JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
It is a highly specialized epithelial tissue which divides faster than any other normal epithelium.
The mean turnover time of junctional epithelium is 5–6 days.
The junctional epithelium is basically a stratified, squamous, non-keratinizing epithelium comprising two layers: basal & suprabasal layers.
The junctional epithelium differs from the gingival oral epithelium & sulcular epithelium in origin & structure.
This specialized epithelium ranges in thickness from few cells at its most apical portion to between 15 & 30 cells at its most coronal portion adjacent to the sulcular epithelium, & the cells align themselves in a plane parallel to the tooth surface.
The length of this epithelium is approximately 0.25–1.35 mm.
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
Blood supply,nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of the periodontium finalDr. Neha Pritam
Discussion of the various basic topics required to understand in the subject of periodontics. Periodontium being the tooth supporting tissue ,it is necessary to know the blood supply, nerve supply and the lymphatic drainage of the same in dentistry
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES:
INTRODUCTION
MAIN BLOOD SUPPLY BRANCHES TO PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO MAXILLARY TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO MANDIBULAR TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO EACH COMPONENT OF PERIODONTIUM
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD SUPPLYING THE PERIODONTIUM
CLINICAL CORELATIONS WITH GINGIVITIS AND PERIODONTITIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Definitions
History
Development of junctional epithelium
Structure
Dynamic aspects of junctional epithelium
Expression of various molecules and their functions
Permeability
Functions
Role of JE in gingivitis
Role of JE in initiation of pocket formation
Passive Eruption
Effect of Trauma from Occlusion on JE
Junctional Epithelium Adjacent to Oral Implants
Syndromes Affecting JE
Regeneration of junctional epithelium
Conclusion
References
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
alveolar bone in health with microscopic features and details about bone formation, resorption also includes bone remodelling and changes after extraction
Blood supply,nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of the periodontium finalDr. Neha Pritam
Discussion of the various basic topics required to understand in the subject of periodontics. Periodontium being the tooth supporting tissue ,it is necessary to know the blood supply, nerve supply and the lymphatic drainage of the same in dentistry
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES:
INTRODUCTION
MAIN BLOOD SUPPLY BRANCHES TO PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO MAXILLARY TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO MANDIBULAR TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR TEETH AND PERIODONTIUM
BLOOD SUPPLY TO EACH COMPONENT OF PERIODONTIUM
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD SUPPLYING THE PERIODONTIUM
CLINICAL CORELATIONS WITH GINGIVITIS AND PERIODONTITIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Definitions
History
Development of junctional epithelium
Structure
Dynamic aspects of junctional epithelium
Expression of various molecules and their functions
Permeability
Functions
Role of JE in gingivitis
Role of JE in initiation of pocket formation
Passive Eruption
Effect of Trauma from Occlusion on JE
Junctional Epithelium Adjacent to Oral Implants
Syndromes Affecting JE
Regeneration of junctional epithelium
Conclusion
References
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
The initiation of tooth development begins at 37 days of development
with formation of a continuous horseshoe-band of thickened epithelium
in the location of upper and lower jaws – Primary Epithelial Band
Dental lamina appears as a thickening
of the oral epithelium adjacent to
condensation of ectomesenchyme
20 areas of enlargement or knobs
appear, which will form tooth buds
for the 20 primary teeth
Not all will appear at the same time.
The first to develop are those of the
anterior mandible region
At this early stage the tooth buds
have already determined their crown morphology
Successional lamina: lamina from
which permanent teeth develop
The dental lamina begins to function
at 6th prenatal week and continues to
15th year of birth (3rd molar)
Tooth development is a continuous process, however can be
divided into 3 stages:
1. Bud Stage
2. Cap Stage
3. Bell Stage
4. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath and root formation
The bud stage is represented by the first epithelial incursion into the ectomesenchyme of the jaw.
The epithelial cells show little if any change in shape or function.
The supporting ectomesenchymal cells are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial bud. As the epithelial bud continues to proliferate into the ectomesenchyme, cellular density increases immediately adjacent to the epithelial outgrowth.
This process is classically referred to as a condensation of the ectomesenchyme.
The epithelium of the dental lamina separated from the underlying ectomesenchyme by basement membrane.
Bud stage is characterized by rounded, localized growth of
epithelium surrounded by proliferating mesenchymal cells,which are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial buds
The transition from bud to cap marks the onset of morphologic differences between tooth germs that give rise to different types of teeth.
