This document discusses improving the continuous operation of Vasilescu-Karpen's concentration pile, which produces electricity while lowering the temperature of the electrolyte and environment. It presents the historical context of electrochemistry and outlines a two-dimensional mathematical model and equation transformations for numerically analyzing the pile's electric, magnetic, temperature, velocity, and density fields. The model considers heat transfer effects and variable liquid density. Specific boundary conditions are defined for steady-state operation. Stable and unstable operating regimes are identified based on the pile's heating and cooling energy functions.
Crack problems concerning boundaries of convex lens like formsijtsrd
The singular stress problem of aperipheral edge crack around a cavity of spherical portion in an infinite elastic medium whenthe crack is subjected to a known pressure is investigated. The problem is solved byusing integral transforms and is reduced to the solution of a singularintegral equation of the first kind. The solution of this equation is obtainednumerically by the method due to Erdogan, Gupta , and Cook, and thestress intensity factors are displayed graphically.Also investigated in this paper is the penny-shaped crack situated symmetrically on the central plane of a convex lens shaped elastic material. Doo-Sung Lee"Crack problems concerning boundaries of convex lens like forms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11106.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathamatics/11106/crack-problems-concerning-boundaries-of-convex-lens-like-forms/doo-sung-lee
Dyadics algebra.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com. Thanks.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Effect of Michell’s Function in Stress Analysis Due to Axisymmetric Heat Supp...IJERA Editor
The present paper deals with the determination of quasi static thermal stresses in a limiting thick circular plate
subjected to arbitrary heat flux on upper and lower surface and the fixed circular edge is thermally insulated.
Initially the limiting thick circular plate is at zero temperature. Here we modify Kulkarni (2009) and compute
the effects of Michell function on the limiting thickness of circular plate by using stress analysis with internal
heat generation and axisymmetric heat supply in terms of stresses along radial direction. The governing heat
conduction equation has been solved by the method of integral transform technique. The results are obtained in
a series form in terms of Bessel’s functions. The results for stresses have been computed numerically and
illustrated graphically.
First part of description of Matrix Calculus at Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations please visit my website at
http://www.solohermelin.com.
Crack problems concerning boundaries of convex lens like formsijtsrd
The singular stress problem of aperipheral edge crack around a cavity of spherical portion in an infinite elastic medium whenthe crack is subjected to a known pressure is investigated. The problem is solved byusing integral transforms and is reduced to the solution of a singularintegral equation of the first kind. The solution of this equation is obtainednumerically by the method due to Erdogan, Gupta , and Cook, and thestress intensity factors are displayed graphically.Also investigated in this paper is the penny-shaped crack situated symmetrically on the central plane of a convex lens shaped elastic material. Doo-Sung Lee"Crack problems concerning boundaries of convex lens like forms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11106.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathamatics/11106/crack-problems-concerning-boundaries-of-convex-lens-like-forms/doo-sung-lee
Dyadics algebra.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com. Thanks.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Effect of Michell’s Function in Stress Analysis Due to Axisymmetric Heat Supp...IJERA Editor
The present paper deals with the determination of quasi static thermal stresses in a limiting thick circular plate
subjected to arbitrary heat flux on upper and lower surface and the fixed circular edge is thermally insulated.
Initially the limiting thick circular plate is at zero temperature. Here we modify Kulkarni (2009) and compute
the effects of Michell function on the limiting thickness of circular plate by using stress analysis with internal
heat generation and axisymmetric heat supply in terms of stresses along radial direction. The governing heat
conduction equation has been solved by the method of integral transform technique. The results are obtained in
a series form in terms of Bessel’s functions. The results for stresses have been computed numerically and
illustrated graphically.
First part of description of Matrix Calculus at Undergraduate in Science (Math, Physics, Engineering) level.
Please send comments and suggestions to solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations please visit my website at
http://www.solohermelin.com.
