Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP-Honors students. Covers the Atlantic Revolutions, Europe, American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin America, Enlightenment, Nationalism and Feminism
1. The document summarizes the Protestant Reformation and spread of Christianity from 1450-1750. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther and movements like the Counter-Reformation.
2. Christianity spread globally through missionary work and colonization, often blending with local religions. In Latin America, Catholicism syncretized with indigenous beliefs while Protestantism took hold in North America.
3. Other religious traditions like Islam, Hinduism, and Chinese folk religion also expanded during this period, with movements like Sufism, Bhakti, and Neo-Confucianism gaining popularity. Cultural exchange and syncretism were common as religions spread.
This document provides a timeline of key events and figures in the development of democracy from ancient Greece to the French Revolution. It traces the origins and evolution of democratic principles like participation in government, rule of law, and separation of powers. Key developments include the establishment of democracy in ancient Athens, the Magna Carta limiting royal power in England, the English Civil War establishing parliament's supremacy, the Enlightenment spreading ideals of individual rights and consent of the governed, and the French Revolution overthrowing the monarchy and creating a republic. The timeline covers over 2000 years of history and numerous influential philosophers, scientists, rulers and documents that advanced democratic values and systems of government.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition, Ways of the World text for High School Ap-Honors World History students. Covers the Industrial Revolution, Socialism, Capitalism, Social Unrest, Europe, Russia, United States and Latin America
Religious settlement of Henry VIII and Elizabeth INafis Kamal
The religious settlements of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were major parts of the English Reformation that established the Church of England's independence from the Catholic Church. Henry VIII passed acts like the Act of Supremacy that made himself the head of the English church and destroyed the Pope's power in England. Elizabeth I later established a religious settlement through the Act of Uniformity and Thirty-Nine Articles that made Protestantism the official faith but allowed some Catholic practices, in an attempt to unite religious divisions in England. These settlements established the monarch as head of the newly formed Church of England and secured its independence from Rome.
The document discusses the political power struggle between the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire in the 11th-12th centuries. It describes how Emperor Otto I asserted control over the papacy by installing popes of his choosing. This led to the Investiture Controversy between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture. The conflict was eventually settled by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, allowing both secular and religious authority in appointing bishops. The struggle weakened the central authority of the Holy Roman Empire and ensured Germany remained divided.
This document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in Europe between 1550-1800. It covers:
- The expansion of Spanish power under Charles V and Philip II, as well as Spain's Golden Age in arts and literature. However, costly wars and economic issues led to decline.
- In France, Louis XIV strengthened royal authority through expanding the bureaucracy and building the palace of Versailles. However, his religious persecutions and costly wars had negative impacts.
- In England, the Stuarts increasingly challenged Parliament's authority, leading to the English Civil War and Cromwell's rule. The Glorious Revolution established a limited monarchy under William and Mary.
- It also briefly mentions the
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP-Honors students. Covers the Atlantic Revolutions, Europe, American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin America, Enlightenment, Nationalism and Feminism
1. The document summarizes the Protestant Reformation and spread of Christianity from 1450-1750. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther and movements like the Counter-Reformation.
2. Christianity spread globally through missionary work and colonization, often blending with local religions. In Latin America, Catholicism syncretized with indigenous beliefs while Protestantism took hold in North America.
3. Other religious traditions like Islam, Hinduism, and Chinese folk religion also expanded during this period, with movements like Sufism, Bhakti, and Neo-Confucianism gaining popularity. Cultural exchange and syncretism were common as religions spread.
This document provides a timeline of key events and figures in the development of democracy from ancient Greece to the French Revolution. It traces the origins and evolution of democratic principles like participation in government, rule of law, and separation of powers. Key developments include the establishment of democracy in ancient Athens, the Magna Carta limiting royal power in England, the English Civil War establishing parliament's supremacy, the Enlightenment spreading ideals of individual rights and consent of the governed, and the French Revolution overthrowing the monarchy and creating a republic. The timeline covers over 2000 years of history and numerous influential philosophers, scientists, rulers and documents that advanced democratic values and systems of government.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition, Ways of the World text for High School Ap-Honors World History students. Covers the Industrial Revolution, Socialism, Capitalism, Social Unrest, Europe, Russia, United States and Latin America
Religious settlement of Henry VIII and Elizabeth INafis Kamal
The religious settlements of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were major parts of the English Reformation that established the Church of England's independence from the Catholic Church. Henry VIII passed acts like the Act of Supremacy that made himself the head of the English church and destroyed the Pope's power in England. Elizabeth I later established a religious settlement through the Act of Uniformity and Thirty-Nine Articles that made Protestantism the official faith but allowed some Catholic practices, in an attempt to unite religious divisions in England. These settlements established the monarch as head of the newly formed Church of England and secured its independence from Rome.
