1) This randomized clinical trial compared the effects of 20% mannitol versus 3% hypertonic saline in controlling raised intracranial pressure in pediatric patients with acute central nervous system infections.
2) The primary outcome was that a higher proportion of patients in the hypertonic saline group achieved the target average ICP of less than 20 mmHg during the 72-hour period compared to the mannitol group.
3) Secondary outcomes also favored the hypertonic saline group, including higher m-GCS scores at 72 hours and discharge from the PICU, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and PICU stay, and fewer patients with severe neurological disability.
PPT on all important trials of traumatic brain injury. - includes design, setting, statistical analysis,outcome, strength, limitations, conclusion#DECRA#RESCUEicp#BEST TRIP#CRASH1#CRASH3#SAFE TBI#EUROTHERM3939#POLAR TRIAL
Also includes trial related BTF guidelines
Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock amongDr fakhir Raza
effects of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis the HYPRESS Randomized Clinical Trial American Medical Association caring for the critically ill patients Surviving sepsis campaign, to determine weather hydrocortisone therapy in patients with severe sepsis prevents the development of septic shock
PPT on all important trials of traumatic brain injury. - includes design, setting, statistical analysis,outcome, strength, limitations, conclusion#DECRA#RESCUEicp#BEST TRIP#CRASH1#CRASH3#SAFE TBI#EUROTHERM3939#POLAR TRIAL
Also includes trial related BTF guidelines
Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock amongDr fakhir Raza
effects of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis the HYPRESS Randomized Clinical Trial American Medical Association caring for the critically ill patients Surviving sepsis campaign, to determine weather hydrocortisone therapy in patients with severe sepsis prevents the development of septic shock
Important Trials of the Day & Basics of Biostatistics | IACTS SCORE 2020IACTSWeb
This presentation emphasizes on the importance of biostatistics in the interpretation, analysis and design of studies and trials in the daily life of an academic surgeon. It also sheds light on some important clinical trials of the present milieu that are playing a vital role in the course that cardiothoracic surgery is taking.
Courtesy of Dr. Prasanna Simha Mohan Rao, MS, MCh, DNB, PGDHHM. He presently serves as Professor and Unit Chief of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru.
This presentation accompanies a video that is part of the lecture series of IACTS SCORE 2020 held at the SSSIHMS Whitefield, Bengaluru between 7th and 8th March, 2020.
A neglected topic for way too long, the interest in fluid therapy seems to be quickly rising as the medical community is making a shift from looking at fluids as a mere method of stabilization towards the appreciation of its relevant side effects.
Many questions remain to be answered indeed:
Is the upgrade from saline 0.9% to balanced crystalloids worth the extra cost?
Does HES still have a place in the OR?
Do we have to fill the gap left by HES on ICU with crystalloids, other colloids or even albumin?
Is it really impossible to avoid fluid overload by using only crystalloids?
Is there still a definitive place for human albumin?
How do we treat and monitor specific patient populations, like patients with trauma, liver failure, brain edema and right heart failure among others?
How do we avoid a one-size-fits-all regimen in perioperative goal-directed therapy?
What with the fluids beyond resuscitation?
And what do the authors of the big fluid trials do in real life themselves?
The 9th International Fluid Academy Day will again be a 1 day concise meeting on all aspects of fluid managament and hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill.
Date: October 26th 2019, 8:00 - 18:00
Wielding the Double-Edge Sword of Cardiac Biomarkers in Clinical Trials: A Di...Medpace
Learn best practices for utilizing cardiac biomarkers across various components of a clinical trial from Dr. James Januzzi, a leading expert in cardiovascular biomarkers.
Important Trials of the Day & Basics of Biostatistics | IACTS SCORE 2020IACTSWeb
This presentation emphasizes on the importance of biostatistics in the interpretation, analysis and design of studies and trials in the daily life of an academic surgeon. It also sheds light on some important clinical trials of the present milieu that are playing a vital role in the course that cardiothoracic surgery is taking.
Courtesy of Dr. Prasanna Simha Mohan Rao, MS, MCh, DNB, PGDHHM. He presently serves as Professor and Unit Chief of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru.
This presentation accompanies a video that is part of the lecture series of IACTS SCORE 2020 held at the SSSIHMS Whitefield, Bengaluru between 7th and 8th March, 2020.
A neglected topic for way too long, the interest in fluid therapy seems to be quickly rising as the medical community is making a shift from looking at fluids as a mere method of stabilization towards the appreciation of its relevant side effects.
Many questions remain to be answered indeed:
Is the upgrade from saline 0.9% to balanced crystalloids worth the extra cost?
Does HES still have a place in the OR?
Do we have to fill the gap left by HES on ICU with crystalloids, other colloids or even albumin?
Is it really impossible to avoid fluid overload by using only crystalloids?
Is there still a definitive place for human albumin?
How do we treat and monitor specific patient populations, like patients with trauma, liver failure, brain edema and right heart failure among others?
How do we avoid a one-size-fits-all regimen in perioperative goal-directed therapy?
What with the fluids beyond resuscitation?
And what do the authors of the big fluid trials do in real life themselves?
The 9th International Fluid Academy Day will again be a 1 day concise meeting on all aspects of fluid managament and hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill.
Date: October 26th 2019, 8:00 - 18:00
Wielding the Double-Edge Sword of Cardiac Biomarkers in Clinical Trials: A Di...Medpace
Learn best practices for utilizing cardiac biomarkers across various components of a clinical trial from Dr. James Januzzi, a leading expert in cardiovascular biomarkers.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
5. 20%MANNITOL(SUGAR)VS3%SALINE(SALT)IN
CONTROLLINGICP
MANNITOL: lower ICP through creates a osmotic gradient across Blood Brain
Barrier,leadingtomovementofwater fromparenchymatointravascularspace
HYPERTONIC SALINE : HTS creates a osmotic shift of fluid from intracellular
space to interstitialandintravascularspace.
