- Money maker pumps have increased crop production, incomes, and food security in East Africa. However, women face more constraints than men in accessing and owning the pumps. - Qualitative research found that while decisions are made jointly, men have final say and prefer higher value cash crops. Women prefer crops that can be harvested longer and sold locally. - Quantitative data showed slightly lower disease rates for children where pumps were used, but Tanzania had higher rates than Kenya overall. Pump owners had higher incomes than the general population but less than national averages. - Adjustments were made to programs to increase women's access, like installment plans. However, more work is needed to overcome gender barriers to pump ownership.

1. Impact of Money maker pumps in East Africa
Ephraim Nkonya, IFPRI
Lora Iannotti, Washington University, St Louis
Beatrice Sakwa, KickStart
Amber Peterman, IFPRI
Benjamin Wielgos, IFPRI,
Valentine Gandhi, KickStart,
Edward Kato, IFPRI

2. Outline
• Progress is to date;
• Key findings from completed
qualitative and quantitative
assessments;
• mid course corrections
completed or planned based on
the results of the assessments;
• Key challenges and
constraints;
• capacity needs.

3. Progress
• Qualitative approaches:
• 30 gender disaggregated
Focus Group Discussions
(FGDs) - women only, men
only and mixed men and
women were conducted - 15
in each country ;

4. Progress (2)
• Major reason behind
the delayed completion
of midline survey is
money – project ran out
of money to employ a
greater number of
enumerators
• Efforts to raise money to
complete survey are
underway. But
completion will be late.

5. Qualitative Results: Decision making on crops grown using MMP
Both Kenya and Tanzania
• Tomatoes, cabbages, green maize and leafy vegetables (kale,
amaranth and Chinese cabbage) were the most commonly irrigated
crops
• Tomato was the most important crop for both men and women.
Difference came in the 2nd and third most important where women
preferred leafy vegetables and men crops that bring in more cash.
• There was joint decision making on what to grow, how much to grow
and where to sell but men made the final decision
Kenya
• Kales, tomatoes, spinach, cabbage, indigenous vegetables, onions and
cucumbers were the most important crops irrigated
• Choice of crop depended on market demand, availability of inputs,
and ease of management, and maturity time, length of harvesting
period, ability to fetch high income

6. Qualitative Results: Decision making on crops grown using MMP
Kenya contd:
• Women preferred leafy vegetables (kale, spinach, local vegetables)
because they are harvested over a long time, are for both food and
sale and can easily be sold at farm gate
• Men preferred high value crops such as tomatoes, onions, TC
banana, cabbage and green maize, as they were harvested and
marketed at once and fetched high incomes, and they require less
monitoring during their production.
• In a typical male-headed household men operated and maintained
the pump and women laid out the pipes and watered crops
• Both women and men planted and weeded all priority crops.
Women harvested leafy vegetables and men harvested tomatoes.

7. Qual Results: Benefits of the MMP
Tanzania
• Increased area under irrigation
• Increased harvests, leading to improved food security, better
quality food, improved health
• Higher incomes and more investments
• Improvement household well being and more love at home
• Main investments for men were: Education, house construction,
purchasing of motorcycles and/or bicycle and opening of shops for
men.
• Main investments for women were: Education, household utensils,
expanding their business an clothing
Some negative benefits: Some men used the money for alcohol and
extra marital affairs

8. Qualitative Results: Benefits of the MMP
Kenya
• Reduced labor for fetching water by women;
• ability to grow a variety off-season crops that lead to higher
incomes, household food security and improved nutrition;
• reduced idleness and time wasting in social gathering and alcohol
drinking for men,
• Recognition by agricultural extension agents - their farms are used
for field day demonstration,
• Self esteem and family cohesion – more love
• Investment in various assets – School fees land, houses, plots, and
household assets (furniture, utensils, clothing)
• Some negative benefits: Some men used the money for alcohol
and extra marital affairs

9. Qualitative Results: Constraints of accessing, owning and using pumps
Tanzania
• Majority had no problem accessing the pump however, there are
long distances to dealer shops
• However they were cash constrained and took between 1 day and
five years to buy the pump – female headed households more
constrained
• Technical problems: Rubber cups wearing out too quickly,
Difficulties in changing the valves, unavailability of spare parts
and difficult to get technical assistance to repair the pump.
• The mandatory need of two people during irrigation – especially
for female headed households
Kenya – similar to Tanzania except in Kenya time between hearing
about the pump and buying ranged from immediately to one year
• Limitation of the pump in terms of depth and distance

10. Key quantitative results – baseline survey
About 75% of pump buyers bought pumps a year or more after hearing them
Lack of money was reason for delaying to pumps in both countries

11. Qual Results: Asset Ownership
• In both Tanzania and Kenya men owned most of the
valuable assets including the wife and the children.
• However, probing revealed that men owned most high
value assets such as land, dairy cattle, commercial plots
and rental houses.
• Women owned the family house, local poultry and
household assets that they normally use to perform their
reproductive tasks such as kitchen utensils.
• Decisions on their use and disposal were however made
jointly by husband and wife.

