Presentation that I have made on Kazakhstan for PAAC (Pacific and Asian Affairs Council) while having my internship with them in Honolulu, Hawaii. Some of the photos do not belong to me.
Tajikistan presentation is sharing by Oyat from Garm city Rasht dc, Tajikistan. Hope you enjoy from watching and it is my pleasure to download it and share is to vary people arounf the world. Show how is Tajik culture and rituals and who is Tajik, where is Tajikistan.
Tajikistan officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a mountainous landloked country in Center Asia. Afganistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group, who share culture and history with the Iranian peoples and speak the Persian language.
Tajikistan presentation is sharing by Oyat from Garm city Rasht dc, Tajikistan. Hope you enjoy from watching and it is my pleasure to download it and share is to vary people arounf the world. Show how is Tajik culture and rituals and who is Tajik, where is Tajikistan.
Tajikistan officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a mountainous landloked country in Center Asia. Afganistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group, who share culture and history with the Iranian peoples and speak the Persian language.
Pakistan And Its Relations With Central AsiaMadeeha Saeed
Since the Central Asian Republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s (1991) ,Central Asian states have assumed great significance in Pakistan foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics; Kazakhstan,Krgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
This ppt brought up to you by Oyat from Garm city. Hope you are gonna have savor-able time looking in. Dont hesitate from downloading and spreading it.
Central Asian States and pakistan relationsTallat Satti
Central Asian republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s(1991), Central Asian States have assumed great significance in Pakistan’s foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
Pakistan And Its Relations With Central AsiaMadeeha Saeed
Since the Central Asian Republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s (1991) ,Central Asian states have assumed great significance in Pakistan foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics; Kazakhstan,Krgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
This ppt brought up to you by Oyat from Garm city. Hope you are gonna have savor-able time looking in. Dont hesitate from downloading and spreading it.
Central Asian States and pakistan relationsTallat Satti
Central Asian republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s(1991), Central Asian States have assumed great significance in Pakistan’s foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
This document discusses the Foreign policy of Pakistan in detail along with its constituents. Attention is given to the challenges faced by policy makers and the prospects of our policy.
Presentation by Rose Valley Elementary School, Kelowna, BC.
(Mr Bradshaw's 6th Grade Class)
Inspired by The Ambeciles route for the 2010 Mongol Rally.
http://www.theambeciles.com/
Presentation by Rose Valley Elementary School, Kelowna, BC.
(Mr Bradshaw's 6th Grade Class)
Inspired by The Ambeciles route for the 2010 Mongol Rally.
http://www.theambeciles.com/
The Trevian International team produced a 2016 guide to Kazakhstan for American businesses. Our intent is that those interested in building commercial ties with Kazakhstan will be encouraged by the welcoming society and attractive foreign investment incentives Kazakhstan offers.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. The Republic of Kazakhstan
By Anatoliy Solnyshkin, E. Muskie Scholarship holder, UMASS-Amherst, MA CPPA
2. Kazakhstan Map
North
Centre
East
West
South
Territory - 1,053,000 sq. mi – 4xTexas, 23xPA
9th largest country in the world by territory
World’s largest landlocked country: bordered by Russia, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
Source: National Statistics Agency
4. The country history in brief
Native Kazakhs are a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated
into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation.
In the end of 18th century Kazakhstan became a province of the Russian Empire
and in 20th a Soviet Republic, following the October Revolution initiated by
Vladimir LENIN and his Bolsheviks (Communist Party in future).
During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens
were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. A lot of
immigrants from other Soviet republics came to Kazakhstan.
In 1991 Kazakhstan became independent.
5. People
Population: 16.6 million
Urban: 52.8%; Rural 47.2%
Density – 15 people per sq.mile
Life Expectancy: 68 years
Literacy Rate: 99.5%
Ethnic groups: Kazakhs 63%, Russians 22%, other 15% (131 in total)
Religion: Muslim (70.2%), Russian Orthodox (26.6%), other (3.2%)
12. Economy
GDP composition Labor force - by occupation
Agriculture (5.4%) Agriculture 28.2%
Service (51.8%) Services 53.6%
Industry (42.8%) Industry 18.2%
13. “Kazy” National Food “Baursaks”
Appetizer of horse and mutton fried dough balls
meat
“Kumys”
fermented mare’s milk
14. National Food
“Beshparmak”
meat and pasta dish
Besh = Five and Parmak =
Fingers
25. Baikonur Cosmodrome
is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility
It was originally built in the Soviet Union in
late 1950s as the base of operations for its
space program. It remains a busy space
port, with numerous commercial, military
and scientific missions being launched
annually.