Solution of Fractional Order Stokes´ First EquationIJRES Journal
Fractional sine transform and Laplace transform are used for solving the Stokes` first problem with
ractional derivative, where the fractional derivative is defined in the Caputo sense of orderm1 m.
The solution of classical problem for Stokes` first problem has been obtained as limiting case.
system of algebraic equation by Iteration methodAkhtar Kamal
solve the system of algebraic equation by Iteration method
classification of Iteration method:-
(1) Jacobi's method
(2) Gauss-Seidel method
each problem
Thermal Stress in a Half-Space with Mixed Boundary Conditions due to Time Dep...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Numerical simulation on laminar convection flow and heat transfer over a non ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A numerical algorithm is presented for studying laminar convection flow and heat transfer over a non-isothermal horizontal plate.
plate temperature Tw varies with x in the following prescribed manner:
T T Cx w
n 1
where C and n are constants. By means of similarity transformation, the original nonlinear partial differential equations of flow
are transformed to a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Subsequently they are reduced to a first order system and
integrated using Newton Raphson and adaptive Runge-Kutta methods. The computer codes are developed for this numerical
analysis in Matlab environment. Velocity, and temperature profiles for various Prandtl number and n are illustrated graphically.
Flow and heat transfer parameters are derived. The results of the present simulation are then compared with experimental data in
literature with good agreement.
Keywords: Free Convection, Heat Transfer, Non-isothermal Horizontal Plate, Matlab, Numerical Simulation.
Anomalous Diffusion Through Homopolar Membrane: One-Dimensional Model by Guilherme Garcia Gimenez and Adélcio C Oliveira* in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
Exact Bound State Solution of Qdeformed Woods-Saxon Plus Modified Coulomb Pot...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an exact solution to Schrodinger equation using q-deformed Woods-Saxon plus modified Coulomb potential Using conventional Nikiforov-Uvarov method. We also obtained the energy eigen value and its associated total wave function . This potential with some suitable conditions reduces to two well known potentials namely: the Yukawa and coulomb potential. Finally, we obtained the numerical results for energy eigen value with different values of q as dimensionless parameter. The result shows that the values of the energies for different quantum number(n) is negative(bound state condition) and increases with an increase in the value of the dimensionless parameter(arbitrary constant). The graph in figure (1) shows the different energy levels for a particular quantum number.
A Coupled Thermoelastic Problem of A Half – Space Due To Thermal Shock on the...iosrjce
This paper is concerned with the determination of temperature and displacement of a half space
bounding surface due to thermal shock. This paper deals with the place boundary of the half-space is free of
stress and is subjected to a thermal shock. Moreover , the perturbation method is employed with the
thermoelastic coupling facter ԑ as the perturbation parameter. The Laplace transform and its inverse with very
small thermoelastic coupling facter ԑ are used. The deformation field is obtained for small values of time.
푃푎푟푖푎
7
has formulated different types of thermal boundary condition problems
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The branch of optics that addresses the limiting case λ0 → 0, is known as Geometrical Optics, since in this approximation the optical laws may be formulated in the language of geometry.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
This presentation is in the Optics Folder.
Solution of Fractional Order Stokes´ First EquationIJRES Journal
Fractional sine transform and Laplace transform are used for solving the Stokes` first problem with
ractional derivative, where the fractional derivative is defined in the Caputo sense of orderm1 m.
The solution of classical problem for Stokes` first problem has been obtained as limiting case.
system of algebraic equation by Iteration methodAkhtar Kamal
solve the system of algebraic equation by Iteration method
classification of Iteration method:-
(1) Jacobi's method
(2) Gauss-Seidel method
each problem
Thermal Stress in a Half-Space with Mixed Boundary Conditions due to Time Dep...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Numerical simulation on laminar convection flow and heat transfer over a non ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A numerical algorithm is presented for studying laminar convection flow and heat transfer over a non-isothermal horizontal plate.
plate temperature Tw varies with x in the following prescribed manner:
T T Cx w
n 1
where C and n are constants. By means of similarity transformation, the original nonlinear partial differential equations of flow
are transformed to a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Subsequently they are reduced to a first order system and
integrated using Newton Raphson and adaptive Runge-Kutta methods. The computer codes are developed for this numerical
analysis in Matlab environment. Velocity, and temperature profiles for various Prandtl number and n are illustrated graphically.
