy Leadership Lecture
The Institute for Energy Efficiency
University of California, Santa Barbara
Title: The Role of University Energy Efficient Cyberinfrastructure in Slowing Climate Change
Santa Barbara, CA
The Significance of Green Data Centres for DevelopmentAbdulghanyMohamed1
This presentation explores the significance of green data centres for development by delving into the opportunities and challenges of establishing and operating such centres.
Xergy Consulting surveys the programs, standards, and metrics used to evaluate the environmental performance of data centers. What are we missing? What information do we lack to fully evaluate the greenness of clouds?
Presented by Pete Scarpelli, Schneider Electric, Demand Response Resource Center, France at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Vienna, Austria on 1 April 2009.
Case Studies in Highly-Energy Efficient DatacentersMichael Searles
New tools, designs and services have emerged to help datacenter operators improve the energy efficiency of IT and facilties. This report examines the use of these technologies and techniques in real deployments.
Digital Infrastructure in a Carbon Constrained WorldLarry Smarr
09.01.15
Invited Presentation to the
West Coast Leadership Dialogue
Stanford University
Title: Digital Infrastructure in a Carbon Constrained World
Palo Alto, CA
Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They ...Larry Smarr
09.08.20
Invited Talk
Monash University ITS Strategic Planning Session
RE-INVENT to RE-POSITION – TRANSFORMED BY ICT
Title: Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They be Transformed?
Melbourne, Australia
The Role of University Energy Efficient Cyberinfrastructure in Slowing Climat...Larry Smarr
10.04.14
Energy Leadership Lecture
The Institute for Energy Efficiency
University of California, Santa Barbara
Title: The Role of University Energy Efficient Cyberinfrastructure in Slowing Climate Change
Santa Barbara, CA
The Significance of Green Data Centres for DevelopmentAbdulghanyMohamed1
This presentation explores the significance of green data centres for development by delving into the opportunities and challenges of establishing and operating such centres.
Xergy Consulting surveys the programs, standards, and metrics used to evaluate the environmental performance of data centers. What are we missing? What information do we lack to fully evaluate the greenness of clouds?
Presented by Pete Scarpelli, Schneider Electric, Demand Response Resource Center, France at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Vienna, Austria on 1 April 2009.
Case Studies in Highly-Energy Efficient DatacentersMichael Searles
New tools, designs and services have emerged to help datacenter operators improve the energy efficiency of IT and facilties. This report examines the use of these technologies and techniques in real deployments.
Koomey's talk on energy use and the information economy at the UC Berkeley Ph...Jonathan Koomey
I gave this talk on energy use and the information economy at the UC Berkeley Physics of Sustainable Energy Symposium March 8, 2014. It summarizes what I think are the most important issues related to the direct and indirect effects of information technology on energy use.
Bringing Enterprise IT into the 21st Century: A Management and Sustainabilit...Jonathan Koomey
I gave this talk as a webinar on March 19th, 2014 for the Corporate Eco Forum. It discusses ways to improve the efficiency of enterprise IT, mainly focusing on institutional changes that are necessary to make modern IT organizations perform effectively. It draws upon our case study of eBay as well as my other work on data centers over the years.
Sklubi AlumniWeekend 23.10.2010:
Reijo Maihaniemi
Electricity Consumption: General
Electricity Savings Through DC Power Feed
DC Data Center Projects in the World
ICT Energy saving actions
Best Practices for Achieving Return on Investment through Energy Efficient Computing presented by CSCI at CeBIT Green IT Forum on March 2, 2010 in Germany. Presented by Dr. Bernd Kosch, Head of Environmental Technology at Fujitsu and spokesperson for CSCI.
Preparing for Zero Net Energy BuildingsEnercare Inc.
Enercare’s 3rd annual Thought Leadership event series, Energy Management: What’s New and What’s Next, explores energy conservation opportunities, the latest technologies and regulations shaping the multi-residential and commercial building management space.
Commissioned by the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA), the Zero Net Energy Buildings research project examined strategies and technologies applied in large commercial and multi-unit buildings, to identify zero net energy (ZNE) best practices. Building automation systems and energy information systems in ZNE buildings were characterized and building occupants and owners were surveyed on the functionality and utilization of these systems. The results of this research can be used to value the system in relation to a ZNE outcome.