Differential cellular division in the epithelial bud initiates a change in shape so that now the epithelial outgrowth assumes a more complex outline with a flattened internal portion along which the mesenchymal condensation densifies.
As the tooth bud grows larger, it drags along with it part of the dental lamina; thus from that point on, the developing tooth is tethered to the dental lamina by an extension called the lateral lamina.
At this early stage of tooth development, identifying the formative elements of the tooth and its supporting tissues is already possible.
The epithelial outgrowth, which superficially resembles a cap sitting on a ball of condensed ectomesenchyme , is still referred to widely as the dental organ but actually should be called the enamel organ, because it eventually will form the enamel of the tooth. Henceforth, the term enamel organ is used.
Condensation of the ectomesenchyme immediately subjacent to the tooth bud caused by lack of extracellular matrix secretion by the cells thus preventing separation.
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYPHILIS-A reviewishita1994
Syphilis is an infectious disease of most extreme significance these days, which has made a rebound after the presence of AIDS.
It might introduce oral lesions in all stages.
A sharp information on its different oral signs is significant for appropriate determination and satisfactory treatment.
Infective syphilis is brought about by the anaerobic filamentous spirochete, Treponema pallidum.
Previously decade there has been a noteworthy ascent in the prevalence of infective syphilis in the created world.
Striking increments in the recurrence of syphilis have happened in Eastern Europe, and more modest ascents have been accounted for in Western Europe and the US.
Paget’s disease of bone with special reference to dentistry-an insightishita1994
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed. The cell populations that participate in this process; the osteoblasts and osteoclast are derived from different progenitor pools that are under distinct molecular control mechanisms. Together, these cells form temporary anatomical structures, called as basic multicellular units that execute bone remodeling. A number of stimuli affect bone turnover, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical stimuli. All of these factors affect the amount and quality of the tissue produced. Paget’s disease is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and abnormal remodeling of the bone, resulting in distortion and weakness of affected bones. It is the second‑most common osteo dystrophic condition after osteoporosis.
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Mucormycosisishita1994
Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection due to fungi of the order Mucorales.
Depending on the clinical presentation it is classified as rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, disseminated or other, which includes uncommon rare forms, such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, renal, etc.
The disease was first described in 1876 when Fürbinger described in Germany a patient who died of cancer and in whom the right lung showed a hemorrhagic infarct with fungal hyphae and a few sporangia.
In 1885, Arnold Paltauf published the first case of disseminated mucormycosis, which he named “Mycosis mucorina”.
His drawings of the etiologic agent showed the presence of sporangiophores and rhizoid-like structures, and this led to the conclusion that the infection was most probably caused by Lichtheimia corymbifera.
Over time, more cases were diagnosed, and the incidence of the disease has increased.
Currently, Mucorales fungi are the next most common mold pathogens after Aspergillus, leading to invasive fungal disease in patients with malignancies or transplantation.
The incidence of mucormycosis has also increased significantly inpatients with diabetes, which is the commonest underlying risk factor globally.
Τhe epidemiology of mucormycosis is evolving as new immunomodulating agents are used in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, and as the modern diagnostic tools lead to the identification of previously uncommon genera/species such as the Apophysomyces or Saksenaea complex.
Oral cancer is the world’s 6th most common malignancy and has one of the lowest survival rates, often due to late diagnosis. The most important determinant factor in cancer survival is diagnostic delay and it directly affects the survival rate.
Most oral cancers are preceded by precancerous lesions and early cancers that can be identified by visual inspection of the oral cavity. Conventional oral examination is useful in the discovery of some oral lesions, but it does not identify all potentially premalignant lesions, as some are not readily apparent to visual inspection alone.
Adjunctive techniques have emerged that may facilitate early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Thorough clinical examinations being one of the best modalities in suspecting the pathology, the biggest disadvantage in the diagnosis lies in detecting the site of biopsy and also whether biopsy is required or not in early lesions.
Nowadays various diagnostic aids have been established in detecting such lesions but easy chair-side techniques can be used if possible. And one such technique is by using vital staining with dyes which is used for early recognition of lesion and also can improve the patient survival rate.
CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA IN A SERIES OF 4...ishita1994
Peripheral ossifying fibromas are benign mesenchymal lesions that usually arise in the anterior maxilla of young female patients. Histologically they consist of spindle cell proliferation with focal mineralization. We reviewed 48 specimens from 41 patients and recorded the clinical data, sex, and age of the patients, site, and size of the lesions, treatment, and postoperative outcome. Histologically the presence of mature, woven bone, cementum, and calcifications was evaluated and evaluated immunohistochemically. Lesions were more frequent in female patients in the third and fourth decade and were usually in the lower maxilla and smaller than 2 cm. All lesions were conservatively excised, and they relapsed in eight patients. Histopathologically, the lesions were poorly circumscribed, with moderately cellular proliferation, and with no discernible architectural pattern. All tumors showed some degree of mineralization, the presence of immature bone being the most common. Immunohistochemical examination showed staining of tumoral cells for smooth muscle actin and CD68. Lesions tended to occur more commonly in female patients, but one decade later than usually reported. We found a higher recurrence rate in lesions that contained cementum-like material but without bone formation, suggesting a lack of maturation in this group. Immunohistochemical results were consistent with myofibroblastic differentiation but they added no information about the behavior of the lesions.
Pathophysiology of myoepithelial cells in salivary glandsishita1994
In salivary glands and other exocrine glands, there are
star‑shaped cells lying between the basal lamina and the acinar
and ductal cells. These cells structurally resemble epithelial cells
and smooth muscles and, thus, are referred to as myoepithelial
cells (MECs). Because of their shape and interwoven processes,
they were commonly referred to as “star‑shaped cells” or
“basket cells.” Tamarin described these cells as being “like an
octopus sitting on a rock”.
Current concepts of pemphigus with a deep insight into its molecular aspectishita1994
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune bullous disease involving both the skin and mucosal areas, which
is characterized by intraepithelial flaccid blisters and erosions. The pathogenesis of this disease is not
yet completely established, but novel intuitions into its pathogenesis have recently been published. An
unanswered question in its pathophysiology is the mechanism of acantholysis or loss of keratinocyte
cell adhesion. Acantholysis seems to result from a communal action of autoantibodies against numerous
keratinocyte self‑antigens, of which desmogleins 1 and 3, desmocollins and nondesmosome components,
such as the mitochondrion, might take part in the disease initiation. Lately, apoptosis was described as
a possible underlying mechanism of acantholysis. Likewise, apoptolysis is assumed to be the association
between suprabasal acantholytic and cell death pathways. Hence, the present review focuses on the current
concepts in the pathogenesis of the pemphigus in a nutshell.
Cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Keratins are diverse proteins. These intermediate filaments maintain the structural integrity of the keratinocytes. The word keratin covers these intermediate filament-forming proteins within the keratinocytes. They are expressed in a specific pattern and according to the stage of cellular differentiation. They always occur in pairs. Mutations in the genes which regulate the expression of keratin proteins are associated with a number of disorders which show defects in both skin and mucosa. In addition, there are a number of disorders which are seen because of abnormal keratinization. These keratins and keratin-associated proteins have become important markers in diagnostic pathology. This review article discusses the classification, structure, functions, the stains used for the demonstration of keratin and associated pathology. The review describes the physiology of keratinization, pathology behind abnormal keratin formation and various keratin disorders.
Romanowsky staining or Romanowsky–Giemsa staining, is a prototypical staining technique, widely used in hematology and cytopathology.
They are used to differentiate cells for microscopic examination in air dried cytological smears or pathological specimens, especially blood and bone marrow films, and to detect parasites such as malaria within the blood.
Romanowsky stains is a neutral dye containing both acid and basic dyes in combination. It contains both azure B (electron acceptor) and eosin Y (electron donor).
The value of Romanowsky staining lies in its ability to produce a wide range of hues, allowing cellular components to be easily differentiated. This phenomenon is referred to as the Romanowsky effect, or more generally as metachromasia.
These stains allow better estimation of cell size, nuclear size, cell cytoplasm and identify ground substances by metachromasia.
The tissue section is colourless because the fixed protein has the same refractive index as that of glass. We use dyes that have specific affinity with the different tissue proteins and colour them differently.
Colour is seen by the eye as a result of the effect of certain electromagnetic waves on the rods and cones of the retina. These waves, which have a varying length, will determine the colour that is seen.
White light being composed of all the colours of the visible spectrum varies in wavelength from 4,000 Â to 8,000 Â.
If light of a specific wavelength is absorbed from white light the resultant light will then be coloured, the colour being dependent upon the particular wavelength that has been removed.
Ghost cells are translucent balloon shaped , elliptical epithelial cells are recognized as swollen, pale, eosinophilic cells.