Flow and heat transfer parameters are derived. The results of the present simulation are then compared with experimental data in
literature with good agreement.
Keywords: Free Convection, Heat Transfer, Non-isothermal Horizontal Plate, Matlab, Numerical Simulation.
Anomalous Diffusion Through Homopolar Membrane: One-Dimensional Model by Guilherme Garcia Gimenez and Adélcio C Oliveira* in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
Exact Bound State Solution of Qdeformed Woods-Saxon Plus Modified Coulomb Pot...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an exact solution to Schrodinger equation using q-deformed Woods-Saxon plus modified Coulomb potential Using conventional Nikiforov-Uvarov method. We also obtained the energy eigen value and its associated total wave function . This potential with some suitable conditions reduces to two well known potentials namely: the Yukawa and coulomb potential. Finally, we obtained the numerical results for energy eigen value with different values of q as dimensionless parameter. The result shows that the values of the energies for different quantum number(n) is negative(bound state condition) and increases with an increase in the value of the dimensionless parameter(arbitrary constant). The graph in figure (1) shows the different energy levels for a particular quantum number.
A Coupled Thermoelastic Problem of A Half – Space Due To Thermal Shock on the...iosrjce
This paper is concerned with the determination of temperature and displacement of a half space
bounding surface due to thermal shock. This paper deals with the place boundary of the half-space is free of
stress and is subjected to a thermal shock. Moreover , the perturbation method is employed with the
thermoelastic coupling facter ԑ as the perturbation parameter. The Laplace transform and its inverse with very
small thermoelastic coupling facter ԑ are used. The deformation field is obtained for small values of time.
푃푎푟푖푎
7
has formulated different types of thermal boundary condition problems
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The branch of optics that addresses the limiting case λ0 → 0, is known as Geometrical Optics, since in this approximation the optical laws may be formulated in the language of geometry.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
This presentation is in the Optics Folder.
Microscopic Mechanisms of Superconducting Flux Quantum and Superconducting an...Qiang LI
We have provided microscopic explanations to superconducting flux quantum and (superconducting and normal) persistent current. Flux quantum is generated by current carried by "deep electrons" at surface states. And values of the flux quantum differs according to the electronic states and coupling of the carrier electrons. Generation of persistent carrier electrons does not dissipate energy; instead there would be emission of real phonons and release of corresponding energy into the environment; but the normal carrier electrons involved still dissipate energy. Even for or persistent carriers,there should be a build-up of energy of the middle state and a build-up of the probability of virtual transition of electrons to the middle state, and the corresponding relaxation should exist accordingly.
We understand that you're a college student and finances can be tight. That's why we offer affordable pricing for our online statistics homework help. Your future is important to us, and we want to make sure you can achieve your degree without added financial stress. Seeking assistance with statistics homework should be simple and stress-free, and that's why we provide solutions starting from a reasonable price.
Visit statisticshomeworkhelper.com or email info@statisticshomeworkhelper.com. You can also call +1 (315) 557-6473 for assistance with Statistics Homework.
if you are struggling with your Multiple Linear Regression homework, do not hesitate to seek help from our statistics homework help experts. We are here to guide you through the process and ensure that you understand the concept and the steps involved in performing the analysis. Contact us today and let us help you ace your Multiple Linear Regression homework!
Visit statisticshomeworkhelper.com or email info@statisticshomeworkhelper.com. You can also call +1 (315) 557-6473 for assistance with Statistics Homework.