Presented by: Greg Walker, Research Director, Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA)
ScottMadden has developed an approach for analyzing data center requirements and driving improvements in existing data center retrofits. Our approach takes into account the technological requirements, the physical attributes of a data center, and the requirements for a rigorous measurement and verification program needed to ensure improvements actually capture the energy efficiently gains and the resultant greenhouse gas reductions.
Our approach addresses the latest trends in data center management such as virtualization and cloud computing and provide a framework for developing metrics needed to drive changes in data center performance.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENTSijcsit
The World Wide Web and the rise of servers and PC's data centers have become a major position in the
overall power consumption of the world. In order to prevent global warming and ensuing disasters, already
Internet-service providers, hosting providers on green power have changed. Even household energy
suppliers offer green electricity from renewable energy such as wind, solar, biomass and hydro, which
emits no carbon dioxide, to stand against global warming. Only a global change for the information
technology can prevent the global-warming. The switch to renewable energy is the beginning of our future
and must be pursued as well as the research and development in information and communication
technology.
Past performance is no guide to future returns: Why we can't accurately fore...Jonathan Koomey
This webinar explores why (with few exceptions) models of economic systems do not yield accurate predictions about the future. Predictions can be accurate when systems have consistent structure (geographically and temporally) and when there are no surprises, but neither of these conditions holds for virtually all economic systems. Physical systems can exhibit structural constancy, so predictions based on physical sciences can be accurate (barring surprises). The webinar also explores implications of this irreducible uncertainty, introduces ways to cope with it, and discusses responsible use of economic modeling tools in the face of such modeling limitations. The talk explores these issues using examples of forecasts of US primary energy use, oil prices, electricity demand, and the costs of nuclear power.
Bringing data center management and technology into the 21st CenturyJonathan Koomey
This talk is a slightly modified and condensed version of one I gave at DCD Converged in London on the morning of November 19, 2014. I gave it at VIP dinner sponsored by Siemens on the evening of that same day. I moved "One boss, one team, and one budget" to be the 2nd thing management can do, because tying IT to business performance with metrics is a prerequisite to doing the hard work of busting the silos. I realized this during the talk ("One boss, one team, and one budget" was original item #1).
Koomey on Climate Change as an Entrepreneurial ChallengeJonathan Koomey
This is an updated version of my talk on climate change as an entrepreneurial challenge. I gave this version, which has updated graphs on temperatures, among other things, at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on October 21, 2014. The bulk of the talk is making the case for urgent action and summarizing the findings of climate science for an entrepreneurial audience.
Speak dollars not gadgets: How to get upper management to pay attentionJonathan Koomey
Jonathan Koomey gave this presentation at the Data Center Dynamics Conference in Seattle, WA on Sept. 4, 2014. It describes what executives need to do to modernize their IT operations, and describes an upcoming (Nov 10 to Dec 12, 2014) online class titled Data Center Essentials for Executives, see http://goo.gl/K4kJG2
Climate Change as an Entrepreneurial Challenge: A virtual talk for the St. L...Jonathan Koomey
In this talk I explain why climate change is the biggest challenge humanity has ever faced, and describe the lessons for entrepreneurs that follow from our scientific knowledge about climate change. It focuses on "working forward toward a goal", a business oriented framing of the problem that will be familiar to any executive whose organization has had to understand and tackle a big problem. I gave this talk via Skype on July 27, 2014. It's similar to this one: http://www.slideshare.net/jgkoomey/koomeys-talk-at-clean-tech-open-sf-event-m
Koomey's talk at the Clean Tech Open SF event, April 2, 2014Jonathan Koomey
This is the talk I gave at the Clean Tech Open SF event on April 2, 2014, which was held at Impact Hub San Francisco. It summarizes findings from my latest book, Cold Cash, Cool Climate: http://amzn.to/Av0O9O
Facing the climate challenge: Implications of the 2 degree limitJonathan Koomey
This is a lecture I gave for Leslie Field's class on Engineering and Climate Change at Stanford on September 24, 2013. It describes an alternative to the traditional benefit-cost framing of the climate problem, called "working forward toward a goal". It's one that relies on our best understanding of the climate system as well as the lessons from business planners about facing big strategic challenges. See the discussion in my book Cold Cash, Cool Climate: Science-based Advice for Ecological Entrepreneurs http://amzn.to/Av0O9O for details.