The document discusses the political power struggle between the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire in the 11th-12th centuries. It describes how Emperor Otto I asserted control over the papacy by installing popes of his choosing. This led to the Investiture Controversy between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture. The conflict was eventually settled by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, allowing both secular and religious authority in appointing bishops. The struggle weakened the central authority of the Holy Roman Empire and ensured Germany remained divided.
This document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in Europe between 1550-1800. It covers:
- The expansion of Spanish power under Charles V and Philip II, as well as Spain's Golden Age in arts and literature. However, costly wars and economic issues led to decline.
- In France, Louis XIV strengthened royal authority through expanding the bureaucracy and building the palace of Versailles. However, his religious persecutions and costly wars had negative impacts.
- In England, the Stuarts increasingly challenged Parliament's authority, leading to the English Civil War and Cromwell's rule. The Glorious Revolution established a limited monarchy under William and Mary.
- It also briefly mentions the
The document provides an overview of the Age of Absolutism in Europe between the 16th-19th centuries. It summarizes the rise of absolute monarchies in Spain, France, England, and Russia during this period and their eventual downfalls. Key events included the defeat of the Spanish Armada weakening Spain's power, the English Civil War replacing the absolute British monarchy with a constitutional one, and the Russian Revolution overthrowing the Russian czar and establishing communism.
English Absolutism developed under King James I and his son Charles I, who believed in the divine right of kings and ruled without Parliament. This led to conflicts over money, religion, and foreign policy. Parliament imposed restrictions with the Petition of Right, but Charles dissolved Parliament. Further disputes and Charles' attempt to arrest opponents led to the English Civil War between Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads). Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads emerged victorious, executing Charles I and establishing a Puritan republic led by Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II, but further conflicts led to the Glorious Revolution and a constitutional monarchy with William and Mary.
1. Philip II inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies after his father Charles V retired. Between 1550-1650, Spain imported over $14 billion worth of gold and silver from the Americas, allowing Philip II to become Spain's absolute monarch.
2. Louis XIV ruled France from 1643-1715, the longest reign of any European monarch. He weakened the nobility and increased the power of government officials to strengthen his absolute rule. He spent lavishly on Versailles to surround himself with luxury.
3. Ivan IV of Russia became czar at age 16 and ruled as an absolute monarch, but grew increasingly paranoid and violent, ordering thousands of nobles and others executed. He was succeeded
The document provides background information on World War 1 and World War 2 in a lecture format. It discusses the colonialism and alliances that led to WWI, key events and battles of both wars, the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy led by Hitler and Mussolini, and the Holocaust and mass killings that took place during WWII. Modern weapons used in WWI such as tanks, planes, and chemical weapons caused mass casualties on both sides.
Absolute monarchies were common during the Age of Absolutism from the 1500s to late 1700s. Absolute monarchs possessed total control over their kingdoms and had several advantages, such as efficient decision making and long-term stability. However, they also had weaknesses like being undemocratic and restricting individual rights. Russia in particular was isolated during this period due to Mongol rule and a lack of warm water ports, but Czars like Peter the Great sought to modernize and Westernize the nation through reforms like building the new capital St. Petersburg.
1) Absolute monarchs claimed unlimited power that was believed to be granted by God. They could make and change laws without limits.
2) In the 17th century, as wars increased taxes and unrest, many monarchs strengthened their power and tightly controlled aspects of society and the economy to impose order.
3) Louis XIV ruled France as an absolute monarch for over 50 years, but his expensive wars and lifestyle left France in deep debt by the time of his death.
European colonization of the Americas began in the 15th century as explorers from Portugal and Spain arrived in search of gold, glory and the spread of Christianity. Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492 believing he had found Asia but had actually discovered the Americas. Soon after, conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Aztec and Inca empires, devastating native populations with violence and disease. The influx of gold and silver from the Americas made Spain the most powerful country in Europe and set the stage for further imperial conquest around the world.