The approximate bound state of the nonrelativistic Schrӧdinger equation was
obtained with the modified trigonometric scarf type potential in the framework of
asymptotic iteration method for any arbitrary angular momentum quantum number l
using a suitable approximate scheme to the centrifugal term. The effect of the screening
parameter and potential depth on the eigenvalue was studied numerically. Finally, the
scattering phase shift of the nonrelativistic Schrӧdinger equation with the potential
under consideration was calculated.
Bound State Solution of the Klein–Gordon Equation for the Modified Screened C...BRNSS Publication Hub
We present solution of the Klein–Gordon equation for the modified screened Coulomb potential (Yukawa) plus inversely quadratic Yukawa potential through formula method. The conventional formula method which constitutes a simple formula for finding bound state solution of any quantum mechanical wave equation, which is simplified to the form; 2122233()()''()'()()0(1)(1)kksAsBscsssskssks−++ψ+ψ+ψ=−−. The bound state energy eigenvalues and its corresponding wave function obtained with its efficiency in spectroscopy.
Key words: Bound state, inversely quadratic Yukawa, Klein–Gordon, modified screened coulomb (Yukawa), quantum wave equation
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered Quality
Karpen generator
1. FOR A CONTINUOUS WORKING OF THE VASILESCU-KARPEN’S
CONCENTRATION PILE
Mihai DOGARU – Society for Promotion of Renewable, Inexhaustible and New Energies –
SPERIN, mihdogaru@yahoo.com
Mircea Dimitrie CAZACU – University POLITEHNICA, Bucharest, cazacu@hydrop.pub.ro
1. The imperious actuality of Vasilescu Karpen concentration pile.
The global warming in the two last centuries, due to the low efficiencies of the
thermodynamical cycles, as well as the gas emission with green-house effect, followed in the
last time of the important climate changes, manifested by strong storms and torrential rains,
caused by the water vapor excess, resulted by burning, after 1850 years, also of the
hydrocarbons too; will lead in the same time, in our opinion, at the situation that the Earth
will lose gradually its seasons [1].
To avoid this effect, besides the arising of afforestated surfaces, on the first place of the
technical proceedings the concentration pile of the famous Romanian scientist Nicolae
Vasilescu Karpen [2]÷[7] situate as the only proceeding known by us, which will produce the
electric energy by diminishing of electrolyte and consequently environment temperature.
2. Historical antecedents of the electrochemistry
Although the founder of the interdisciplinary science of the Electro-magneto-dynamics
in 1831 and of the Electrochemistry in 1833 is the famous physicist and chemist Michael
Faraday (1791-1867), galvanizing applications are known yet from the asiro-babilonian
epoch, when the statues are gilded means by an electric pile.
In an previous paper [8] we tried to obtain the continuous working of the K pile,
applying a magnetic field created by permanent magnets, in the aim to intensify the
connective heat transfer between the electrolyte and the environment through the pile walls.
In this work we shall present a mathematical model of the K pile working in absence of
magnetic field, but considering the thermal-siphon effect of the electrolyte density variation.
3. Two-dimensional mathematical model of the K pile and equation transformation
3.1. Electric field equations [9] with the component JZ = 0 according with figure 1, are:
- electric charge conservation equation, unstable in the iterative numerical calculus,
which can be identically verified by the introduction of the electric current line function
(X,Y) = const. and which, with respect of the potential linesI ( ),X Y∈ are in the relations:
X Y
div 0
J J
J
X Y
∂ ∂
= + ≡
∂ ∂
ur
→ X YJ X
′ ′= =∈I and Y XJ ′ ′Y= − =∈I , (1)
which permits the introduction of complex variable function
( ) ( ) ( ), ,Z X Y i X YΦ =∈ + I , (2)
whose real part, representing by the equation (1) verification, the harmonic potential,
2 2
X Y,
0
X Y
′′ ′′∆ ∈=∈ +∈ = , (3)
the imaginary part, representing the electric current line function
2. ( )X Y
X Y
d d
d d d 0 , const.