26. Hockey in Kazakhstan
Hockey players raised in Ust-Kamenogorsk hockey school :
Vitaliy Yeremeyev – New York Rangers
Nikolay Antropov – Atlanta Thrashers
Vitaliy Kolesnik – Colorado Avalanche
Yevgeniy Nabokov – New York Islanders
Konstantin Shafranov – Fort Wane Comets
“ Kazakhstan – An overview of the country, people, business, culture and politics”
Terrain: Extends east to west from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from the plains of Western Siberia to the oasis and desert of Central Asia. Climate: Continental, cold winters and hot summers; arid and semi-arid. Steppes in the north and center, lowlands in the west, hills and forests in the east, desert and northern tian shian in the south. The terrain in Kazakhstan varies from low-lying plains to mountainous regions high above sea level. The lowlands lie in the north, where they form the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, in the northwest and in the south. They make up one third of the territory of Kazakhstan. More than half of Kazakhstan territory is taken up by plateaus and hills 300 to 400 meters in height. The chains of Altai Mountains and Dzhungarski Ala-Tau reach a height of 4,000 to 5,000 meters and more in Kazakhstan.
It was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence. Relationships and ties with the Russian Federations are very close and significant the same as with the Republic of China. Kazakhstan was for many decades used as a raw materials base of the Soviet Union, the country eagerly participated in the II World War – the Famous 28 Phanfilov Heroes Park with eternal flames – is a grand memorial, devoted to 28 Kazakhstani Tank men headed by Panfilov, who gave their lives for the freedom of the whole Soviet Union. This Memorial of Glory shows the famous words by Panfilov: “The Russia is vast, but there is no where to retreat, Moscow is behind us!” Kazakhstan was the farthest point of the Union to be reached by the Fascists, so all the plants, factories, theaters and even famous Russian balett were relocated to this safe location. Due to this fact, the II World War for Kazakhstan became the period of ravishing development and renewal, as for many other countries around the world. Also it is worth to mention the Stalin regime. In 1937–38, a campaign against alleged enemies of the Stalinist regime culminated in the Great Purge , a period of mass repression against the population in which hundreds of thousands of people were executed. During this period many people from various republics who did not support the regime were exiled to Kazakhstan, far away from the Moscow, being the capital of the whole Soviet Union to explore the Kazakhstan resources. Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the Russian Revolution in 1917, Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the party's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 5 March 1953. Before the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million. After the Soviet Union dissolved (December 25, 1991), evidence from the Soviet archives also became available, containing official records of the execution of approximately 800,000 prisoners under Stalin for either political or criminal offenses, around 1.7 million deaths in the Gulags and some 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement – with a total of about 3 million officially recorded victims in these categories.
Kazakhstan is very ethnically diverse, with only a slight majority of Kazakhstanis being ethnic Kazakh. Other ethnic groups include Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, German, and Uyghur. Religions are Sunni Muslim, Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other.