This document provides an overview of major political, social, and economic transformations in Europe between 1450-1750. It discusses the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation led by figures like Martin Luther, the resulting religious wars, and the rise of strong centralized monarchies in countries like France under Louis XIV. Constitutional governments also began emerging in places like England and the Netherlands as a result of conflicts between monarchs and parliaments over religion and political power. By 1750, Western Europe was dominated by powerful sovereign states rather than fragmented feudal systems.
1. The Protestant Reformation began in the early 16th century led by Martin Luther and John Calvin, challenging Catholic Church practices.
2. Scientific advances like Copernicus' sun-centered model and Newton's law of gravity led to challenges of traditional religious views of the natural world.
3. Many European states consolidated political power during this period, developing absolutist styles of rule, while religious conflicts continued.
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
The American Revolution began as a response to heavy British taxes imposed on the American colonies without colonial representation in Parliament. This led to protests like the Boston Tea Party and eventually the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Revolutionary War lasted from 1775 to 1783, ending in an American victory.
The French Revolution began due to financial problems in France coupled with resentment of the extravagant monarchy and Marie Antoinette. This led to the storming of the Bastille and the formation of a National Assembly. The revolution then grew more radical, becoming a republic that engaged in war with other European powers and the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Napoleon later rose to power from the chaos but was eventually defeated
The document discusses the antisemitic text "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and its influence on Palestinian views and policies. It claims the Protocols describe a Jewish plan for global domination and were presented as authentic meeting minutes. While considered a forgery, some see elements reflected in current events. The Protocols helped fuel the Hamas movement and Palestinian Authority's demonization of Israel, justification of violence against Jews, and claims Israel seeks complete world control through media manipulation.
Here are possible answers to the questions about the cartoon:
1. Louis XIV used the image of the sun as a symbol of his power.
2. He likely used the sun as a symbol because the sun is the center of our solar system - implying that Louis XIV saw himself as the center of power in France, with everything revolving around him.
3. The overall meaning of the cartoon is to portray Louis XIV as an absolute monarch who believed he ruled by divine right as God's representative on Earth. The sun symbol reinforced the idea that he, as the Sun King, was the supreme power in France.
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in Europe during the Age of Absolutism. Key events like the Reformation and Age of Exploration weakened churches and brought in wealth, increasing monarchs' power. Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France, Elizabeth I of England, and Peter the Great of Russia ruled with total authority, believing that divine right granted them supreme power over state and religion. The Divine Right theory held that God had chosen the monarch to rule, so questioning the king was akin to questioning God. The document also provides an example daily schedule for Louis XIV to illustrate his absolute authority.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when science and reason led to changes in philosophy and thinking. Enlightenment philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and the philosophes used reason to analyze society and politics. Their ideas influenced governments and helped spark revolutions like the American Revolution.
This document discusses the rise of absolutism and constitutionalism in Western Europe between 1589-1715. It describes how absolutist monarchs influenced culture through patronage of the arts like Baroque art and music. Court culture centered around Versailles, while French classicism glorified King Louis XIV. Constitutionalism emerged in England, where monarchs' power was limited by Parliament establishing a system of checks. The Dutch Republic was a federation run by wealthy merchants' assemblies with religious tolerance and commercial prosperity.
Adnan UOZ English Department 2nd year evening classes Adnan Hadi
The Renaissance period began in the late 15th century and lasted until the early 17th century. It was marked by a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread across Europe, including England. Notable events included the War of the Roses ending in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty under Henry VII. The Renaissance saw renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. The printing press was invented, spreading knowledge more widely. The Protestant Reformation began to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church. In England, King Henry VIII broke from Rome and established the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage. This led to religious and political changes. The Elizabethan era saw England flourish under the rule of
This document summarizes key ideas, people, and events of the Enlightenment period and their influence on the American Revolution. It discusses philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau who developed ideas of natural law, social contract theory, and natural rights that influenced revolutionary thought. Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas through salons and publications despite censorship. Monarchs like Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great implemented some Enlightenment reforms. Tensions grew in the American colonies as King George III increased control and taxation, culminating in the American Revolution led by figures like Washington and Jefferson who drew on Enlightenment principles in declaring independence and forming a new government based on popular sovereignty.
This document summarizes key people, events, and developments in world history from ancient civilizations through the modern era in brief phrases and keywords. It covers the rise and fall of empires, major religious traditions, political revolutions, scientific discoveries, imperialism, world wars, independence movements, and ongoing globalization.
A Geo Strategic Overview of The Greatest Century of ReformationPeter Hammond
1) Martin Luther challenges the corruption of the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences.