They are seen either singly or in sheets with a clear conservation of basic cellular outline, generally with apparent clear areas or with some remnants indicative of the site previously occupied by the nucleus.
The transformation of epithelial cells into more resistant terminally differentiated apoptotic cells i.e., ghost cells are responsible for the banal behavior of neoplasms and they also help in relieving the stress of the forming neoplasm.
The most accepted nature of ghost cells is aberrant keratinization that is altered form of keratin as it doesn’t stain with normal cytokeratin antibodies.
Tonofilaments have been observed universally in the ghost cells of all the odontogenic or non-odontogenic tumors but these solely don’t satisfy their nature which is also found to be positive for enamel proteins in odontogenic tumors.
Although, studies prove an intricate functional relationship exists between Wnt and Notch signalling during development of neoplasms and in assigning cells to particular fates.
Their relationship along with other signalling pathways complex interaction during tumorigenesis also needs intensive evaluation and this would help revealing the missing link between odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors exhibiting these similar looking mysterious ghost cells.
Mineralization (calcification) is the process of deposition of insoluble calcium salts in a tissue. It is one of the important steps in the formation of hard tissues of the body that is enamel, dentin, bone, and cementum. The synthetic cells, along with the help of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, aid the mineralization process. The mineral content (inorganic portion) of all the hard tissues of the body is mainly in the form of Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
When calcium phosphate deposition is initiated, the crux is then to control spontaneous precipitation from tissue fluids supersaturated in calcium and phosphate ions and to limit it to well-defined sites. Formative cells achieve this by creating microenvironments that facilitate mineral ion handling and by secreting proteins that stabilize calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids and/or control their deposition onto a receptive extracellular matrix.
The synthetic cells achieve this property by secreting proteins that stabilize Calcium and Phosphate in the body fluids and control their deposition onto the extracellular matrix. These proteins are:
1. Salivary proteins
2. Enamel matrix protein
3. Dentin, cementum, and bone matrix proteins.
Histologically, the lesion shows a highly vascular proliferation that resembles granulation tissue.
Numerous small and larger endothelium-lined channels are formed that are engorged with red blood cells. These vessels sometimes are organized in lobular aggregates, and may be called as lobular capillary haemangioma.
The surface is usually ulcerated and replaced by a thick fibrinopurulent membrane.
A mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate of neutrophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes is evident.
Neutrophils are most prevalent near the ulcerated surface; chronic inflammatory cells are found deeper in the specimen.
It is also called Oral Fibroma or Irritational Fibroma or Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia.
Fibroma is a benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue origin.
It is characterized by excessive proliferation of fibroblast cells with synthesis of large amount of collagen.
Although a large number of fibrous over-growths are found inside the oral cavity, most of these are reactive lesions occurring as a result of trauma or local irritation and therefore true fibromas are extremely rare.
Jain G et al (2017) stated that traumatic irritants include calculi, foreign bodies, overhanging margins, restorations, margins of caries, chronic biting, sharp spicules of bones, and overextended borders of appliances. Fibroma, a benign neoplasm of fibroblastic origin, is reactive in nature and represents a reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue in response to local irritation or trauma rather than being a true neoplasm.
8 th edition TNM classification and significance of depth of invasionishita1994
Diagnosis of oral cancer is completed for:
Initial diagnosis
Staging
Treatment planning
A complete history, and clinical examination is first completed, then a wedge of tissue is cut from the suspicious lesion for tissue diagnosis. In this procedure, the surgeon cuts all, or a piece of the tissue, to have it examined under a microscope by a pathologist.
Leukoplakia can be defined as a “white patch” or “plaque” in the oral cavity, which cannot be scrapped off and which cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease.
This excludes lesions such as lichen planus, candidiasis, leukoedema, white spongy nevus, and obvious frictional keratosis.
The term leukoplakia should be used to recognise white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no risk for cancer-WHO 2005.
Mandibular central incisors are two in number
Mandibular central incisor and lateral are similar in anatomy and complement each other in function
They are smaller than the maxillary central incisors
Mandibular central incisor erupts between the age of 7 and 8 years
First tooth from the midline in each lower quadrant
Depth of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinomaishita1994
It is the most common malignant epithelial tissue neoplasm of the oral cavity.
It is derived from the stratified squamous epithelium.
Since oral squamous cell carcinomas constitute bulk of the oral malignancies (above 90 %) it is thus commonly referred to as Oral Cancer.
