The document discusses the structure of atoms and types of radiation. It describes Ernest Rutherford's scattering experiment which proved that atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. There are three types of radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma - which differ in their penetrating ability. Radioactive decay and half-lives are explained, showing how radioisotopes can be used to date materials. Nuclear fission is summarized as the splitting of uranium nuclei which releases neutrons and causes a chain reaction.
These slides help parents learn what adolescents and teens need to know about sex and how to start the conversations. Based on my eManual, Sexuality Talking Points.
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
Initiation of Gender Audit in India through the Ministry of Finance. Institutionalization of Gender Audit in India would take Gender Budgeting forward and complete the cycle from outlays to outcome
These slides help parents learn what adolescents and teens need to know about sex and how to start the conversations. Based on my eManual, Sexuality Talking Points.
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
Initiation of Gender Audit in India through the Ministry of Finance. Institutionalization of Gender Audit in India would take Gender Budgeting forward and complete the cycle from outlays to outcome
This presentation is prepared with the objective of providing information on drug abuse and drug addiction to secondary level students. References has been taken from different slide available in slide share.
It is a slide show about tobacco. It can be used for college seminars & other seminar related to cancer or tobacco......For description you can collect info's from internet of all slides.....A little editing is required as your need....
This presentation is prepared with the objective of providing information on drug abuse and drug addiction to secondary level students. References has been taken from different slide available in slide share.
It is a slide show about tobacco. It can be used for college seminars & other seminar related to cancer or tobacco......For description you can collect info's from internet of all slides.....A little editing is required as your need....
‘Antibiotic Ireland’ Antimicrobial Resistance A Major Cause for ConcernImproper Prescribing or Patient’s Misconceptions, Expectation and Pressure on Dr’s to prescribe ?
'A day in the Life of a College Nurse'.
Nursing in General Practice Journal. issue 3 Volume 11 2018.
Theresa Lowry-Lehnen explains her role as the College Nurse Practitioner at Institute of Technology, Carlow, Ireland.
'A day in the Life of a College Nurse'.
Nursing in General Practice Journal. issue 3 Volume 11 2018.
Theresa Lowry-Lehnen explains her role as the College Nurse Practitioner at Institute of Technology, Carlow, Ireland.
Monitoring and Assessment in Secondary Schools.
Reflective article on the Monitoring and Assessment of Students work during my Teacher Training at St Mary’s University Teacher Training College London and Partner Schools (2004-2005)
Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. 28/05/13
Structure of the atomStructure of the atom
A hundred years ago people thought
that the atom looked like a “plum
pudding” – a sphere of positive
charge with negatively charged
electrons spread through it…
I did an experiment that proved
this idea was wrong. I called it
the “Rutherford Scattering
Experiment”
Ernest Rutherford, British scientist:
3. 28/05/13
The Rutherford Scattering ExperimentThe Rutherford Scattering Experiment
Alpha
particles
(positive
charge)
Thin gold
foil
Some particles passed
through, some were
deflected backwards
Conclusion – atom is made up of a small central
nucleus surrounded by electrons orbiting in shells
4. 28/05/13
The structure of the atomThe structure of the atom
ELECTRON –
negative, mass
nearly nothing
PROTON –
positive, same
mass as
neutron (“1”)
NEUTRON –
neutral, same
mass as proton
(“1”)
5. 28/05/13
The structure of the atomThe structure of the atom
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
MASS NUMBER = number of
protons + number of neutrons
SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER = number of
protons (obviously)
7. 28/05/13
RadioactivityRadioactivity
If a substance is capable of ALWAYS emitting radiation under any
conditions we say it is ____________. There are three types of
radiation: ALPHA, _____ and GAMMA. These types of radiation are
always given off by rocks, _____, building materials, air and cosmic rays
around us – this is called BACKGROUND RADIATION. Each type is
capable of penetrating different materials:
α
β
γ
Sheet of
paper
Few mm of
_________
Few cm of
lead
Words – aluminium, beta, food, radioactive
8. 28/05/13
IsotopesIsotopes
An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons:
Each isotope has 8 protons – if it didn’t then it just
wouldn’t be oxygen any more.
