Killer Mountain with its Hot Ashes Intan Nadiah Binti Mohd Satimin 2010217256 – BM1115B a research on volcanic activity, aftermath and it solution for human race.

1. +
Killer Mountain with its Hot
Ashes
Intan Nadiah Binti Mohd Satimin
2010217256 – BM1115B

2. +
What is Volcano?
 Apertures on earth
crust allowing
magma from the
upper mantel to
escape releasing the
gasses and ashes
that highly contain
sulphur.
Irazu Volcano Aperture

3. +
Where it is located ?
 These dangerous
mountain located
throughout the pacific
ring of fire, this ring of
fire is actually the
trench between the
tectonic plates. The
trench allows the
magma travel due to it
weak point.
Illustrated ring of fire (purple)

4. +
The Eruption
 Pressure from the magma chamber
kick start the activity forcing the
magma up through the conduit and
out to the volcano vents. When the
magma chamber has been
completely filled, the type of eruption
partly depends on the amount of
gasses and silica in the magma. The
amount of silica determines how
sticky (level of viscosity) the magma
is and water provides the explosion
potential of steam. Any obstacle such
as small opening on the vent
increase the pressure and maximize
the harm of explosion.
The visualization of eruption

5. +
The Volcano - Krakatoa
 An island located in the Sunda
Strait, Indonesia.
 In the year 1883, the
explosion had killed 36 417
people. The explosion could
be heard nearly 3000 miles
from it origin point, which
makes it the loudest sound
ever heard in the modern
history. The shock wave was
transmitted around the globe.
Krakatoa, Indonesia

6. +
The Volcano - Krakatoa
 With the Volcanic Explosive Index
(VEI) of 6, the eruption is about 13
times the nuclear bomb that hit
Hiroshima, Japan.
 This cataclysmic explosion can be
heard as far as Perth, West Australia
and the island of Rodrigues, near
Mauritius.
 The eruption destroyed 2/3 of the
island.
 Anak Krakatau, formed due to the
effect of the eruption.

7. +
The Volcano - Tambora
 An active stratovolcano
located on the island of
Sumbawa, Indonesia.
 The 1815 eruption lead to
‘Year without Summer’
with an approximate VEI
of 7 (the largest volcanic
eruption in the modern
history).

8. +
The Volcano – Tambora
 ‘Year without Summer’
is summer climate
abnormalities caused
the average global
temperature falls by
0.4 – 0.7°C.

9. +
The Aftermath – Tambora
 71 000 people were kill due to the
eruption causing volcanic ash
falls and sulphuric fumes in the
atmosphere.
 Due to the massive eruption, the
scale of the aftermath spread
around the world within a month
causing temperature dropped in
the Europe on July as low as
13˚C. This event is unnatural
because on that month is
Summer, which the reading is
between 24 - 27˚C.

10. +
The Aftermath – Tambora
 The dropping of the temperature is
due to the sulphuric density on the
atmosphere creating a thin film
reflecting the sun from entering
the atmosphere of the earth. This
activity cause temperature
dropped and the disappearance of
the sun or known as ‘Year without
Summer’.
 In the 1816, the world is in poverty
due to the Tambora eruption
aftermath. There are no sunlight
and the water is polluted with
sulphuric causing a high pH level.

11. +
The Aftermath - Tambora
 The agricultural sector are
doomed due to the decreasing
growth rate of their products.
The crops are not right up to
their standards and most of the
agricultural land are destroyed
due to the acidic rain.
 Throughout the year, acidic
rain has been reported and it
gave catastrophic side effect to
the environment as well as
humans.

12. +
The Aftermath - Tambora
 Rain is a major factor for
transmitting the sulfur from
the atmosphere in liquid
form that will destroy the
land, water and also human
(in fume form).
 The land became acidic
because of the rain fall; the
activity causes the
agriculture industry dropped
or slow in growth.

13. +
The Aftermath - Tambora
 Aquatic animal were
killed due to the acid in
the water, this cause the
reducing source of food
for the human survival.
 Animal and human faced
difficulties in term of
water for drinking causes
death.

14. +
Solutions
 Predicted there will be a major
eruption. A prevention is
needed to keep human race to
survive. As a technology and
knowledge are develop within
time, we are capable to create
solutions for this catastrophic
activity.
 The solutions are in form of
infrastructure, agriculture and
geographic planning.

15. +
Solution – Infrastructure
 Dwellings are the most
important thing in human as a
place for their shelters.
Designing dwelling that is
seismic, acidic and volcanic
prove are a main factors for
solution.

16. +
Solution – Infrastructure
 Seismic – to have a seismic
house or dwellings, the house
foundation must be isolated
with the structure. To
maximize the resistance,
isolating the structure and
the floor will increase the
resistance of the building to
withstand a greater scalar
ritcher.

17. +
Solution – Infrastructure
 Acidic – to prevent from
corroding due to the acidic
rain, limestone facade will be
used to act as a protection
code for the corrosion.
Limestone are the best
neutralizer for sulfur so that
the water that will be
discharge from the house will
be balance in pH.

18. +
Solution - Infrastructure
 Other than dwellings,
infrastructures to divert the
water that been brought by the
tsunami so that it will not
destroy the existing
infrastructure. Trench design
for highways can be use as
sewage when the event
happen. Tsunami happens
when the eruption causes
earthquake; the earthquake will
move the tectonic plates
causing tsunami.

19. +
Business Opportunities
 By having a green house and
hydroponic agriculture, the
food production can be
secure and also will not be
polluted when volcanic
activity happens. This will
maintain the food production
and also will give a business
opportunity even when in
emergency.

20. +
Business Opportunity
 Fish farming technology is
one of the solution and also a
business opportunity for
young fisherman to create a
new living without killing the
fish. This technology will also
prevent the volcanic activity
destruction reducing the food
source of the human being.

21. +
References
 The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath Richard
B. Stothers
 Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the
largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia)
1815, Progress in Physical Geography 1 June 2003: 230-259.
 Iberia in 1816, the year without a summer, Ricardo M. Trigo