Charyn Canyon is very large canyon in southeastern Kazakhstan, 193 kilometers east of Almaty, near the Chinese border stretching for a distance of 154 km NE-SW along the Charyn River, one of the deepest rivers of the northern Tyan-Shan. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of 150-300 m forming whimsical shapes. The 154 kilometer-long canyon is sometimes referred to “ Valley of the Castles ” because some of the oddly shaped rock formations look like battlements and towers. Turgen Waterfalls, Koryaksky waterfall – all in almaty region. tamgaly petroglyphs- Tamgaly is located 120 km to northwest of Almaty . The majority of the 5000 petroglyphs are in the main canyon, but there are a number in the many side canyons. The petroglyphs are mostly Bronze Age , but in some cases from the Iron Age and the Medieval . Tamgaly became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Saiga - endemic to central asian steppies anthelope, endangered species Snow leopard (Irbis or puma) also endangered. - became symbol of the winter olympiad for winter sports, called Asiada, held in Astana in 2011! Asiatic Wild Dog and European mink
In imaginative mountains of Zaili Alatau there are hidden several alpine lakes that like a shining mirrors reflecting the sky and mountains on their surface, surrounded on all sides by magnificent mountain peaks. The lakes changes colour depending on the season, from pale green to turquoise blue. Issyk Lake, Koyandy Lake, Kolsay lakes (2 lakes), Bif Almaty Lake, Borovoye Resort, Mangystau region! City of Turkestan is filled with ancient history, monuments, ancient mosques and finest architecture! South Kazakhstan is well known for its ski resorts in the mountains and also foliage in Autumn all over the country – as in New England area of USA. BETPACK Dala – desert in Karaganda region! Ustyurt Platou - The Ustiurtis a undulating structural table plateau. It placed between the peninsula Mangishlak and the gulf Kara-Bogaz-Gol (the Caspien Sea) in the west, the Aral Sea and the delta of the Amu Darya in the east, in Kazakhstan and in Uzbekistan. The area is about 200000 sq.km. The height is to 370 m. The region includes the whole higher step of the plain part of Central Asia and joining it small lowlying plots of the see coasts of the Caspian Sea and the gilf of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol. The plateau is sharply limited by the steep precipices-chinky (a height is 150 m and more) from the adjoining plain spaces. Last image – Zerenda close to Astana, Akmola region! The Aral Caracums is a sandy desert in Kazakhstan to the north-east of the Aral Sea. Its area is 35 ths.sq.km. The relief is plain - undulating, hollow-unlevel and barhan-unlevel alternating small lakes and salines ("sory") in the lowering of the river-beds. Bared and half-overgrown sands are mainly in this district. Sandy soils are the result of weathering an ancient alluvium. The climate is sharply continental. Annual precipitation is from 100 mm to 150 mm. Vegetation is erkekovo-white-wormwood and erkekovo-green-wormwood on the weak-undulating plains. Vegetation is psammofil on the inleven and sandy-unleven sandy soils (a juzgun, a kiyak, wormwood and the oth). In the lowerings, where fresh underground water is near, there are next grasses: a curtiny loha, iv withmezofil grasses (a reed and the oth). There are pastures for small and neat cattles: camels, horses. Water-supply takes place at the expense of the wells and the artesian chinks. Koyamndy lake – high in the mountains, the water is close to freezing temperatures, the lake is very deep, not advised to swim there. Zhosaly - an oasis surrounded by vast steppes, 150 km from Karaganda, center of the country – has mineral springs rich with Iron and other minerals, close Korasor lake and marshes provide “muds” for medical treatment of liver, skin, skeleton and bone problems, etc. The territory has a mineral lake saturated with various elements positively effecting the skin condition, swimming in the lake is very relaxing as the waters are naturally warm. The lake doesn’t have any life in it, as the water is too saturated with Iron and other micro and macro elements, but the water is cristal clear so you can the bottom of it.
Kazakhstan declared itself an independent country on December 16, 1991, the last Soviet republic to do so. Its communist-era leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev , became the country's first president, a position he retains today. President Nazarbayev maintains strict control over the country's politics . Since independence, Kazakhstan has pursued a balanced foreign policy and worked to develop its economy , especially its hydrocarbon industry. [9] The post-Soviet era has also been characterized by increased involvement with many international organizations, including the United Nations , the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , the Commonwealth of Independent States , and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation . Kazakhstan is also one of six post-Soviet states who have implemented an Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO. Kazakhstan is ethnically and culturally diverse, in part due to mass deportations of many ethnic groups to the country during Iosiph Stalin 's rule. Kazakhstan has a population of 16.6 million, with 131 ethnicities, including Kazakh , Russian , Uyghur , Ukrainian , Uzbek , Tatar , and German . Around 63% percent of the population are Kazakhs. [1] Kazakhstan allows freedom of religion , and many different beliefs are represented in the country. Islam is the religion of more than 70% of the population, while Christianity is practiced by almost all of the remainder. The Kazakh language is the state language , while Russian is also officially used as an equal language to Kazakh in Kazakhstan's public institutions Single mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the Majilis; there also are 10 members elected by party-list vote rather than by single mandate districts. The Senate has 47 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (Maslikhats) of Kazakhstan's 16 principal administrative divisions (14 provinces, plus the cities of Astana and Almaty). The president appoints the remaining 7 senators. Majilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the Parliament. In accordance with the report on the country dated 2008 by Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor under the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100615.htm) Kazakhstan is very far from being a democratic country, many things still remain to be improved: The Republic of Kazakhstan, with a population of approximately 15.3 million, has a parliamentary system dominated by President Nazarbayev's Nur Otan Party. According to official results, Nur Otan received 88 percent of the vote in the August 18 national elections for the lower house of parliament, winning every seat in the chamber. Local and international observers noted some improvements in the electoral process over past national elections but criticized the elections as falling short of a number of international standards, particularly with respect to the legislative framework and the integrity of the vote counting and tabulation process. The constitution concentrates power in the presidency, permitting the president to control regional and local governments and to exercise significant influence over the legislature and judiciary. Changes or amendments to the constitution require presidential consent. The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. There were the following human rights problems: severe limits on citizens’ rights to change their government; military hazing that led to deaths; detainee and prisoner abuse; unhealthy prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; lack of an independent judiciary; restrictions on freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association; pervasive corruption, especially in law enforcement and the judicial system; prohibitive political party registration requirements; restrictions on the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); discrimination and violence against women; trafficking in persons; and societal discrimination.