Tuberculosis is a disease characterized by granulomatous lesions caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. A German scientist Robert Koch discovered the causative organism of TB in 1882.
Since time immemorial, it has been a global health problem. TB has shown a decline in its prevalence globally; however, it is still highly prevalent in Asian countries.
TB is usually overlooked in the differential diagnosis of oral lesions as it is supposed to be a rare entity.
Oral manifestations of TB occur either due to infected sputum or due to hematogenous spread.
TB is an age old disease and has been known to mankind for thousands of years.
Role of human papillomavirus and tumor suppressor genesishita1994
Oral cancer is synonymous to Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of oral mucosal origin that accounts for more than 90% of all malignant presentations at the aforementioned anatomical sites.
More than 300,000 new cases worldwide are being diagnosed with oral SCC (OSCC) annually.
Approximately, 30,000 (US) & 40,000(EUROPE).
Oral cancer is estimated by the WHO to be the 8th most common cancer worldwide.
In India & other Asian countries, oral & oropharyngeal carcinomas (OCs) comprise up to half of all malignancies, with this particularly high prevalence being attributed to the influence of carcinogens & region-specific epidemiological factors, especially tobacco & betel quid chewing.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Structure
• Origin
• Functional Specificity
• Role Of Commensal Microflora
• Intraepithelial Cells
• The Expected Function Of IELs
• Conclusion
• References
3.
4.
5. JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
• It is a highly specialized epithelial tissue which divides faster than any other
normal epithelium.
• The mean turnover time of junctional epithelium is 5–6 days.
• The junctional epithelium is basically a stratified, squamous, non-keratinizing
epithelium comprising two layers: basal & suprabasal layers.
• The junctional epithelium differs from the gingival oral epithelium & sulcular
epithelium in origin & structure.
• This specialized epithelium ranges in thickness from few cells at its most apical
portion to between 15 & 30 cells at its most coronal portion adjacent to the
sulcular epithelium, & the cells align themselves in a plane parallel to the tooth
surface.
• The length of this epithelium is approximately 0.25–1.35 mm.
6.
7.
8. • The unique feature of this epithelium is that it exhibits two basal laminas which
are derived from the basal cells situated away from the tooth surface:
1. External basal lamina: The basal cells rest on the external basal lamina that
interfaces with the connective tissue, as in any other epithelium.
2. Internal basal lamina: Suprabasal cells have a similar appearance & maintain
actual attachment of gingiva to the tooth surface by means of the structural
complex, internal basal lamina. The internal basal lamina is distinctive because
it binds to calcified surfaces rather than connective tissues.
• The cells of the basal layer proliferate rapidly while those of the suprabasal layer
have no mitotic activity.
• The epithelium & connective tissue interface is not characterized by rete ridges
& tends to be straight with only mild undulations present in more coronal
portions.
9.
10.
11. • Epithelium has wide intercellular gaps, larger than those in either sulcular or
oral epithelium.
• Hence, even in healthy gingiva, numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes are
evident.
• During inflammatory conditions, the numbers of these cells increases
dramatically.
• Lymphocytes are also found inside the epithelial lining in the junctional
epithelium.
• The junctional epithelium exhibits several characteristic features such as acting
as a barrier against plaque bacteria & allowing access of gingival fluid,
inflammatory cells & components of the immunologic host defence to the
gingival margin.
• It also possesses a rapid turnover contributing to the host–parasite equilibrium
& repair of injured tissue.
12. A: An electron micrograph of junctional epithelium (JE) showing the attachment to the enamel surface at the internal
basal lamina (IBL) & to the connective tissue (CT) by the external basal lamina (EBL). The lack of differentiation of the
epithelium & the wide intercellular spaces are notable. ES, Enamel space.
B: An electron micrograph showing the fine structure of the attachment of a junctional epithelial cell to the enamel
surface via the internal basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes (HD) are evident at the surface of the cell.
13.
14.
15. DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
• The enamel of the unerupted, fully formed crown is covered by a few layers of
flattened cuboidal cells called reduced enamel epithelium.
• Normally, it terminates at the cementoenamel junction.
• At this early stage, the epithelial attachment to the crown surface is by means of
hemidesmosomes.
• When the tooth breaks through the oral mucosa, the reduced enamel epithelium
fuses with the oral epithelium & is converted into the junctional epithelium,
forming a collar around the fully erupted tooth.
