This document proposes applying kanban scheduling techniques to systems engineering activities in rapid response environments. It describes how systems engineering could be modeled as a set of continuous and taskable services that flow through a kanban scheduling system. This approach aims to improve integration and use of scarce SE resources, provide flexibility and predictability, enable visibility and coordination across projects, and reduce governance overhead. The document defines key aspects of a kanban scheduling system for SE, including work items, activities, resources, queues, and flow metrics. It argues this approach could better support SE in rapid response compared to traditional methods.
Role of Operational System Design in Data Warehouse Implementation: Identifyi...iosrjce
Data warehouse designing process takes input from operational system of the organization. Quality
of data warehousing solution depends on design of operational system. Often, operational system
implementations of organizations have some limitations. Thus, we cannot proceed for data warehouse
designing so easily. In this paper, we have tried to investigate operational system of the organization for
identifying such limitations and determine role of operational system design in the process of data warehouse
design and implementation. We have worked out to find possible methods to handle such limitations and have
proposed techniques to get a quality data warehousing solution under such limitations. To make the work based
on live example, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Project has been taken. It is a national project of
health sector, managed by Indian Government across the country. The complex structure and high volume of
data makes it an ideal case for data warehouse implementation.
Role of Operational System Design in Data Warehouse Implementation: Identifyi...iosrjce
Data warehouse designing process takes input from operational system of the organization. Quality
of data warehousing solution depends on design of operational system. Often, operational system
implementations of organizations have some limitations. Thus, we cannot proceed for data warehouse
designing so easily. In this paper, we have tried to investigate operational system of the organization for
identifying such limitations and determine role of operational system design in the process of data warehouse
design and implementation. We have worked out to find possible methods to handle such limitations and have
proposed techniques to get a quality data warehousing solution under such limitations. To make the work based
on live example, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Project has been taken. It is a national project of
health sector, managed by Indian Government across the country. The complex structure and high volume of
data makes it an ideal case for data warehouse implementation.
SOCIO-ORGANO COMPLEXITY, PROJECT SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE AND UNDERDAMPED TRANSIE...ijccmsjournal
Complexity is an inherent property of all systems and a result of interconnections. In projects various
systems come together to deliver the required outcome(s). The most common type of project complexity
mentioned / considered in practice is the technical complexity and this has always been considered a main
factor which affects project performance. Despite that, projects are delivered by people who interface
continuously and therefore are effected by complexity, and in particular that caused by socio-organo
interfaces and the boundaries between the various teams and parties. This has not been investigated.
Socio-organo complexity leads to reduction in performance if interconnections are not managed. Research
has been carried out to understand the effects of complexity through project management processes on
project schedule and performance, aiming towards the development of a tool and identification of actions
that will enable the management of these effects. The author presents results of five case studies, which
demonstrate that socio-organo complexity affects performance and these results have similarities with the
behaviour of underdamped control systems. The results have significant implications on the way socioorganisational complexity can be managed, how processes are implemented, but also enable parallels to
be drawn between the fields of project management and control systems. Considering control systems
theory proposals are made in this paper for actions to be taken which will contribute towards the
management of the effects of socio-organo complexity on projects.
A HYPER-HEURISTIC METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THEJOBS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTieijjournal
Currently cloud computing has turned into a promising technology and has become a great key for satisfying a flexible service oriented , online provision and storage of computing resources and user’s information in lesser expense with dynamism framework on pay per use basis.In this technology Job Scheduling Problem is acritical issue. For well-organizedmanaging and handling resources, administrations, scheduling plays a vital role. This paper shares out the improved Hyper- Heuristic Scheduling Approach to schedule resources, by taking account of computation time and makespan with two detection operators. Operators are used to select the low-level heuristics automatically. Conditional
Revealing Algorithm (CRA)idea is applied for finding the job failures while allocating the resources. We believe that proposed hyper-heuristic achieve better results than other individual heuristics.