Akmola was proclaimed the capital of Kazakhstan on 10th December 1997 by the President of Kazakhstan and the Parliament. The international presentation of Astana, as the new capital of Kazakhstan, was held on 10th June 1998. Today the city's territory is over 200 sq. km. Akmola was proclaimed the capital of Kazakhstan on 10th December 1997 by the President of Kazakhstan and the Parliament. The international presentation of Astana, as the new capital of Kazakhstan, was held on 10th June 1998. Today the city's territory is over 200 sq. km. In 1999 Astana was awarded with the medal and title of City of Peace by UNESCO. The first capital of Kazakhstan was Orenburg (now in the Russian Federation) in 1920 then it was moved to Kyzylorda in 1925. The construction of the Turkish railway was the main reason for transferring the capital to Alma-Ata in 1929. The capital was moved from Almaty to Akmola for economic, ecological and geographical reasons. Almaty is too far from the actual geographic center of the country. The population in Almaty is close to 2 million with no further prospects for accommodation. In fact the city is fairly overbuilt, densely populated and has no spare areas for development. Transport is also a problem. Year in year out the ecological condition of the 'southern capital' deteriorates dramatically. It is one of the most polluted cities in Kazakhstan. Akmola was chosen as the best alternative, based on a nation-wide study taking into account 32 parameters including socioeconomic indices, climate, landscape, seismic condition, natural environment, engineering and transport infrastructure, construction facilities and work force. The old buildings that remained from the Soviet era are now being removed and replaced with totally new structures resulting in significant construction work throughout the city. President Nazarbayev has paid particular attention to Astana's architecture; most of the recently completed structures had been accredited to internationally acclaimed architects and designers such as Kisho Kurokawa or Norman Foster .. Foster;s purple Khan Shatyr shopping mall has an indoor sand beach and wave pool on the top floor. DUMAN: The Aquarium of the Entertainment Centre "Duman" is the first and the only in the CIS. This is the only Aquarium over the world, which is located over 3,000 km away from the ocean. The volume of water in our Aquarium is 3 million litres and we needed 120 tons of special sea salt to produce this water. More than 2,000 of sea inhabitants, the representatives of 100 species of sea fauna from different parts of the world, live there. Climatically, Astana is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia , a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa , until Astana became the capital. Astana is also the coldest place ever recorded in the country of Kazakhstan . Temperatures of −35 °C (−31 °F) to −40 °C (−40 °F) are common in the early winter. The new city is also known to regularly freeze for around six months every year.
Symbol of Astana, the 318-foot monument – Baiterek. According to the legend, Baiterek is the tree of life, the destination of the sacred bird, Samruk. It takes refuge in the tree’s high crown to lay a golden egg - the sun - giving life and hope. According to the legend, Baiterek is the tree of life, the destination of the sacred bird, Samruk. It takes refuge in the tree’s high crown to lay a golden egg - the sun - giving life and hope.
Kazakhstan natural resources Kazakhstan natural resources : The world’s largest reserves of barite, lead, tungsten, and uranium; second largest reserves of chromite, silver, and zinc; third largest of manganese, significant deposits of copper, gold, and iron ore. Kazakhstan current oil reserves: 35 billion barrels (twice as much as the North Sea). Kazakhstan projected oil reserves: 100-110 billion barrels by 2015 (would be in top 3 of the world). Kazakhstan current natural gas reserves: 2 trillion cubic meters. Kazakhstan projected natural gas reserves: 5 trillion cubic metres by 2015.