• Concurrently, gingival sulcus is also formed.
• This process takes 1–2 years to get completed.
• The junctional epithelium, like all squamous epithelia, is a continually renewing
structure with epithelial cells moving coronally to be shed off at the free surface
into the base of the sulcus.
16.
17.
18.
19. MIGRATION OF THE JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
• The position of the junctional epithelium varies with different stages of eruption.
• During the initial stages of eruption, the junctional epithelium covers most of the
crown portion of the tooth.
• Once the tooth reaches the occlusal plane, the junctional epithelium covers
about one-fourth of the crown.
• At this stage, the clinical crown is smaller than the anatomical crown.
• As age increases, the junctional epithelium migrates to the cementoenamel
junction, placing the clinical & the anatomical crown at the same level.
• In older age, it migrates to the cementum exposing the roots leading to a larger
clinical crown.
• This process occurs due to the detachment of the basal layer of cells.
• This basal layer of cells further get reattached at a more lower/apical level.
20.
21.
22. INTRODUCTION
• Epithelial tissues form junctional
complexes to maintain a continuous
demarcation against the external
environment and prevent the invasion
of foreign substances inside the living
body.
• Tooth eruption collapses the continuity
of epithelial tissue in the oral cavity.
• Erupted teeth are surrounded by the
gingival epithelium, which is one of the
most specialized tissues of the body
because the discontinuity of the gingival
epithelial sheath renders it susceptible
to bacterial infection from dental
plaques and periodontal disease.
24. • The JE attaches to the tooth surface via hemidesmosomes, which forms the front-line
of defense against periodontal bacterial infection.
• The JE originates from the enamel organ and constructs the gingival epithelium along
with OGE and OSE, which are derived from the oral epithelium.
• The OGE and OSE are keratinized squamous epithelial cells with narrow intercellular
space.
• On the contrary, the JE is non-keratinized epithelium and has wide intercellular
space.
• In addition, many migrating cells such as PMNs and lymphocytes are located within
JE.
• The JE shows rapid turnover, which might contribute to its defense against dental
plaque.
25.
26. Saha AP et al (2018) stated that junctional epithelium represents a dynamic seal
around the tooth, at a strategically important interface of oral cavity (flushed with oral
fluid containing in numerous pathogens) and delicate periodontal tissues. This is a
specialized unique tissue, capable enough to act as a barrier against the bacterial
challenge by adapting both structurally and functionally as per the requirement. The
integrity of this tiny tissue carries extreme importance for the health of supportive
periodontal structures, and virtually the tooth. Detachment of junctional epithelium
from tooth surface initiates formation of periodontal pocket, and hence periodontitis.
27. STRUCTURE
• JE is classified as non-keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium.
• Intercellular junctions formed in JE are
relatively loose and contain only few
desmosomes, adherens junctions, and
gap junctions, which allow tissue
exudate and inflammatory cells to
penetrate toward the gingival sulcus.
28. • JE has a true basement membrane towards the connective tissue of gingiva (called
the external basal lamina, EBL) and a simple ECM (called the internal basal lamina,
IBL) against the enamel.
• The EBL contains structures that are identical to those of a typical basement
membrane, with the lamina lucida against the basal keratinocytes and the lamina
densa towards the underlying connective tissue.
• The protein composition of the IBL differs significantly from that of a typical
basement membrane.
• The IBL does not contain any typical basement membrane-forming proteins such as
laminin 111, laminin 511, type IV and VII collagens, and perlecan.
• The main cell adhesion protein identified so far in the IBL is laminin 332.
29.
30. • Furthermore, reports show the presence of type VIII collagen and versican at the JE-
tooth interface.
• These proteins were not detected in other typical basement membranes.
• These findings indicate the uniqueness of JE and provide important information
regarding the biological relationship between dental implants and the gingival
epithelium to establish the effective interface.
31. ORIGIN
• The structure and the function of the JE are
influenced by the underlying connective tissue
and by contact with a solid substratum, such
as enamel, dentin or cementum.
• Common notion posits that during tooth
development, the primary JE is formed by the
fusion of the reduced enamel organ, which is
replaced in time by a secondary JE derived
solely from cells of the OE.
• The reduced enamel epithelium is composed
of reduced ameloblasts and papillary cells
located at the side of the connective tissue.
• The histological analysis clearly distinguishes
OSE from the JE.