2) At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refuses to recant his writings, declaring that his "conscience is captive to the Word of God."
3) Luther is declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Empire but protected by Prince Frederick of Saxony. He goes into hiding where he translates the New Testament into German.
The Renaissance and Reformation
(1350-1600)
Spirit of the Renaissance
Arts and Literature of the
Renaissance
Changing Patterns of Life
Beginnings of the Protestant
Reformation
Further Challenges to the
Catholic Church
The document provides an overview of the Age of Absolutism in Europe between the 16th-19th centuries. It summarizes the rise of absolute monarchies in Spain, France, England, and Russia during this period and their eventual downfalls. Key events included the defeat of the Spanish Armada weakening Spain's power, the English Civil War replacing the absolute British monarchy with a constitutional one, and the Russian Revolution overthrowing the Russian czar and establishing communism.
English Absolutism developed under King James I and his son Charles I, who believed in the divine right of kings and ruled without Parliament. This led to conflicts over money, religion, and foreign policy. Parliament imposed restrictions with the Petition of Right, but Charles dissolved Parliament. Further disputes and Charles' attempt to arrest opponents led to the English Civil War between Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads). Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads emerged victorious, executing Charles I and establishing a Puritan republic led by Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II, but further conflicts led to the Glorious Revolution and a constitutional monarchy with William and Mary.
1. Philip II inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies after his father Charles V retired. Between 1550-1650, Spain imported over $14 billion worth of gold and silver from the Americas, allowing Philip II to become Spain's absolute monarch.
2. Louis XIV ruled France from 1643-1715, the longest reign of any European monarch. He weakened the nobility and increased the power of government officials to strengthen his absolute rule. He spent lavishly on Versailles to surround himself with luxury.
3. Ivan IV of Russia became czar at age 16 and ruled as an absolute monarch, but grew increasingly paranoid and violent, ordering thousands of nobles and others executed. He was succeeded
The document provides background information on World War 1 and World War 2 in a lecture format. It discusses the colonialism and alliances that led to WWI, key events and battles of both wars, the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy led by Hitler and Mussolini, and the Holocaust and mass killings that took place during WWII. Modern weapons used in WWI such as tanks, planes, and chemical weapons caused mass casualties on both sides.
Absolute monarchies were common during the Age of Absolutism from the 1500s to late 1700s. Absolute monarchs possessed total control over their kingdoms and had several advantages, such as efficient decision making and long-term stability. However, they also had weaknesses like being undemocratic and restricting individual rights. Russia in particular was isolated during this period due to Mongol rule and a lack of warm water ports, but Czars like Peter the Great sought to modernize and Westernize the nation through reforms like building the new capital St. Petersburg.
1) Absolute monarchs claimed unlimited power that was believed to be granted by God. They could make and change laws without limits.
2) In the 17th century, as wars increased taxes and unrest, many monarchs strengthened their power and tightly controlled aspects of society and the economy to impose order.
3) Louis XIV ruled France as an absolute monarch for over 50 years, but his expensive wars and lifestyle left France in deep debt by the time of his death.
European colonization of the Americas began in the 15th century as explorers from Portugal and Spain arrived in search of gold, glory and the spread of Christianity. Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492 believing he had found Asia but had actually discovered the Americas. Soon after, conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Aztec and Inca empires, devastating native populations with violence and disease. The influx of gold and silver from the Americas made Spain the most powerful country in Europe and set the stage for further imperial conquest around the world.
This document provides an overview of major political, social, and economic transformations in Europe between 1450-1750. It discusses the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation led by figures like Martin Luther, the resulting religious wars, and the rise of strong centralized monarchies in countries like France under Louis XIV. Constitutional governments also began emerging in places like England and the Netherlands as a result of conflicts between monarchs and parliaments over religion and political power. By 1750, Western Europe was dominated by powerful sovereign states rather than fragmented feudal systems.
1. The Protestant Reformation began in the early 16th century led by Martin Luther and John Calvin, challenging Catholic Church practices.
2. Scientific advances like Copernicus' sun-centered model and Newton's law of gravity led to challenges of traditional religious views of the natural world.
3. Many European states consolidated political power during this period, developing absolutist styles of rule, while religious conflicts continued.
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
The American Revolution began as a response to heavy British taxes imposed on the American colonies without colonial representation in Parliament. This led to protests like the Boston Tea Party and eventually the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Revolutionary War lasted from 1775 to 1783, ending in an American victory.