"the largest oil and gas reserves in the Caspian Sea basin, and is producing 1.5 million barrels of oil a day today. It is projected to produce 2.5-3.5 million barrels of oil a day by 2015. Kazakhstan's combined onshore and offshore proven hydrocarbon reserves have been estimated between 9 and 17.6 billion barrels General religions in Kazakstan The Republic of Kazakhstan is often called the crossroads of civilizations. Since ancient times various religions were formed and developed on the territory of Kazakhstan. Archeologists have found here traces of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Tengrism. Modern Kazakhstan, which is a secular state, has more than 4200 active religious associations and communities, belonging to 46 religious teachings. Today there are more than 3,200 churches, mosques ands other houses of worship. In Kazakhstan, there are followers of almost all world religions: Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism as well as ancient polytheistic cultures and modern new religious teachings. Despite the large number of different religions on the territory of Kazakhstan, major part of population is divided into Sunni Muslims and adherents of Russian Orthodox Christianity.
Today Kazakh meal is something different from the old one but still it is imbued with ancient laws of hospitability. On the contrary the hospitability is larger then ever for now because not only Kazakhs but people of various nations (Kazakhstan is a multinational country) have a meal around the dastarkhan: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Germans, Uigurs, Koreans and more. All these nations made their contribution on Kazakhs cookery. Kazakhstan cuisine includes not only traditional national Kazakhstan dishes but the best dishes of Uzbek, Russian, Tatar, Korean and other cookeries. That’s why Kazakh cuisine saving its national characteristic features has some international features. Mostly Kazakhstan food is made from meat and milk, above all, delicacies made from horse meat such as: shuzhuk (sausage made of finely chopped meat); kazy (sausage from ribs); karta (sausage from the belly); zhaya (boiled rump); zhal (from urthers); steaming kuirdak (from freshly killed sheep); zhaubuirek (a whole carcass of a ram broiled on a spit); syrbaz (a suckling lamb stewed in its own juice); srneh (a whole deep-fried year-old lamb); burmeh (a whole carcass of a ram stewed in its own skin in a hole dug in the earth with a fire made on top of it); beshbarmak (a dressed carcass of a ram or a foal boiled in a cauldron). Kumys – fermented mear’s milk Shubat - fermented camel’s milk
Kazakhs eat at a low table called a "dastarkhan" and the most popular dish has always been the national meat dish, "beshparmak" ("five fingers" because of the manner in which it is eaten). The ancient plates and dishes were made from leather, wood, ceramics. Every family had cast-iron cauldron (kazan) for cooking. The tea was boiled in cast-iron jugs, later in samovars.
Steamed Manti – came from China, stuffing is usually minced or finely cut meat with or without pumpkin! Kuirdak – national dish, made of finely cut internal cow’s gizzards. And samsy , came to Kazakhstan and to Central Asia from India: samosa can have different filling, but usually it is potatoes and meat. Samosa is also a national dish of Uzbekistan.
Lagman – came from Uigurs, that sort of dwelled as nomads between the lands of Kazakhstan and China. Plov – is Uzbek national dish which is very popular within all Central Asia, something like Paelia in Spain but the rice should be non-sticky, raisins and dried apricots are added for flavor. Chack Chack – is the national desert. Sweetened dough is rolled into thin threads that are fried in oil, honey holds the pieces of it together glued to raisins and walnuts.
The traditional Kazakh dwelling is the yurt , a tent consisting of a flexible framework of willow wood covered with varying thicknesses of felt . The open top Shanyrak permits smoke from the central hearth to escape; temperature and draft can be controlled by a flap that increases or decreases the size of the opening. A properly constructed yurt can be cooled in summer and warmed in winter, and it can be disassembled or set up in less than an hour. The interior of the yurt has ritual significance; the right side generally is reserved for men and the left for women. Yurts are also frequently used as a decorative motif in restaurants and other public buildings. Rare movie clip from real life on dastarkhans and yurta installation, and life of the nomads: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC1SbuNVLcE&feature=related
Flanked by traditional Kazakh dancers, a bride awaits her formal unveiling at an opulent wedding palace, where she has just been married in a ceremony capped by the release of two white doves. The revelry begins when the veil is lifted. National clothes is varied depending on the region people live in. Nowadays of course national clothes is worn on holidays and at parades, although some old people wear simple national clothing also. Last image: The daily wear of young men comprises of the headgear borik , a suede coat, zhargak shapan , decorative belt beldik , suede trousers zhargak shalbar , and high-boots made from suede.