Lindorff Group is a leading outsourced receivables management company in Europe, and one of the leading on a global basis. For the past three–four years, they have increasingly adopted agile practices, especially in a large scale project converting and improving an old system written in Powerhouse to new .Net–technology.
The results from adopting agile practices have been mostly positive, however, there were challenging issues related to requirement handling and estimation that needed attention. In 2008, Lindorff joined a project with Symphonical funded by Innovation Norway. The purpose of the project was to develop software for requirements handling, estimation and knowledge management for the Symphonical platform. Symphonical is a flexible web–based collaboration platform, where users can brainstorm, plan, organize and coordinate any process.
This talk presents results from a case study detailing the challenges faced by Lindorff as they simultaneously adopted agile practices and introduced a new system for requirement handling and estimation. According to the respondents of the case study, Lindorff appears to have improved on two of the main points of concern presented in the 2007 study: requirement handling and estimation. Many users report that the introduction of agile methods and the platform Symphonical has improved the quality of important work processes. Furthermore, they report that the introduction of Symphonical has provided a framework for structured discussions regarding individual requirements, which helps maintaining the focus of IT projects. Furthermore, the flexible sharing regime where one can easily share information to external participants improves the effectiveness and efficiency of collaboration with all project contributors.
This is the part of the presentation done by a PMP Workgroup which includes the project managers from NashTech, Trobz and Besco to study the Project Management and get the PMP certification. This part describes the process of Sequencing Activities in the Project Schedule Management knowledge area.
A HYPER-HEURISTIC METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THEJOBS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTieijjournal1
Currently cloud computing has turned into a promising technology and has become a great key for
satisfying a flexible service oriented , online provision and storage of computing resources and user’s
information in lesser expense with dynamism framework on pay per use basis.In this technology Job
Scheduling Problem is acritical issue. For well-organizedmanaging and handling resources,
administrations, scheduling plays a vital role. This paper shares out the improved Hyper- Heuristic
Scheduling Approach to schedule resources, by taking account of computation time and makespan with two
detection operators. Operators are used to select the low-level heuristics automatically. Conditional
Revealing Algorithm (CRA)idea is applied for finding the job failures while allocating the resources. We
believe that proposed hyper-heuristic achieve better results than other individual heuristics
SOCIO-ORGANO COMPLEXITY, PROJECT SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE AND UNDERDAMPED TRANSIE...ijccmsjournal
Complexity is an inherent property of all systems and a result of interconnections. In projects various
systems come together to deliver the required outcome(s). The most common type of project complexity
mentioned / considered in practice is the technical complexity and this has always been considered a main
factor which affects project performance. Despite that, projects are delivered by people who interface
continuously and therefore are effected by complexity, and in particular that caused by socio-organo
interfaces and the boundaries between the various teams and parties. This has not been investigated.
Socio-organo complexity leads to reduction in performance if interconnections are not managed. Research
has been carried out to understand the effects of complexity through project management processes on
project schedule and performance, aiming towards the development of a tool and identification of actions
that will enable the management of these effects. The author presents results of five case studies, which
demonstrate that socio-organo complexity affects performance and these results have similarities with the
behaviour of underdamped control systems. The results have significant implications on the way socioorganisational complexity can be managed, how processes are implemented, but also enable parallels to
be drawn between the fields of project management and control systems. Considering control systems
theory proposals are made in this paper for actions to be taken which will contribute towards the
management of the effects of socio-organo complexity on projects.
A HYPER-HEURISTIC METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THEJOBS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTieijjournal
Currently cloud computing has turned into a promising technology and has become a great key for satisfying a flexible service oriented , online provision and storage of computing resources and user’s information in lesser expense with dynamism framework on pay per use basis.In this technology Job Scheduling Problem is acritical issue. For well-organizedmanaging and handling resources, administrations, scheduling plays a vital role. This paper shares out the improved Hyper- Heuristic Scheduling Approach to schedule resources, by taking account of computation time and makespan with two detection operators. Operators are used to select the low-level heuristics automatically. Conditional
Revealing Algorithm (CRA)idea is applied for finding the job failures while allocating the resources. We believe that proposed hyper-heuristic achieve better results than other individual heuristics.