X Y
X Y X Y
J J
′ ′= → = + = → =I I I I , (4)
supposing the spectral line orthogonality ( ), const.X Y∈ = and ( ), const.X Y =I
- magnetic circuit law in the case of quasistationary regime,
Y Y
X Y Z
X Y Z
rot X
i j k
H H H H
H J iJ jJ kJ i j k X
X Y Z Z Z X Y
H H H
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ⎞
= = + + = = − + + −⎜ ⎟
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂⎝ ⎠
r r r
uur ur r r rrr r
(5)
and which, in the case of made hypothesis, one reduces of the equations:
Z Y
X
1 YH H B
J
Y Z Z
∂ ∂ ∂
= − − ⋅
∂ ∂ µ ∂
, X Z
Y
1 XH H B
J
Z X Z
∂ ∂ ∂
= − ⋅
∂ ∂ µ ∂
, Y X
Z 0
H H
J
X Y
∂ ∂
= − =
∂ ∂
, (5’)
the last of these equations demonstrating the two-dimensional magnetic field dependence on a
scalar potential ( , )X Yℵ , in accordance with the equations:
( ) ( )X Y X Y X X, grad ,H X Y i H jH X Y i j H′ ′ ′= + = ℵ = ℵ + ℵ → =ℵ
r r r r r
and , (5”)YH ′=ℵY
- Ohm’s law, where σ is the electric conductivity and ( ),X Y∈ the electric potential
( ) ( )x Y X Ygrad , =J iJ jJ X Y E iE jE= + = ∈ σ = σ +
ur urr r r r
, → X XJ EX
′=∈ = σ , . (3)Y Y YJ E′=∈ = σ
Y
T0 C Ψ = 0
c Ψ = 0
+ _ g
η = 0
X A a 0
T0 T0 = const.
JX
Fig. 1. Two-dimensional configuration of a K pile, boundary conditions and co-ordinate axes
3.2. The scalar temperature field equation, considering the heat connective transfer
due to the K pile cooling in permanent regime, with the constant specific heat and thermal
conduction coefficient, is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2
2 2
X Y X YX Y
,T c T U T V T T R J J K J X Y′ ′ ′′ ′′ρ + = λ + + + − ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦ , (6)
- liquid state equation of variable density in accordance with the expression [10]
( ) ( ) ( )0 0 01T T Tρ = ρ −β⋅δ = ρ −ρ β − 0T Twith X,Y T X,Y 0 X,YT′ ′ ′ ′ρ = ρ = −ρ β , (7)
where the influence of the relative volume variation δW/W as function of the temperature
variation,
3. ( )T 0
0
0
T-T 3
W WW
T
W W
−δ
β = δ = = α being the volume dilatation coefficient, three time greater
than the linear coefficient ( )T 0
0
0
L LL
T T
L L
−δ
α = δ = −T .
3.3. The equation system of the velocity hydrodynamic field, composed by:
- motion equations on the two directions, of a liquid with constant viscosity
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2X Y X X Y
UU VU T P U U T′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′+ ⋅ρ + = υ + ⋅ρ , (8)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2X Y Y X Y
UV VV T P V V g T⎡′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′+ ⋅ρ + = υ + − ⋅ρ⎣
⎤
⎦ , (9)
- electrolyte mass conservation equation, unstable in the iterative numerical calculus,
is according the estimation from [10]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )X Y 0 X YX Y
1 0U V T U T V T T U V′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ρ + ρ = −β + + −β − + =⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦ , (10)
but identically verified, introducing the streamline function Ψ (X,Y) = CT. by the relations:
( )
( ) Y
1
,
,
U X Y
T X Y
′= Ψ
ρ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
, ( )
( ) X
1
,
,
V X Y
T X Y
′= − Ψ
ρ⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
. (11)
By introduction of the thermal-current line function and pressure function
elimination in virtue of Schwarz’s relation, of second order mixed derivative commutativity
, one obtains a nonlinear with partial differential equation up to 4X,Y Y,XP P′′ ′′= th
order for
thermal-current line function and up to 2nd
order for temperature function.