1. "the Gold warrior" has been found out in 1969-70 at excavation of Issyk barrow near Almaty city. This most valuable artifact is dated V-IV centuries B.C. 2. Some decorations. 3. Antique Kazakh Jewelry box, 19th, Western Kazakhstan, silver, gilt, turquoise, chrisoprase 4. Kazakh bride's wedding headdress, 19th, Mangistau Region, Western Kazakhstan, silver, gilt, cornelian, turquoise. It is one of the most valuable 5. Antique Kazakh bracelet, 19th, Kazakhstan, silver, gilt, glass. 6. Antique Kazakh head decoration, 19th, Mangistau Region, Western Kazakhstan. 7. Kazakh Mulla Ritual Knife, it is intended for trimming children. 19th, Mangistau Region, Western Kazakhstan, silver, gilt, cornelian, glass, turquoise. 8. Kazakh tobacco box, 19th, Western Kazakhstan, pumpkin, silver, gilt, turquoise. 9. Kazakh belt ornament, 19th, Western Kazakhstan, silver, gilt, turquoise, cornelian, garnet.
There are four types of Kazakh ornaments: vegetable, animal, geometrical and astrological. Every one has its own meaning. Color is an important part of the ornament. Bright colors are for cheerful mood and prosperity; pale colors for depression and anxiety. White color is dominating in Kazakh ornaments meaning truth and happiness. Clothes decorated with tuyietaban (“camel foot”) ornament is used for distant journey. Kazakh people wishing happiness and independence present things with kus kanat (bird’s wings) . Kempyr kosak (“rainbow”) ornament consists of several colors in rainbow order. The blue color is the symbol of sky (Tengry worship), red - fire and sun, yellow - mind, green - spring and youth. Orkesh (meaning “camel hump”) ornament is used for wishing prosperity and reproduction. Tumarsha ornament is looking like an amulet. It is protecting its bearer from evil eye. Tumarsha ornament is painted on clothes, yurtas and things of everyday life. Oyushy (“master of ornaments”) “ Ornament” in Kazakh people language is named “oyu-ornek” (“oyu” - pattern, “ornek” - tracery). The master of making ornaments is called “oyushy”. Kazakh people respect oyushy very much. Last picture: This 19th-century Star Kazakh carpet was sold for US$188,000 in 2009
http://kazakhrugs.com/history.html Livestock is a very important part of the Kazakh people's life. When two Kazakhs meet, the first thing they customarily say to each other is "Мал-жан аман ба?" which means "Are the livestock and the people all right?." Kazakhs used animal wool in making clothing, carpets, and other everyday accessories. One finds the livestock theme in Kazakh art as well. Ouy-ornek (patterns or ornaments) portray rams' horn, camels' soles, and others. Traditionally, it has been important for women to learn to make folk patterns. Nowadays, although it is not common for any Kazakh woman to know how to make the patterns, it is taught in elementary schools as part of a syllabus. The Kazakh folk patterns symbolize herding, earth, water, and a legacy of nomadic culture. One of the many applications of Kazakh folk patterns can be found in Kazakh carpets. Different colors and shades in carpets have a variety of meanings. Blue indicates the sky, freedom; white: truth, fact, happiness; yellow: knowledge, wisdom, sadness; red: fire, sun ray; green: youth, spring; black: earth, peace. Traditionally, sirmakhs (handmade felt carpets) had white and black colors; later, as the craft developed, bright colors were intergrated. Sirmakhs have been used on the floor as carpets. When Kazakhs moved from place to place, they covered their possessions with sirmakhs on a camel. When the daughter of a family gets married, a sirmakh is given as part of her dowry. It takes one or two months to make such a sirmakh, or any sirmakh, the length of time depending on the complexity. Usually, other women of the family or neighbors assist in making the sirmakh. The whole process consists of several steps, such as refining the wool, dying the wool, and pressing the wool. Several women get together to make the sirmakh, bring their little children to play with other children, have tea, talk, etc. Where does the word sirmakh come from? Sirmakh (сырмақ) – "siru" (сыру): a way of sewing, with very close stitches. In the past, Kazakhs wanted to make sure that the felt carpets they made would last a very long time. Therefore, they used close sewing, as well as pressing the felt after it had been made wet. A well-made sirmakh will last over fifty years. Types of sirmakh Көш сырмақ – was placed on top of a load to be transported when nomadic Kazakhs moved from place to places. Its length was usually three to four meters. Төсеніш сырмақ - was placed on a floor (or on a place of honor), the length being three to three-and-a-half meters. Depending on the size of yurt, this length could be changed. Оталды сырмақ - was the small sirmakh placed before the fire place; two to two-and-a-half meters. (One can easily find smaller sirmakhs than those listed above.)