• The function of JE is also entirely different
from OSE. Therefore, it might be reasonable
that the JE is derived from the reduced enamel
epithelium.
32. • Studies demonstrated that keratinocytic ICAM-1 expression in dermatological
disease is localized precisely in the lymphocyte infiltration site of the epithelium.
• Keratinocytes do not express ICAM-1 after recovery from disease.
• These results indicate that the expression of ICAM-1 is regulated by pro-
inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α and TNFβ.
• Therefore, regulation of ICAM-1 expression and differences in ICAM-1 levels in JE
might be regulated not only by bacteria-derived LPS, which stimulates macrophages
to produce cytokines, but also by intrinsic factors.
• In fact, JE constitutively express IL-1 β, which regulates the expression of ICAM-1 in
JE.
33.
34. • During tooth development, the inner enamel epithelium differentiates into the
secretary, transitional, mature, and reduced stages of ameloblasts, and the stratum
intermedium, adjacent to the secretary stage of ameloblasts, differentiates into the
papillary layer.
• ICAM-1 expression is initiated during the formation of the papillary layer. However,
all stages of ameloblasts do not express ICAM-1.
• The papillary layer adheres to the oral epithelial tissue during tooth eruption. These
results indicate that the JE might have originated from papillary layer cells and not
the reduced ameloblasts.
• ICAM-1 expression may be regulated by certain autocrine or paracrine factors
regulating cell death of ameloblasts at the transition stage.
35.
36. FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
• The JE has several specific functions
that differ from those of other oral
epithelium.
• JE expresses defensive factors such as –
1. Defensins
2. secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
(SLPI)
3. S100A8 against inflammation
37. • β-Defensins are small cationic peptides that contribute to innate host defense
against bacterial challenge.
• SLPI protects the intestinal epithelium from proteases secreted as part of the
inflammatory response and is associated with the maintenance of tissue integrity.
• S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimeric complex and constitute calprotectin, an
antimicrobial peptide.
• The JE constitutively produces chemokines and cytokines, such as keratinocyte-
derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and IL-1β in
conventional and germ-free mice.
• KC and MIP-2 are potent chemo attractants for neutrophils. The expression of these
chemokines is up-regulated by bacterial stimulation.
38. • The JE also constitutively express follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein (FDC-SP)
and odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM).
• The genes encoding FDC-SP and odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein appose
at the gene cluster for secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins.
• Secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins interact with several bioactive molecules
to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and tumorigenesis.
• Furthermore, the gene encoding FDC-SP lies adjacent to the cluster of genes
encoding C—X—C chemokines.
• These results suggest a close association between the expression of pro-
inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of FDC-SP and
odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein.
39. • Histological and immune-histological investigation indicates massive infiltration of
lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)-positive PMNs and lymphocytes
in the JE.
• The interaction of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 plays a key role in the migration of these cells in
JE.
• Endothelial cells and fibroblasts underlying the JE also express ICAM-1, which might
provide a pathway for granulocytic and lymphocytic migration into JE.
40. ROLE OF
COMMENSAL
MICROFLORA
• The commensal microflora plays a
critical role in the postnatal
development of the system, as the
physiological inflammatory response in
the gut during early postnatal
ontogenesis is essential for the
development of the immune system and
its appropriate functioning.
41.
42. • An interaction between commensal bacteria and the innate defense system of the
periodontal tissue has also been reported.
• Hayashi et al. observed the increased expression of SLPI in the JE compared to that in
oral gingival epithelium.
• The expression of SLPI is regulated by a cross-talk between epithelial cells and
neutrophils.
• Thus, the constitutive expression of these factors and the migration of neutrophils in
the JE might be induced by intrinsic genetic regulation rather than by bacterial
infection for the maintenance of the functional specificity of the JE.
43. • Histological examination indicated an increase in the JE area in conventional mice.
• Immunohistochemistry also indicated an increase in the number of Proliferating Cell
Nuclear Antigen-positive epithelial cells within the JE upon bacterial infection.
• Furthermore, the number of neutrophils and the expression of chemokines in the
junctional epithelium are significantly higher in conventionalized mice than in germ-
free mice.
• Tsukamoto et al. evaluated the relationship between epithelial cell proliferation and
inflammation in clinically healthy and inflamed human gingival tissue and found that
epithelial cell proliferation and epithelial thickness were associated with gingival
inflammation. Similarly, chemokines were induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
• Thus, commensal bacteria might be important for up-regulating the physiological
barrier function of the JE.