The computing trend that will change everythingJonathan Koomey
This talk, given at the VERGE conference in Washington DC on March 15, 2012, describes in about 9 minutes the implications of the long-term trend in the energy efficiency of computing that we described in this refereed journal article: Koomey, Jonathan G., Stephen Berard, Marla Sanchez, and Henry Wong. 2011. "Implications of Historical Trends in The Electrical Efficiency of Computing." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. vol. 33, no. 3. July-September. pp. 46-54. [http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.2010.28]
Why predictive modeling is essential for managing a modern computing facilityJonathan Koomey
This talk, given at Data Center Dynamics on July 12, 2013, summarizes the importance of predictive modeling to capturing lost cooling and power capacity in the data center. It also describes some results from a recent case study Future Facilities did at an Equinix data center in the Bay area.
This talk, given at Google on June 6, 2012, summarizes what we know about energy use and information technology in a clear and understandable way. The person preceding me on stage was former Vice President Al Gore, so the pressure was on! I think I delivered, but you be the judge.
Koomey on why ultra-low power computing will change everythingJonathan Koomey
This talk summarizes the implications of long-term trends in the efficiency of computing, communications, energy storage, and energy harvesting. It's one of my favorites! It took place on October 31, 2012.
This is a talk I gave at the end of my first visiting professorship at Stanford in 2004. It gives a preview of Rocky Mountain Institute's Winning the Oil Endgame study, which was released in September 2004. http://www.oilendgame.com
2007 Koomey talk on historical costs of nuclear power in the USJonathan Koomey
This is a talk I gave at the Detroit Edison Company on April 17, 2007. It's the most complete version summarizing our work on the historical costs of nuclear power. That worked appeared in three refereed journal articles:
Hultman, Nathan E., and Jonathan G. Koomey. 2007. "The risk of surprise in energy technology costs." Environmental Research Letters. vol. 2, no. 034002. July. <http: />
Hultman, Nathan E., Jonathan G. Koomey, and Daniel M. Kammen. 2007. "What history can teach us about the future costs of U.S. nuclear power." Environmental Science & Technology. vol. 41, no. 7. April 1. pp. 2088-2093.
Koomey, Jonathan G., and Nathan E. Hultman. 2007. "A reactor-level analysis of busbar costs for U.S. nuclear plants, 1970-2005." Energy Policy. vol. 35, no. 11. November. pp. 5630-5642. <http: />
The last article is the primary source--the other two derive policy insights from the data developed in that last article.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Koomeyoncloudcomputing V5
1. Power-related advantages of
cloud computing
Jonathan G. Koomey, Ph.D.
http://www.koomey.com
Project Scientist, LBNL and Consulting
Professor, Stanford University
May 17, 2010
1
3. Cloud computing
• Users pay for computing cycles and
don’t worry about the back end
• Manage virtual servers—characteristics
of physical servers less important
• Can be internal (replacing standard
data centers) or external (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Amazon etc.)
3
5. One of the main drivers of
those trends is more efficient
power use by cloud
computing providers
5
6. Data center costs are strongly
affected by IT power use,
particularly server power
6
7. Key definitions
• ATC = Annualized total costs
• IT = Capital cost of IT equipment
• INFkw = Power-related infrastructure capital
costs
• INFnon-kW = Non-power-related infrastructure
capital costs
• EC = Energy costs
• O&M = Operation and maintenance costs
7
9. Current server W/k$
∑: 25 to 100
Watts/k$ is the
Numbers
current range next to points
represent
watts/
thousand
2009 dollars.
Source:
Koomey et al.
2009a.