January 1,2 - New Year March 8 - International Women's Day March 22 - Nauryz Meyramy May 1 - Kazakhstan National Unity Day May 9 - Victory Day July 6 - Day of the Capital August 30 - Constitution Day December 16 - Independence Day There are other religious holidays with varying dates: Ramadan Khait Kurban Khait
Kus-salu - о хота с беркутом – hunting with hawks Kokpar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KUgcwEh_cI - show the movie in English about nomads and their games!
Dombra The most popular kazakh musical instrument is the dombra – a two-stringed instrument with an oval or more rarely triangle body. The strings are made from twisted sheep’s intestines. It appeared first when Kazakhs were nomads and thus is hardy and simple in design. It can be played sitting, standing or on horseback. Kobyz Another popular instrument is the kobyz – a bowed instrument with a concave neck and a big dipper-like body with an open upper side, and the lower side of which is tightened with camel leather. A carved stand for strings, which do not touch the neck, is placed on the lower side. For strings and bow (shaped like a bow) people use horsehair. In the past the shamans also used this instrument for making nasal, gloomy and penetrating sounds. The favorite wind instrument was the sybyzgy . It had the shape of a longitudinal flute. It was made of hollow cane or soft kinds of trees by cleaning the inside part. Narkobyz is the largest for of kylkobyz used by shaman Percussion - dabyl , dangyra , kepshik , dauylpaz , shyndauyl http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_QpkcqjZD0&feature=related – music, dombra. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOr5RQHXXXk&feature=related
Almaty ( Russian / Kazakh : Алматы / Almatı , i.e. "city of apples" or "city of apple trees", under the Russian Empire from 1867 to 1921 known by the Russian name of Верный , Verniy , i.e. "faithful," and under the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1993 known as Alma-Ata ( Russian : Алма́-Ата́ , from the Kazakh : алма alma , i.e. "apple", and ата/ata , i.e. "grandfather"), is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500 (at 1 September 2008). [3] This represents approximately 9% of the country's population. Almaty was the capital of the Kazakh SSR from 1929 to 1991 and of independent Kazakhstan from 1991 to 1997. Despite losing its status as the capital to Astana in 1997, Almaty remains the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan. The city is located in a mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan . During 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements on the territory of Almaty. During the Saka’s period (from 700 BC to the beginning of the Common Era), these lands were chosen for residence by Saka tribes and later Uisun tribes inhabiting the territory north of the Tian Shan mountain range. The evidences of these times are numerous burial tumuli and ancient settlements, especially giant burial mounds of Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds are the Golden man from the Issyk Kurgan , Zhalauly treasure, Kargaly diadem, Zhetysu arts bronze (boilers, lamps and altars). During the period of Saka and uisun governance, Almaty became the early education center. In the 15th–18th centuries, the city was on the way to degradation as trade activities were decreasing on this part of the Silk Road . Notwithstanding, this period was saturated with very important political events that had significant impact on the history of Almaty and Kazakhstan as a whole. It was a period of crucial ethnic and political transformations. The Kazakh state and nation were founded here, close to Almaty. These lands also witnessed the tragic developments related to the Dzungar intervention and rigorous efforts of the Kazakh to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730 the Kazakh defeated the Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, 70 km to north-west from Almaty. It was a critical moment of the Patriotic War between Kazakhs and Dzungars. On 4 February 1854 the modern history of the city began with the strengthening of the Russian piedmont Fort Verniy nearby the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range between Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The construction of the Verniy Fort was almost finished by autumn 1854. It was a fenced pentagon and one of its sides was built along the Malaya Almatinka. Later, wood fence was replaced with the wall of brick with embrasures. Main facilities were erected around the big square for training and parading. [6] In 1855 the first displaced Kazakh appeared in Verniy. Since 1856, Verniy started accepting Russian peasants. They founded the Bolshaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa (Cossack village) nearby the fortification. The inflow of migrants was increasing and led to construction of the Malaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa and Tatarskaya (Tashkentskaya) sloboda. It was the place of settlement for Tatar mechants and craftsmen. In 1867 the Verniy Fort was transformed into the town and called Almatinsk . However, the population did not like the new name of the town and soon the town was renamed as Verniy.