The French Revolution began due to financial problems in France coupled with resentment of the extravagant monarchy and Marie Antoinette. This led to the storming of the Bastille and the formation of a National Assembly. The revolution then grew more radical, becoming a republic that engaged in war with other European powers and the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Napoleon later rose to power from the chaos but was eventually defeated
The document discusses the antisemitic text "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and its influence on Palestinian views and policies. It claims the Protocols describe a Jewish plan for global domination and were presented as authentic meeting minutes. While considered a forgery, some see elements reflected in current events. The Protocols helped fuel the Hamas movement and Palestinian Authority's demonization of Israel, justification of violence against Jews, and claims Israel seeks complete world control through media manipulation.
Here are possible answers to the questions about the cartoon:
1. Louis XIV used the image of the sun as a symbol of his power.
2. He likely used the sun as a symbol because the sun is the center of our solar system - implying that Louis XIV saw himself as the center of power in France, with everything revolving around him.
3. The overall meaning of the cartoon is to portray Louis XIV as an absolute monarch who believed he ruled by divine right as God's representative on Earth. The sun symbol reinforced the idea that he, as the Sun King, was the supreme power in France.
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in Europe during the Age of Absolutism. Key events like the Reformation and Age of Exploration weakened churches and brought in wealth, increasing monarchs' power. Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France, Elizabeth I of England, and Peter the Great of Russia ruled with total authority, believing that divine right granted them supreme power over state and religion. The Divine Right theory held that God had chosen the monarch to rule, so questioning the king was akin to questioning God. The document also provides an example daily schedule for Louis XIV to illustrate his absolute authority.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when science and reason led to changes in philosophy and thinking. Enlightenment philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and the philosophes used reason to analyze society and politics. Their ideas influenced governments and helped spark revolutions like the American Revolution.
This document discusses the rise of absolutism and constitutionalism in Western Europe between 1589-1715. It describes how absolutist monarchs influenced culture through patronage of the arts like Baroque art and music. Court culture centered around Versailles, while French classicism glorified King Louis XIV. Constitutionalism emerged in England, where monarchs' power was limited by Parliament establishing a system of checks. The Dutch Republic was a federation run by wealthy merchants' assemblies with religious tolerance and commercial prosperity.
Adnan UOZ English Department 2nd year evening classes Adnan Hadi
The Renaissance period began in the late 15th century and lasted until the early 17th century. It was marked by a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread across Europe, including England. Notable events included the War of the Roses ending in 1485, establishing the Tudor dynasty under Henry VII. The Renaissance saw renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. The printing press was invented, spreading knowledge more widely. The Protestant Reformation began to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church. In England, King Henry VIII broke from Rome and established the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage. This led to religious and political changes. The Elizabethan era saw England flourish under the rule of
This document summarizes key ideas, people, and events of the Enlightenment period and their influence on the American Revolution. It discusses philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau who developed ideas of natural law, social contract theory, and natural rights that influenced revolutionary thought. Enlightenment thinkers spread new ideas through salons and publications despite censorship. Monarchs like Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great implemented some Enlightenment reforms. Tensions grew in the American colonies as King George III increased control and taxation, culminating in the American Revolution led by figures like Washington and Jefferson who drew on Enlightenment principles in declaring independence and forming a new government based on popular sovereignty.
This document summarizes key people, events, and developments in world history from ancient civilizations through the modern era in brief phrases and keywords. It covers the rise and fall of empires, major religious traditions, political revolutions, scientific discoveries, imperialism, world wars, independence movements, and ongoing globalization.
A Geo Strategic Overview of The Greatest Century of ReformationPeter Hammond
1) Martin Luther challenges the corruption of the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences.
2) At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refuses to recant his writings, declaring that his "conscience is captive to the Word of God."
3) Luther is declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Empire but protected by Prince Frederick of Saxony. He goes into hiding where he translates the New Testament into German.
The Renaissance and Reformation
(1350-1600)
Spirit of the Renaissance
Arts and Literature of the
Renaissance
Changing Patterns of Life
Beginnings of the Protestant
Reformation
Further Challenges to the
Catholic Church
The document summarizes the key characteristics and events of the English Restoration period (1660-1798). It was a time of political upheaval following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Literature of this period is referred to as Augustan or Neoclassical. Notable developments include the rise of satire, novels, and poetry exploring personal themes within classical forms. Major authors who shaped English literature during this time include John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, and Samuel Johnson.