9
10. Some anecdotal data on
Watts/k$ over time
∑: Watts/k$
doubled every
4-5 years in the
past decade
See Koomey et al. 2009a for details. 10
14. Efficiency opportunities
• Think “whole system redesign” (RMI)
• Align incentives to minimize True TCO
• Implement consistent metrics and track
over time
• Improve asset management and
utilization (multiple benefits)
• Improve efficiency of systems (e.g.
cooling) and components (e.g. power
supplies)
14
15. Misplaced incentives
• Energy, efficiency, and performance metrics
not standardized
• Not charging per kW but per square foot
• Split accountability
– Who pays the bills, IT or facilities?
– Who bears the risk of failure?
• Hierarchy and culture differences
• Piling safety factor upon safety factor
• Not focusing on total costs for delivering
computing services
15
20. 4) Enabling structural
change: Often easier to
shift to cloud providers
than to fix institutional
problems in internal IT
organizations
20
21. Carbon taxes will accelerate
these trends (and accentuate
regional differences in sources
of power generation)
21
22. Maximum effect of $19/t CO2
price on data center costs
CO2 tax
Assumes coal-fired power generation and CO2 tax of $19/t CO2
(comparable to the current price in the European emissions trading system).
22
CO2 tax = 2 ¢/kWh delivered; electricity price = 6.9 ¢/kWh (2009 $).
23. Big picture: Better to move
bits than atoms
CO2 emissions for downloads and physical CDs
Physical CDs Digital downloads
23
Source: Weber et al. 2009
24. Conclusions
• Cloud computing’s inherent cost advantages
will continue to drive customers to use it
• Power efficiency is one of the main sources of
these advantages (and pricing carbon will
make the case more compelling)
• Conventional internal data centers will still be
important for certain kinds of applications, but
will diminish in importance over time
• Issues about liability, property rights, and
security in the cloud will need to be sorted out,
but the economic benefits will create pressure
to do just that
24
25. Key web sites
• EPA on data centers + 2007 Report to Congress
http://www.energystar.gov/datacenters
• LBNL on data centers: http://hightech.lbl.gov/
datacenters.html
• The Green Grid: http://www.thegreengrid.org/
• The Uptime Institute: http://www.uptimeinstitute.org
• SPEC power: http://www.spec.org/power_ssj2008/
25
26. References
• Koomey, Jonathan. 2007a. Estimating regional power consumption by
servers: A technical note. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. December 5.
<http://www.amd.com/koomey>
• Koomey, Jonathan. 2007b. Estimating total power consumption by
servers in the U.S. and the world. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press.
February 15. <http://enterprise.amd.com/us-en/AMD-Business/
Technology-Home/Power-Management.aspx>
• Koomey, Jonathan, Kenneth G. Brill, W. Pitt Turner, John R. Stanley,
and Bruce Taylor. 2007. A simple model for determining true total cost
of ownership for data centers. Santa Fe, NM: The Uptime Institute.
September. <http://www.uptimeinstitute.org/>
• Koomey, Jonathan. 2008. "Worldwide electricity used in data centers."
Environmental Research Letters. vol. 3, no. 034008. September 23.
<http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/3/034008>.
26
27. References (continued)
• Koomey, Jonathan G., Christian Belady, Michael Patterson, Anthony Santos,
and Klaus-Dieter Lange. 2009a. Assessing trends over time in performance,
costs, and energy use for servers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. August 17.
<http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/ecotech>
• Koomey, Jonathan G., Stephen Berard, Marla Sanchez, and Henry Wong.
2009b. Assessing trends in the electrical efficiency of computation over time.
Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. August 17. <http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/
ecotech>
• Stanley, John, and Jonathan Koomey. 2009. The Science of Measurement:
Improving Data Center Performance with Continuous Monitoring and
Measurement of Site Infrastructure. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. October 23.
<http://www.analyticspress.com/scienceofmeasurement.html>
• Taylor, Cody, and Jonathan Koomey. 2008. Estimating energy use and
greenhouse gas emissions of Internet advertising. Working paper for IMC2.
February 14. <http://imc2.com/Documents/CarbonEmissions.pdf>.
• Weber, Christopher, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Scott Matthews. 2009. The
Energy and Climate Change Impacts of Different Music Delivery Methods.
Analytics Press. August 17. <http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/ecotech>
27