Lindorff Group is a leading outsourced receivables management company in Europe, and one of the leading on a global basis. For the past three–four years, they have increasingly adopted agile practices, especially in a large scale project converting and improving an old system written in Powerhouse to new .Net–technology.
The results from adopting agile practices have been mostly positive, however, there were challenging issues related to requirement handling and estimation that needed attention. In 2008, Lindorff joined a project with Symphonical funded by Innovation Norway. The purpose of the project was to develop software for requirements handling, estimation and knowledge management for the Symphonical platform. Symphonical is a flexible web–based collaboration platform, where users can brainstorm, plan, organize and coordinate any process.
This talk presents results from a case study detailing the challenges faced by Lindorff as they simultaneously adopted agile practices and introduced a new system for requirement handling and estimation. According to the respondents of the case study, Lindorff appears to have improved on two of the main points of concern presented in the 2007 study: requirement handling and estimation. Many users report that the introduction of agile methods and the platform Symphonical has improved the quality of important work processes. Furthermore, they report that the introduction of Symphonical has provided a framework for structured discussions regarding individual requirements, which helps maintaining the focus of IT projects. Furthermore, the flexible sharing regime where one can easily share information to external participants improves the effectiveness and efficiency of collaboration with all project contributors.
This is the part of the presentation done by a PMP Workgroup which includes the project managers from NashTech, Trobz and Besco to study the Project Management and get the PMP certification. This part describes the process of Sequencing Activities in the Project Schedule Management knowledge area.
A HYPER-HEURISTIC METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THEJOBS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTieijjournal1
Currently cloud computing has turned into a promising technology and has become a great key for
satisfying a flexible service oriented , online provision and storage of computing resources and user’s
information in lesser expense with dynamism framework on pay per use basis.In this technology Job
Scheduling Problem is acritical issue. For well-organizedmanaging and handling resources,
administrations, scheduling plays a vital role. This paper shares out the improved Hyper- Heuristic
Scheduling Approach to schedule resources, by taking account of computation time and makespan with two
detection operators. Operators are used to select the low-level heuristics automatically. Conditional
Revealing Algorithm (CRA)idea is applied for finding the job failures while allocating the resources. We
believe that proposed hyper-heuristic achieve better results than other individual heuristics
This survey reviews the latest literature related to scheduling problems which is closely related to load
balancing problems. It is noted that they are often used with the same meaning. In fact, it is not efficient to use one
without the other. This is because the scheduling problem is to determine the order of tasks execution on available
devices, while load balancing seeks to balance these tasks between these devices. The motivation of this work comes
from the need to have, in one paper, a comprehensive idea of these problems with an in-depth view of the involved
research tendencies. Several scheduling schemes under different constraints and optimization criteria are discussed.
We observed that the rapid technological development at the level of machinery and equipment is accompanied by
intensive use of these devices. This requires the enhancement and improvement of scheduling algorithms and the
tendency is more and more towards the heuristic and approximate algorithms. As the scheduling schemes range from
workshops to Cloud, Fog and Edge computing segments of the collaborative mobile computing, we argue that they
have not yet been used effectively in its third segment: individual mobile networks. These networks can play the most
effective role, in catastrophic situations, to overcome the problem of telephony/internet communication traffic with
the cheapest or free cost. We aim to motivate research on scheduling issues to this segment of collaborative mobile
computing that becomes indispensable in urgent these cases as: Oregon, floods, earthquake, terrorist attacks, etc.,
when almost everything is damaged or not accessible except our small mobile devices and ubiquitous resources.
A SURVEY ON ACCURACY OF REQUIREMENT TRACEABILITY LINKS DURING SOFTWARE DEVELO...ijiert bestjournal
There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing schemes with number of variations are proposed. Sti ll there were some drawbacks in single path routing . Single path routing was unable to provide the reliability and h igh throughput. Also security level was not conside red while routing. Recently,to remove the drawbacks of the s ingle path routing new routing technique is propose d called as multipath routing. In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initiall y multipath routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There are other protocols which are proposed for the reli ability,energy saving,security and high throughpu t. Some multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission.
