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Základní charakteristika Ketonů
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Ketony
- 2. jsou to organické sloučeniny obsahující karbonylovou skupinu mají ke karbonylové skupině připojeny dva uhlovodíkové zbytky
- 3. Triviální systematické, které se tvoří příponou -on. Ta se přidává k názvu uhlovodíku 1. Název základního uhlovodíku je propan. 2. Připojíme k názvu uhlovodíku příponu -on. 3. propan + -on = propanon nebo je uhlovodíkový zbytek methanu, který se nazývá methyl. Methyly jsou tam dva, takže je to dimethyl + keton = dimethylketon (triviální název - aceton)
- 4. Obr.č.1 Vlastnosti: Je to bezbarvá, hořlavá a jedovatá kapalina charakteristického zápachu, neomezeně mísitelná s vodou. Jeho páry tvoří se vzduchem výbušnou směs.
- 5. Použití: Je to výborné rozpouštědlo nátěrových hmot a laků na nehty. Používá se k výrobě umělého hedvábí, plastů a barviv a jeho bromové a chlorové deriváty mají silné slzotvorné účinky. Obr.č.2
- 6. V lidském organismu vzniká aceton v malém množství spontánní dekarboxylací acetacetátu, látky, která vzniká v játrech při zpracování mastných kyselin (z tuků). Acetacetát je tzv. ketolátka, která slouží jako alternativní zdroj energie (místo glukózy) pro buňky během hladovění. Aceton je vydýcháván v plicích. Při DIABETU se tvoří zvýšené množství ketolátek, proto je dech diabetiků cítit po acetonu.
- 7. Aceton je základní surovinou chemického průmyslu. Methylester kyseliny akrylové je základní stavební prvek polymeru známého jako plexisklo. Aceton se také využívá na výrobu podpatků a podrážek a jiných gumových dílů obuvi.