4. The equation system transformation for the numerical treatment
For more generality of the numerical solving, we shall use the dimensionless variables
and functions, denoting by:
,
X Y
x y
A A
= = and
m m m 0 0 0
,, , , , ,
U V T J
j
U U U A T J
u v
Ψ ∈
= = ψ = θ = = ε =
∈ 0
η =
I
I
,(12)
with which the relation (2) becomes in dimensionless form ( ) ( ) (, ,z x y i xϕ = ε + η )y .
4.1. The electric charge conservation equation, replacing the partial differentials
with the expressions in finite differences, in the case of a quadratic grid δy = δx = δ, becomes
2 2
x y,
0
x y
′′ ′′∆ ε = ε + ε = , → 1 0 3 2 0 4
2 2
2 2
0
ε − ε + ε ε − ε + ε
+ =
δ δ
, (13)
Thus, the solving of the algebraic relation (13) makes the calculation of the harmonic
electric potential
4
0 i
i=1
1
4
ε = ε∑ , (13’)
associated to the equation with partial differentials (13), representing the very known formula
of the mean value.
The numerical solution stability is assured always by the error propagation relation
in any both calculus directions in the considered domain [11]
x,y
n+1 n
1
4
±
δε = δε . (14)
4.2. Temperature field equation, utilizing the (11) relations, becomes in
dimensionless form
( ) ( )2 2
2 2 2
y x x y x y xx y
1
o Ka
Pé
j j j j′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′ψ θ −ψ θ = θ + θ + ℑ + − + 2
y , (15)
4. in which one denoted the similitude numbers Péclet, Joule and Karpen of the specific thermal-
electric considered phenomenon, by the expressions:
m
0 0
Pé=
U A
aT ρ
,
2
0
m
o=
R J A
cU
ℑ , 0
m
Ka =
K A J
cU
. (16)
Replacing in (15) the expressions of partial differentials, deduced by the finite
difference method and expliciting the θ0 value from the linear part, one obtain the associate
algebraic relation
( )( ) ( )( )
2 24
2
0 i 1 3 2 4 2 4 1 3 0
i=1
1 Pé Pé o PéKa
4 16 4 4
j j
ℑ δ δ
θ = θ + ψ − ψ θ − θ − ψ − ψ θ − θ + −⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦∑ 0 , (17)
from which we can deduce the error propagation relation, for instance on the calculus
direction ± x
( ) ( ) 2 2
2 4 2 4x 2
n+1 n n n+1 n+1
Pé - Pé -1 Pé o
4 16 16 4 4
j± ψ ψ θ θ⎛ ⎞ ℑ δ ℑ δ
δθ = ± δθ δψ + δ − δ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
m
Pé o
j , (18)
which assure numerical solution stability in the conditions:
( )2 4Pé -1
1
4 16
ψ ψ⎛ ⎞
±⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
p , ( )2 4Pé - 16θ θ p , and .
(19)
2
Pé o 4ℑ δ p 2
Pé o 4ℑ δ p
5. The specific boundary conditions of the studied problem in the case of steady state:
5.1. For the hydrodynamic field, ΨC = 0 on the whole vessel outline containing the
electrolyte, inclusive at its free surface and on the electrode axis, with unknown values ± ΨE
on the two electrodes, which will result follows the iterative numerical calculus and of the
electric current resulted by closing of the circuit on the exterior charge resistor.