Senior Capstone - Systems Operations ManualKevin Kempton
Systems manual example using waterfall approach to software development. Project management plan to identify implementation, training, delivery, and outline the structure of the college systems.
EFFICIENT SCHEDULING STRATEGY USING COMMUNICATION AWARE SCHEDULING FOR PARALL...ijdpsjournal
In the area of Computer Science, Parallel job scheduling is an important field of research. Finding a best
suitable processor on the high performance or cluster computing for user submitted jobs plays an
important role in measuring system performance. A new scheduling technique called communication aware
scheduling is devised and is capable of handling serial jobs, parallel jobs, mixed jobs and dynamic jobs.
This work focuses the comparison of communication aware scheduling with the available parallel job
scheduling techniques and the experimental results show that communication aware scheduling performs
better when compared to the available parallel job scheduling techniques.
The task scheduling is a key process in large-scale distributed systems like cloud computing infrastructures
which can have much impressed on system performance. This problem is referred to as a NP-hard problem
because of some reasons such as heterogeneous and dynamic features and dependencies among the
requests. Here, we proposed a bi-objective method called DWSGA to obtain a proper solution for
allocating the requests on resources. The purpose of this algorithm is to earn the response quickly, with
some goal-oriented operations. At first, it makes a good initial population by a special way that uses a bidirectional
tasks prioritization. Then the algorithm moves to get the most appropriate possible solution in a
conscious manner by focus on optimizing the makespan, and considering a good distribution of workload
on resources by using efficient parameters in the mentioned systems. Here, the experiments indicate that
the DWSGA amends the results when the numbers of tasks are increased in application graph, in order to
mentioned objectives. The results are compared with other studied algorithms.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
SURVEY ON SCHEDULING AND ALLOCATION IN HIGH LEVEL SYNTHESIScscpconf
This paper presents the detailed survey of scheduling and allocation techniques in the High Level Synthesis (HLS) presented in the research literature. It also presents the methodologies and techniques to improve the Speed, (silicon) Area and Power in High Level Synthesis, which are presented in the research literature.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. 310 Richard Turner et al. / Procedia Computer Science 8 (2012) 309 – 314
work. Work may be the creation of a part, the integration of a part into an assembly, or any completeable
task. Once all cards have been associated, no more work can begin until some piece of work is completed
and its card becomes available. An example of a simple kanban is the use of a limited number of tickets
for entry into the Japanese Imperial Gardens [8]. The fundamental idea is to use visual signals to
synchronize the flow of work with process capacity, limit the waste of work interruption, minimize excess
inventory or delay due to shortage, prevent unnecessary rework, and provide a means of tracking work
progress.
In knowledge work, the components of production are ideas and information [10, 11]. In software and
systems, the kanban concept has evolved into a means of smoothing flow by balancing work with
resource capability. It focuses more on limiting work in progress according to capacity. Work cannot be
started until there is an available appropriate resource. In that way, it is characterized as a “pull” system,
since the work is pulled into the process rather than “pushed” via a schedule. In this research, we define a
visually monitored set of process steps adding value to work units that flow through them. Each step has
its own queue and set of resources. The fact that queues are included in the system allows costs of delay
and other usually invisible aspects of scheduling to be integral inputs to decision making. The visual
representation of the work is critical to kanban success, because it provides immediate understanding of
the state of flow through the set of process activities. This transparency makes apparent process delays or
resource issues and enables the team to recognize and react immediately to resolve the cause. on. The
process is managed through Work in Progress (WIP) limits, small batch sizes, and Classes-of-Service
(COS) definitions that prioritize work with respect to value and risk. Flow is measured and tracked
through statistical methods that provide insight to tune and improve the system.