The document summarizes key events and developments that shaped Early Modern England between 1476-1603. It discusses the Renaissance humanist ideals that revived classical learning and emphasized individual choice over divine will. The printing press spread ideas widely. The Reformation challenged Catholic doctrine and Henry VIII established himself as head of the Church of England. England expanded during this period through colonization of Ireland and early failed colonies in North America. The Scientific Revolution began questioning medieval worldviews and investigating nature. Overall, the document outlines the major cultural and political transformations of the 16th century that moved England from the medieval to the early modern period.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
Similar to Joseph Ricardo The American Revolution (6)
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This document provides a history of Google from its founding by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997. It details their backgrounds and education, the early development of Google's search engine and business model, key acquisitions and launches of products, and Google's rapid growth into a dominant global company. The document traces Google's rise from a startup run out of a garage to a multinational technology giant worth billions.
Ricardo Green Lawns marketing plan by Joseph Joe Ricardo of OrlandoJoseph Ricardo
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Google the entrepreneurial juggernaut final by Joseph RicardoJoseph Ricardo
Abstract
Google began as an idea formulated by two Stanford graduate students who would eventually drop out. Sergey Brin and Larry Page had similar interests in data mining and organizing the information on the internet. Their success almost did not come as they attempted to sell their company in its infancy to rival search engine companies such as Yahoo! and Excite, but both companies would reject such offers. Google would go on to surpass both web search sites and become one of the top companies in the entire world. These two men were able to succeed at their dream to organize the entire internet onto one website. This is one of the greatest entrepreneurial success stories in the history of the business world.
The document compares the global strategies of McDonald's and Starbucks. It discusses how McDonald's revitalized itself under new leadership by differentiating store designs and expanding online ordering and menu options tailored to local cultures. Starbucks also adapted to local preferences in store design, menu, and group dining customs. Both companies aim to maintain growth, but Starbucks learned from McDonald's misstep of overexpansion in the 2000s. Their future success will depend on balancing global standardization with local adaptation and whether healthy fast food competitors can weaken their brands.
Abstract
As the most successful automobile company in the world, Toyota Motor Corporations new main target will be the world largest purchasers of the automobile, the Chinese. Toyota Motor Corporation is already the top selling brand in the world as of 2013, and also has the top selling single model car in the world the Corolla. They are the second top selling brand in the United States, the top selling brand in both Japan and Australia. They are currently the third top selling brand in China but have plans to become the top selling brand in their rival country China.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Joseph Ricardo
History 494
Professor Zarrillo
May 11, 2008
The American Revolution
How the Intellectual Evolution of Western Civilization led to a break from
Old World Politics.
2. The American Revolution is an interesting and commonly popular event in
history especially to those living in the United States. In my writing I will show and
prove my theory that the American Revolution was a product of an intellectual evolution
of Western civilized man that created a progressive liberal society to counter the Old
World conservative forms of government. This happened in a few stages the first was the
emergence from the Dark Ages an era of ignorance and little progress. Next was the
progress in the Renaissance era and the rebellion against the papal authority in the
Protestant Reformation. Then there was the colonization of the New World that coincided
with European Enlightenment and the flourishing of liberal government and ideology of
the American Colonies. Finally was the defiance of British authority, rebellion against
British forces, and finally Revolution against the British for Independence.
The American Revolution is often thought of as a conflict between American
Colonist and the British stemming from animosity over taxation of colonial affairs. I
believe that the conflict was much larger in scope. The American Revolution was the
culmination of dissatisfaction that had been growing since the end of the Dark Ages and
the onset of the Renaissance in the 14th
century. Western Civilization went for the most
part stagnant after the fall of Rome, divided into small nations Europeans were plagued
by wars, conflict and disease. During this time the Catholic Church and monarchies ruled
under the church were in charge of the governments of most of Europe.
The Dark Ages are often described as a time period from the fall of Rome to until
around 1000 AD which then becomes the Middle and High Middle Ages. I would in my
opinion describe the Dark Ages as period that didn’t end politically until the Magna Carta
of 1215, technology wise not until Gutenberg’s printing press of 1450 and religiously
3. until Martin Luther’s 95 thesis in 1517. The lives of normal citizens were limited mostly
to serfs living on and working on land owned by land lords.