12. Quantitative Results

13. Are pump owners poorer than the general population?

14. Child morbidities (%)
Kenya Tanzania All
2 week recall period
Acute diarrhea (3+ loose stools) 6.06 18.13 12.48
Bloody diarrhea (among those with acute diarrhea) 16.67 21.54 20.48
Fever 31.21 26.32 28.59
Respiratory illness (cough with rapid breathing) 16.83 27.83 22.68
6 month recall period
Malaria 36.12 46.90 41.85
Severe malaria (with seizures, degedege) 12.84 10.56 11.48
Eye infections 5.35 7.14 6.30
Guinea worm infection 5.35 7.14 6.30
Schistosomiasis 0.34 0.30 0.32
• Infectious disease morbidities assessed including those with possible links
to KS pump ownership (water & sanitation)
• Diarrhea lower in Kenya than expected; 16% prevalence in DHS 2003
• Prevalence of morbidities higher in Tanzania compared to Kenya, except
for fever

15. Are KickStart pump buyers the poorest?
900
800 770
Per capita annual income (US$)
KickStart
700
Rural income
600
Total population 500
500 474
400 366
325
300 278
200
100
0
Kenya Tanzania

16. % of households owning at least one cellular phone
100%
88% KickStart
90%
Total population
80%
70% 63% 61%
60%
50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Kenya Tanzania

17. Household head education of KickStart, Kenya
% of adults with no formal education = 13%
UNICEF 2010 5%
27%
38%
31%
No formal education/adult literacy training Primary education
Secondary education Post-secondary education

18. Household head education, Tanzania
% of adults with no formal education =27%
UNICEF, 2010 6% 3%
7%
68%
No formal education/adult literacy training Primary education
Secondary education Post-secondary education

19. Ownership of pumps & hosepipe, Kenya
80%
Female
70%
60% Joint
50%
Male
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorized Hose pipe
pump

20. Sex of pump & hosepipe owners, Tanzania
100%
90%
80% Female
70% Joint
60% Male
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorized Hose pipe
pump

21. Who controls pump? Kenya
90%
80% Female
Joint
70%
Male
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hip pump MMP SMMP Motorized Hose pipe
pump

22. Who controls pump, horse pipe?, Tanzania
100%
90% Female Joint
80%
Male
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hip pump SMMP Motorized pump Hose pipe

23. Mid-courses adjustments
• Layaway program – to
allow women to acquire
pumps
– 31% of pump buyers
thru layaway program
are women vs 18% thru
the traditional marketing
• Family bank to subsidize
loan for acquisition of
pumps for both men &
women

24. Mid-course correction
New questions Why?
1.How has pump acquisition Want to difference across sex of owner/controller
changed lifestyle? of pump
2. Time use across enterprises, Analyze differences across sex, age
domestic chores, & school
activities?
3. Who controls crop harvest & Comparison across sex of pump owner, plot
money? owner & drivers of such patterns
4. What are the negative social Previous questions largely looked at positive
impacts of pump ownership? impacts
5. Group membership for each Previous instrument asked for entire household.
adult New question will help compare social capital
across sex & age

25. Key constraints
• Large unexpected data collection
cost & consequent budget
constraint will lead to cutting
sample, reducing ability to detect
statistical difference between
groups becoming the biggest
challenge in the project.
• Low capacity of M&E staff:
• To do quality control of
quantitative data
• Collect and analyze qualitative
data  reliance on consultants
• Consultants ask for large fees.
But writing skills of many
consultants is low  spending
long time rewriting their reports.
So plan to hire consultants for
only facilitation & report writing
to be done by investigators

26. Project capacity needs and evaluation team
• To improve data
collection & analysis
during the endline survey
and FGD, we request
training of:
– KickStart M&E staff to
collect qualitative data
related to gender and
other aspects will certainly
– Selected consultants
willing to work with the
project during the endline
FGD