WIP is partially-completed work, equivalent to the manufacturing concept of parts inventory waiting
to be processed by a production step. WIP accumulates ahead of bottlenecks unless upstream production
is curtailed or the bottleneck resolved [12]. WIP in knowledge work is the number of tasks that have been
started and not completed. Limiting WIP is a concept to control flow and enhance value by specifically
limiting the amount of work to be assigned to a set of resources (a WIP Limit). WIP limits accomplish
several goals: they can lower the context-switching overhead that impacts individuals or teams attempting
to handle several simultaneous tasks; they can accelerate value by completing higher value work before
starting lower value work; and, they can provide for reasonable resource work loads over time.
Using small batch sizes is a supporting concept to WIP to further limit rework and provide flexibility
in scheduling and response to unforeseen change. Smaller batch sizes even out the process flow and allow
downstream processes to consume the batches smoothly, rather than in a start-and-stop fashion that makes
inefficient use of resources. The move from “one step to glory” system initiatives to iterative, deployable
increments is an example of reducing batch size. Incremental builds and ongoing, continuous integration
also approximate the effect of small batch sizes.
In the remainder of the paper we will refer to the proposed approach as a kanban-based scheduling
system (KSS). While not a true kanban in the manufacturing sense, the characteristics are sufficiently
similar to support the name.
1.2. Predicted Benefits of the Proposed Approach
1.2.1. More effective integration and use of scarce systems engineering resources
Using a KSS and applying a model of SE based on continuous activities and taskable services is a
value-based way to prioritize the use of scarce SE resources across multiple projects. The value function
within the next-work selection process can be tailored to provide efficient and effective scheduling that
maximizes the value provided by the resource based on multiple, system-wide parameters. Additionally,
having service requests including time vs. value parameters can help determine if the delay of other
service requests fulfillment is warranted by the current service request.
3. Richard Turner et al. / Procedia Computer Science 8 (2012) 309 – 314 311
1.2.2. Flexibility and predictability
SE activities are generally designed for pre-specifiable, deterministic (complete and traceable)
requirements and schedules. There is often an overdependence on unnecessary formal ceremony and
fairly rigid schedules. Using cadence rather than schedule can provide efficient SE flow with minimal
planning. We believe that the CoS concept not only handles expedite and date-certain conditions, but also
supports cross-kanban synchronization. Even though the planning is dynamic and the selection of the next
piece of work to do asynchronous, we believe the use of a value-based selection function, a time-cognizant
service request, customized Classes of Service, and a statistically controlled cadence provide a
sufficient level of predictability where necessary.
1.2.3. Visibility and coordination across multiple projects
In highly concurrent engineering tasks, the KSS provides a means of synchronizing activities across
mutually dependent teams by coordinating their activities through changing value functions (task priority)
according to the degree of data completeness and maturity (risk of change). It also provides an excellent
way to show where tasks are and the status of work-in-progress and queued or blocked work.
1.2.4. Low governance overhead
Implementing a KSS doesn’t require major changes in the way work is accomplished or imply specific
organizational structures like other agile methods (e.g. Scrum). Such systems can be set up in individual
projects and allowed to evolve into more effective governance over time as the project and the
organization as a whole understand the best way to attain value from the practices. Even the systems
engineering resource scheduling can be implemented with very little organizational impact. Practitioners
make most decisions using parameters set by management (e.g. WIP limits) and their own understanding
of the needs. Issues are usually identifiable from walking the visible representation of the flow status and
so are made clear to all who take part in the scheduling, including management. Metrics are inherent to
the system, clearly identify problems, and track improvements. Most problems tend to be self-correcting.
2. Defining the Approach
In Figures 1 and 2, and Table 1, we define our KSS concept. We intend that this model be recursive at
many levels to allow for complex implementations. While we currently believe tasks and their associated
parameters coupled with the visual representation of flow are sufficient, we may introduce new concepts
to enable better communications and synchronization between the various interacting systems.