The Dark Ages were a time of Western civilization stagnation in science,
technology, literature, and also a lack of historical accounts of the time. The inventions of
Western man during the Dark Ages are limited to the heavy plough of the 5th
century,
tidal mills in the 7th
century, and the hour glass in the 9th
or 10th
century1
. To show how
far Western mans intellect expanded during the Renaissance the mechanical clock was
invented in Milan in the year 1335 a mere 300 years after the invention of the hour glass.
The gap between Western civilization progressions can be seen in numerous fields
including math, astronomy, philosophy, chemistry, medicine. In medicine you have a gap
between Galen’s discovery of the link between severing the spinal cord and paralysis in
180 AD to Roger Bacon’s writing about concave lenses for the treating of long
sightedness in 12493
. During the medical gap of Western Civilization Islamic scholars
like 9th
century Muslim Hakim and physician al-Tabari who wrote the first medical
encyclopedia, a 9th
century Persian physician Razi made distinctions between measles and
small pox, and Ibn Zuhr the father of experimental surgery who was also the first
physician to use inhalant anesthetics in the early 12th
century. This is just one example of
the cultural decline of Western man during the Dark Ages.
During the time of the Dark Ages there was little progress made in monarchial
governments until the signing of the Charter of Liberties 1100 and the Magna Carta in
1215. The Charter of Liberties4
was an important document because King Henry binds
himself and future kings, earls, barons and others in high positions to the same laws as
common citizens. The Charter of Liberties was the predecessor of the Magna Carta of
4. 1215, unlike its predecessor this document would not be signed by the free will of the
king5
. The signing of the Magna Carta was a result of King John’s abuse of power as well
as perceived incompetence. During his reign he managed to lose territories in France
including Normandy a huge source of English income. John also managed to get
excommunicated by the pope by not excepting Pope Innocent’s appointee as the
Archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent even went as far as suggesting to Philip of Spain to
invade England. To make amends John gave England and Ireland as papal territories.
This action outraged the barons of England that the king would give up autonomy of
England. Johns actions that would offend the commoners was his attempt to raise taxes
for the army due to the loss of French territories. On July 10, 1215 numerous barons
gathered together and went to London to force King John to sign the Articles of the
Barons. Clause 61 the security clause allowed for a committee of 25 barons to overturn
any unjust ruling by the king6
. John immediately denounced the agreement and threw
England into a civil war “the First Barons War” which ended shortly after John’s death.
The Magna Carta was a huge influence not only to the growth of Parliamentary rights and
in turn to more power to ordinary people. The document is also a large influence on the
Declaration of Independence.
Between the end of the Dark Ages and the onset of the Renaissance and there was
a period of catastrophes like the Black Death7
, and the Hundred Years War. The Black
Death was a disease called the bubonic plague that killed at least one third of the
European population or an estimated 25 million people between the five year period of
1347 to 1352. Some felt it was the anger of God and tried to appease him by whipping
themselves and even some blamed and attacked Jewish people. After the plague ended
5. and one third of Europeans were deceased there was a lot of land left behind and an
abundance of work opportunities. The upper class and land lords tried to keep wages low
with laws like the Statute for Laborers in 13518
, but the fact that there was so much work
and such a shortage of labor left many land lords no choice but to pay higher wages. I
believe this tragic event allowed for ordinary people to become more independent in both
philosophy and faith, as they could no longer depend on their clerics to save them and
now had more opportunities to advance in society with the abundance of work
opportunities. Ordinary people were now becoming less subservient to the upper class.
After the Black Death ordinary European people seemed ready to put behind the
old way of life and began pursuing new interests and becoming artisans9
. Cultural
advances were being made in parts of Europe, new inventions were emerging, and
advances in science were coming to fruition. The Renaissance began in Italy but would
soon spread throughout Europe mostly though France, Germany and England.
The Italian Renaissance was driven by the humanist movement, which was a
belief in equality and dignity of all people. The early influence to the humanist movement
in Italy was Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)10
. Dante was famous for his work the Divine
Comedy in which he travels through hell, purgatory and paradise when he realizes that
more popes were in hell than in paradise. The moral of the story was that popes could as
easily go to hell as could any normal citizen. This was one of the first in a growing trend
of challenges to papal authority. Other contributors to the humanist movement were men
like, Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio these men contributed to the growth of
freethinking but not the challenge of authority or the old way of life as Dante did. The
Renaissance in Italy also saw the artistry of men like Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo
6. Da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, Bramante and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Along with men like Lorenzo
di Medici who was a Florence politician who funded artist like Michelangelo and Da
Vinci, Italian artistry had reached a high point.