Notice that the mass number is different. How many
neutrons does each isotope have?
A “radioisotope” is simply an isotope that is radioactive –
e.g. carbon 14, which is used in carbon dating.
9. 28/05/13
Types of radiationTypes of radiation
1) Alpha (α) – an atom decays into a
new atom and emits an alpha particle
(2 protons and 2 neutrons – the
nucleus of a helium atom)
2) Beta (β) – an atom decays into a
new atom by changing a neutron into
a proton and electron. The fast
moving, high energy electron is called
a beta particle.
3) Gamma – after α or β decay
surplus energy is sometimes emitted.
This is called gamma radiation and
has a very high frequency with short
wavelength. The atom is not
changed.
Unstable
nucleus
Unstable
nucleus
Unstable
nucleus
New
nucleus
New
nucleus
New
nucleus
Alpha
particle
Beta
particle
Gamma
radiation
10. 28/05/13
IonisationIonisation
When radiation collides with neutral atoms or molecules it
alters their structure by knocking off electrons. This will
leave behind IONS – this is called IONISING
RADIATION.
α particle
Electron
11. 28/05/13
Uses of radioactivityUses of radioactivity
1) Medical uses – gamma rays can be used to destroy
cancerous cells or to sterilise medical instruments
2) Tracers – a tracer is a small amount of radioactive material
used to detect things, e.g. a leak in a pipe:
Gamma
source
Tracers can also be used to develop
better plant fertilisers and in
medicine to detect tumours:
The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above
the ground, enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected.
13. 28/05/13
Dangers of radioactivityDangers of radioactivity
OUTSIDE the body β and γ are
more dangerous as α radiation
is blocked by the skin.
INSIDE the body an α source
causes the most damage
because it is the most ionising.
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Radiation will ionise atoms in living
cells – this can damage them and
cause cancer or leukaemia.
14. 28/05/13
Half lifeHalf life
The decay of radioisotopes can be used to measure the
material’s age. The HALF-LIFE of an atom is the time
taken for HALF of the radioisotopes in a sample to decay…
At start
there are 16
radioisotopes
After 1 half
life half have
decayed
(that’s 8)
After 3 half
lives another
2 have
decayed (14
altogether)
After 2 half
lives another
half have
decayed (12
altogether)
= radioisotope = new atom formed
16. 28/05/13
Dating materials using half-livesDating materials using half-lives
Question: Uranium decays into lead. The half life of uranium is
4,000,000,000 years. A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as
much lead as it does uranium. Calculate the age of the sample.
8
8
Answer: The sample was originally completely uranium…
…of the
sample was
uranium
4
8
2
8
1
8
Now only 4/8 of
the uranium
remains – the
other 4/8 is lead
Now only 2/8 of
uranium remains
– the other 6/8
is lead
Now only 1/8 of
uranium remains
– the other 7/8
is lead
So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 1/8
remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead). Each half
life is 4,000,000,000 years so the sample is 12,000,000,000 years old.
1 half life
later…
1 half life
later…
1 half life
later…
17. 28/05/13
An exam question…An exam question…
(AQA 2001 Higher Paper)
Potassium decays into argon. The half life of potassium is
1.3 billion years. A sample of rock from Mars is found to
contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium.
How old is the rock?
(3 marks)
The rock must be 2 half lives old – 2.6 billion years
20. 28/05/13
Fission reactions summaryFission reactions summary
Each fission reaction releases energy in the form of
_______. In a nuclear power plant this heat is used to boil
_______, which is used to drive turbines etc. The energy
from each reaction is very ______, but there are
________ of reactions every second. The waste products
from these reactions are __________, which is why
nuclear power plants are ___________.
Words – radioactive, water, billions,
controversial, heat, small