6. GOALS OF STUDY
• Toevaluatetheeffect of 20%mannitoland3% salinein pediatric acuteCNS
infection
• To compare which one has a better outcome over another in clinical
improvement
12. RANDOMIZATIONANDBLINDING
• Variable size blockrandomization
• A computer generated randomization list was generated by a person
blindedto protocol
• Statistician and clinical outcome assessors were blinded to
treatment assessment
14. GENERALCAREANDMONITORING
• Managementof raised ICPand mechanical ventilation were similar in both
groups
• ICPtransducerprobewasusedformonitoringofICP
• CerebralperfusionpressurewascalculatedasMAP-ICP
• On a average, 2 hrly monitored and ICP transducer probe removed when ICP
remainslessthan20mmHg continuouslyminimumof24hrs.
19. STATISTICALANALYSIS
• Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL)
andEpi info 7(7.0.9.7;CenteforDiseaseControlandPrevention, Atlanta,GA)were
usedfordataanalysis
20. STATISTICALMETHODS
• ThetrendofMABPandICPandchange(delta–ICP),CPPandchange (delta-
CPP),Vasoactive score, vital signs,andlaboratoryvariables in the first 72hrs
between the groups were analyzed using general linear model repeated
measuresanalysisofvariance
• Time to event data ( resolution of coma, mechanical ventilation , ICP
transducer probe removal, death and PICU discharge )were analyzed using
Kaplan –Meier and log –rank test followed by cox regression analysis to
adjustforprespecifiedbaselinefactors(age, sex,diagnosis)andexpressedas
anadjustedhazardratiowith95% CI
21. • All test were two tailed, and a p value of less than 0.05 was taken as a
statisticallysignificant
26. SUMMARYOFRESULTS
PRIMARYOUTCOMES
Proportion of patient achieved the target average ICP (<20 mmHg)during
72hourswassignificantlyhigherinHTSgroup
MeanICPin the first 72hrs wassignificantly lower and CPP was higherin the
HTSgroup.
Mean delta- ICP was significantly more negative and mean delta- CPP was
significantlypositiveinHTSgroup
27. SECONDARYOUTCOMES
• Median (interquartile range) m-GCS score at 72hrs and at PICU discharge and
proportion of patients with m-GCS score ≥ 9 at above time points were
significantlyhigherinHTSgroup.
• In HTS group, proportion of patients who developed rebound raised ICP or
complications requiring temporary discontinuation or withholding osmotherapy
wassignificantlylowerthaninMannitolgroup.
• Proportion of patients who developed therapy related hypotension were
significantlylowerinHTSgroup.
• Severe hypernatremia (>160mEQ/l )was seen in higher number of patients in HTS
group
28. • FrequencyofAKI was similar in both groups
• Onepatientineachgrouphadevidenceofhaemolysis
• The coagulopathy (no clinical bleeding only lab evidence)was similar in both
groups
• On Kaplan Meir analysis, HTS group has a shorter median duration of
MechanicalventilationandPICUstay
29. • In the HTS group, three of six deaths (50%) were attributed to refractory
raisedICPincontrastto6of 10deathsinmannitolgroup(60%)
• At PICUdischarge, HTSgrouphas morenumberof patients with mildor no
neurodisability and significantly lesser number of patients with severe
disability
35. QUESTIONS COMMENTS YES NO
1.Did the study address
a clearly focused
question?
They clearly mentioned the population, and
intervention and the comparator was
chosen. The study tried to assess the
superiority of HTS vs mannitol as
osmotherapy
Yes
2. Was the assignments
of participant to
interventions
randomized ?
Randomization was carried out appropriately
with an view to eliminate systematic bias
Yes
3. Were all participants
who entered the study
accounted for at its
conclusion?
There were 52 participants who were not
been included in the conclusion as they are
not randomized
NO
36. QUESTIONS COMMENTS YES NO
4.Were the participants
‘blind’ to intervention they
were given
Yes
Were the investigators
‘blind’ to the intervention
they were giving to
participants?
NO
Were the people
assessing/analysing
outcome/s ‘blinded’
Yes
37. QUESTIONS COMMENTS YES NO
5.Were the study groups
similar at the start of the
randomised controlled
trial?
The baseline characteristics of each
study groups were similar and there are
no differences between the study
groups that could affect the outcome.
Yes
6.Apart from the
experimental
intervention, did each
study group receive the
same level of care?
There was clearly defined protocol and
the follow up intervals were similar for
each group
Yes
7.Were the effects of
intervention reported
comprehensively?
Yes
38. QUESTIONS COMMENTS YES NO
8.Was the precision of the
estimate of the intervention
of treatment effect
reported?
Confidence intervals were reported.
Yes
10. Would the
experimental intervention
provide greater value to the
people in your care than
any of the existing
Yes
Usual plasma osmolarity ranges between 280 and 295 mosm/ L, while HTS osmolarity vary from 1026 to 8008 mosm/L depending on HTS concentration (3-23.4%)
K-s test is used to decide if a sample comes from a population with a specific distribution
Chi-square test : to compare observed result with expected result.
Fisher exact test:analysis of contingency tables
Spss: statistical software suite developed by IBM
Epi info 7: statistical software developed by cdc in atlanta
Kaplan meir: used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment.
Log rank : test the null hypothesis
Cox regression: predicts the value for the hazard and survival probability