44. INTRAEPITHELIAL
CELLS
• Intraepithelial cells (IELs) are
lymphocytes located within the
epithelial layer of mucosal tissues such
as the gastrointestinal and reproductive
tract.
• IELs were localized in the middle layer
of the JE as indicated by mucosa
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
• IELs are characterized by the presence
of higher numbers of TCRγδ+
lymphocytes than those in the systemic
immune organs such as the spleen and
lymph nodes.
45. • The TCRγδ+ lymphocytes play an important role in the defense mechanism as a
front-line competent cell population.
• IELs are frequently exposed to a number of microbial antigens and might be
cytotoxic against infected epithelial cells.
• IELs have also been suggested to be involved in graft-versus-host diseases and
abrogation of oral tolerance.
• In contrast, IELs produce growth factors to regulate the epithelial cell proliferation.
46. EXPECTED
FUNCTION OF IELs
• Previous studies from laboratories
indicated that IELs in the duodenum
and jejunum induced enterocyte
apoptosis within 30 min after activation
by anti-CD3 antibody treatment.
• Cytotoxic activity of IELs is inhibited by
immunosuppressive agents such as
cyclosporine A (CsA) and FK506, which
induce the elongation of intestinal villi
and decrease enterocyte activity.
47. • The JE plays an active role in the synthesis of a variety of molecules that are involved
in anti-bacterial defense.
• Therefore, the balance between cell death and mitotic activity is critical for
maintaining the number of JE cells, which affects the defensive properties of the JE,
and eventually, disease progression.
• The JE and OSE form the inner gingival epithelium.
• The origins of these two epithelial tissues are different.
• The JE and OSE have a high rate of cell turnover. The JE shows higher proliferation
than the OSE.
• To maintain the structure of the inner gingival epithelium over time, either the cell
cycle of the two epithelial tissues must be identical or cells of the epithelium showing
high proliferative activity should be eliminated.
48. • Three weeks treatment with Cyclosporin A (25 mg/kg) induced the elongation of JE.
• In normal conditions, the tips of the JE are always located under the OSE, while the
tips of the JE are guided to a position higher than the OSE by CsA treatment, which
indicate that the cytotoxic activity of IELs expressing TCRγδ+ might be inhibited by
CsA.
• These results suggest that IELs in the JE regulate epithelial cell survival for
maintaining barrier function against bacterial stimulation similar to that in the
gastrointestinal tract.
• The inhibition of rapid turnover of JE might decrease the survival activity and the
barrier function of JE, and permit the easy penetration of bacterial LPS into the
gingival connective tissue.
49.
50. CONCLUSION
• The JE is the only discontinuous epithelial
tissue in the body. The JE functions as a
front-line barrier against foreign antigens
with structural and functional features
such as adhesion to tooth surface via
formation of basal lamina, large
intercellular space, expression of several
cytokines and chemokines, and the
penetration of neutrophils and
lymphocytes to play as the front-line
innate immune system and to maintain the
JE homeostasis. Further understanding of
the structure and function of the JE would
provide better understanding of systemic
host defense system and specificity of the
oral mucosal tissue.
51. REFERENCES
• TEN CATE’S ORAL HISTOLOGY 9TH EDITION
• ORBAN’S ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 13TH EDITION
• RAJKUMAR’S TEXTBOOK OF ORAL ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY,
PHYSIOLOGY AND TOOTH MORPHOLOGY 2ND EDITION
• Shimono M, Ishikawa T, Enokiya Y, Muramatsu T, Matsuzaka K, Inoue
T, et al. Biological characteristics of the junctional epithelium. J
Electron Microsc. 2003; 52:627–639.
• Bosshardt, D. D. & Lang, N. P. The junctional epithelium: from health to
disease. J. Dent. Res. 2005; 84, 9–20.
• Yajima-Himuro S, Oshima M, Yamamoto G, Ogawa M, Furuya M,
Tanaka J, et al. The junctional epithelium originates from the
odontogenic epithelium of an erupted tooth. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4867.
• Jiang Q, Yu Y, Ruan H, Luo Y, Guo X. Morphological and functional
characteristics of human gingival junctional epithelium. BMC Oral
Health. 2014;14:1–13.
• Saha AP, Saha Sananda, Mitra Somadutta. Junctional Epithelium: A
dynamic seal around the tooth. Journal Of Applied Dental and Medical
Sciences. 2018; 4(3).