5.2. For the thermal field, TC = T0 = the environment temperature, on the whole
vessel outline supposed as thermal perfect conductor, inclusive at the electrolyte free surface,
with unknown but constant values TE = const. on the two electrodes, good thermal conductors
and depending of the pile working regime intensity,
5.3. For the electric field, on the axis perpendicularly on the two electrodes A E⊥ and
with unknown values ± Cη at their two ends, with the boundary conditions on electrodes face
0η =
( )FEFE
J J Y= and back ( )BEBE
J J Y= , resulted by the relation (14) and solving in the
oundary conditions concerning to the voltage values on the both electrodes .b E±ε
R J 2
K J
Stable
working
Unstable
working
0 Jcritical J
5. 6. A final observation
The calculus program being for the moment in course of elaboration, we shall permit
only a consideration to explain the experimental result of the electrode polarization in the
situation of a intense working of the Vasilescu Karpen pile, considering the graphic
representation (fig.2) of the thermal energy functions of pile heating and cooling respectively,
given by the equation (17), limiting the two zones of continuous working, stable of physical
point of view and specific of pile reduced charge, with respect of the intense one, when the
developed energy by heating overtakes, by our estimation, its cooling one, resulting by the
normal working.
7. References
[1] M.D.Cazacu. Tehnologii pentru o dezvoltare durabilă (Technologies for a sustainable
development). Al II-lea Congres al Academiei Oamenilor de Ştiinţă din România “Dezvoltarea în
pragul mileniului al III-lea”, 27-29 septembrie 1998, Bucureşti, Ed.EUROPA NOVA, 1999, 533-539.
[2] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. Piles à oxygène empruntant leur énergie au milieu ambiant. Acad. de
Sci., Paris, 1944, T. 218, p.228.
[3] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. Piles à hidrogène empruntant leur énergie au milieu ambiant. Acad. de
Sci., Paris, 1948, T. 226, p.1273.
[4] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. La variation de la f.é.m. de la pile à gas avec la pression. F.é.m. de la
pile de concentration à oxygène et la thermodynamique. C.R. Acad.de Sci., Paris, 1949, T. 228, p.231.
[5] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. Pila electrică de concentraţie cu oxigen şi termodinamica (The electric
concentration pile with oxygen and the thermodynamics). Bul.Şt. Acad. RPR, Secţ.de Şt.Mat.şi Fiz.,
T. VII, nr. 1, Ian.-Febr.-Martie, 1955, p. 161.
[6] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. Afinitatea electronilor pentru oxigenul dizolvat în apă şi termodinamica
(Electron affinity for the dissolute oxygen in water and the thermodynamics). Bul.Şt.Acad. RPR,
Secţ.de Şt.Mat.şi Fiz., T. VII, nr. 2, April-Mai-Iunie, 1955, p. 491.
[7] N. Vasilescu-Karpen. Fenomene şi teorii noi în electrochimie şi chimie fizică (New
phenomena and theories in electrochemistry and physical chemistry). Ed.Academiei RPR, 1957
[8] M.D.Cazacu, M.Dogaru, A.Stăvărache. Vasilescu-Karpen pile as a proceeding to diminish the
Earth warming. Conf.Naţională pt.Dezvoltare Durabilă, 13 iunie 2003, Univ.Politehnica, Bucureşti,
273-280.
[9] A.Timotin, V.Hortopan. Lecţii de bazele electrotehnicei (Lessons of electrotechnics basis).
Vol. I, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1964.
[10] M.D.Cazacu, M.D.Staicovici. Numerical solution stability of the Marangoni effect. The 5th
Internat.Conf. OPROTEH November 2002, University of Bacău, Modelling and Optimization in the
Machines Building Field – MOCM – 8, Romanian Academy 2002, 161-166.
[11] D.Dumitrescu, M.D.Cazacu. Theoretische und experimentelle Betrachtungen über die
Strömung zäher Flüssigkeiten um eine Platte bei kleinen und mittleren Reynoldszahlen. Zeitschr. für
Angew. Math. und Mechanik, 1, 50, 1970, 257- 280.