Systems engineering has struggled with acceptance in rapid-response environments, partly because it
tends to operate with a broader scope and with the assumption that a holistic view requires a deeper and
fuller level of knowledge than is often available in the rapid response time frame. In rapid response
environments, the time scale and detailed analysis up front is perceived as less achievable. Agile and lean
assume holism comes from a learning process and is valuable even when incomplete. The idea of using a
pull system for systems engineering is an attempt to merge the breadth of SE into the rapid development
rather than lay it on top of the activities. Our idea of a KSS for systems engineering is shown in Figure 3.
We believe it will support better integration of SE into the rapid response software environment, better
utilize scarce systems engineering resources, and improve the overall system-wide performance through a
shared, more holistic resource allocation component.
2.1. Systems Engineering as a Service
In general, systems engineering is involved in three kinds of activities: Up front, continuous, and
taskable. While up front activities are critical in greenfield projects, they exist in all system developments.
They include creating operational concepts, needs analysis, and architectural definitions. Continuous SE
4. 312 Richard Turner et al. / Procedia Computer Science 8 (2012) 309 – 314
activities are ongoing, system–level activities (e.g. architecture, risk management). These include
maintenance and evolution of long-term, persistent artifacts that support multiple projects. Taskable
activities are generally specific to individual projects (e.g. trade studies, interface management), but draw
on SE artifacts.
!"#$%&'()*+,-.(
/0101(
)/+,2.(
*8B(
34@:>1&1E(
*4;<(
345()*+,6.(
345()74(*+.(
89:0&(
/0101(
*4;<(
=>4?(
*4;<(8&1@()74;@A>(345.(
CA"<>4D(
*4;<(8&1@()5:1"%A>(345.(
System'of'Systems/Enterprise'
System'KSS'
System'
Project'KSS'
Project'KSS'
'
Project'KSS'
'
Project'KSS'
'
Figure 1. Kanban Scheduling System Model Figure 2. Kanban Scheduling System Hierarchy
Table 1. Kanban Scheduling System Definitions
Work Item The item controlled in the kanban system; essentially, the kanban carrier
Effort Required Determines the approximate size of work in person-units of time. May be a negotiated function of desired
quality.
Backlog A non-WIP-limited queue containing work items items awaiting service by the initial activity in a kanban
system.
Cadence The rhythm of the production system. Not necessarily an iteration. Kanban still allows for iterations but
decouples prioritization, delivery and cycle time to vary naturally according to the domain and its intrinsic
costs. The average transit time of a work item through a kanban system.
Activity Value-adding work that can be determined as complete. Includes: activity queue, a set of resources, and a WIP
Limit. Represents an allocation of the effort required to complete a work item.
Resource An agent for accomplishing work; may be generic or have specialized expertise. Includes: expertise-productivity
pair(s), where productivity is in effort per unit time. Usually associated with a specific activity, but
may be shared across activities.
Next Work Item
Selection
Function
Rule for selecting the next work item from a queue when an activity has less work than its WIP limit; depends
on both Class of Service and Value Function, and leads to specific flow behaviors.
Class of Service Provides a variety of handling options for work items. A CoS may have a corresponding WIP limit for each
activity to provide guaranteed access for work of that class. A CoS WIP limit must be less than the activity’s
overall WIP limit. Examples are expedite, date-certain and normal. CoS may be disruptive (such as expedite)
and is the only way to suspend work in progress.
Value Function Estimates the current value of a work item within a CoS for use in the selection algorithm. Can be simple (null
value function would produce FIFO) or a complex, multiple kanban-system, multi-factor method considering
shared scarce resources and multiple cost/risk factors. The means of prioritizing work items.
Activity Queue Holds work items within an Activity that are awaiting processing. The sum of items in process and items in
activity queue must be within the WIP limit for each CoS.
WIP Limit Limit of work items allowed at one time within an activity.
Visible
Representation
A common, visual indication of work flow through the activities; Often a columnar display of activities and
queues. May be manual or automated. Shows status of all work-in-progress, blocked work, WIP limits. It is a
characteristic that provides transparency enabling better management. Difficult to model.
Flow Metrics Includes cumulative flow charting and average transit (lead) time.
Sub6Project'KSS'