The Renaissance in Europe was a direct influences on the next revolution in
Europe the Protestant Reformation. This reformation was preceded by men like William
Ockham, Dante, and John Wycliffe, but began with Martin Luther’s 95 thesis and men
like John Calvin and Zwingli. Martin Luther was a German monk who wrote the 95
theses which were a direct challenge to papal authority12
. Luther’s motivation was the
collection of indulgences which the church remitted sins in exchange for money, Luther
believed only God could remit sins. Beginning in theses five and six he challenges the
authority of the pope to remit sins, when Luther believes only God can remit sins. He
challenges the pope’s authority as Gods messenger on earth, promotes scripture over the
papacy, and criticizes indulgences. These challenges by Luther would lead to a new
spread of discontent against the Catholic churches authority.
Around the same time as Martin Luther there was Ulrich Zwingli who was a
priest who questioned papal authority over the word of the scripture and eventually found
him self in conflict with the Zurich pulpit for seduction of young woman, in which
Zwingli replied his vow to celibacy did not necessarily mean chastity13
. By 1522 he along
with ten other priests petitioned to the Bishop of Constance for permission to get married.
This petition went ignored but Zwingli finally married a woman outside of the church.
John Calvin born in Switzerland was another leader in the Protestant Reformation.
Calvin was a product of Northern Renaissance humanism and wanted to reform the
7. church but found himself in conflict with the papacy and forced into exile. He is most
famous for his writings the Institutes of the Christian Religion, as well as his work in
Geneva.
The Catholic Church at first tried to counter the rise of Protestant Reformation
with revivals which were started by Pope Pius IV in 1560. They tried to reform within
their interpretation of scripture, and their religious style. Pope Paul III would try
reforming his bishops and priests with his Council of Trent but eventually the papacy
would turn to harsher tactics in their efforts for Counter Reformation15
. The papacy
would resort to inquisitions, in which they would torture, imprison, or put to death any
one accused of heretic ideology. This led way to major controversy between Catholics
and Protestants and different countries were beginning to nationalize themselves after
Protestant religions.
Luckily for Western Civilization the Age of Exploration was already under way
by the early 15th
century. While Columbus is credited with but not always agreed to as
discovering the New World in 1492 and landed on South American mainland in 1498,
Vasco Da Gama reached India for the first time for Europeans in 1498. The New World
would prove to be the new stepping stone for liberal ideology and separation from Old
World culture and politics. By 1607 the New World had its first English colony the
Jamestown Virginia settlement. By 1620 there was the second English colony in the New
World in present day Plymouth Massachusetts. The colonies within Massachusetts and
the surrounding New England colonies would eventually become most influential in
colonial politics, spreading much liberal ideology, ideas of natural rights, free will,
human rights, equal rights, and a freer attitude toward politics, culture and religion.
8. The original English settlers in the New World came seeking both religious
freedom and economic prosperity. Legislation like the 1559 Act of Uniformity, made it
illegal to conduct private or unofficial church services outside of the Church of England,
it also made it illegal not to attend church services. Separatist like Henry Barrowe and
John Greenwood were executed for their defiance of the new church laws. After much
tension between Separatist and Puritans with the Anglican Church a group of them were
finally able to obtain a patent for land in the New World. Robert Cushman and John
Carver convinced investors with the London Company to grant them a patent by telling
them of the speculated profitable opportunities in the New World. En Route to the New
World they decided to write up their own constitution the Mayflower Compact. This
document established a majoritarian form of government16
which called for all laws to be
voted and decided upon by a majority vote, a concept which was foreign to European
monarchial societies where laws were decided by Kings and Parliaments. The Mayflower
Compact would be the first stepping stone toward liberty and democracy in America.
King Charles would eventually grant an official charter to the “Massachusetts Bay
of New England” in 1629. The king also gave them recognition as a corporate body with
the right to rule the territory in name of England.17
The early rights such as freedom of religion were tested early within the colony
and numerous new settlements were found for the cause of escaping further injustices of
personal freedoms. The first of these defections was John Endicott whose defection was
due to a lack of religious discipline he felt within the Plymouth colony in which he then
settled to Salem. Then there was Roger Williams who was a theologian with many ideas
that preceded his time, many of which conflicted with the established Puritan society of
9. Massachusetts. On his arrival in February of 1631 he was asked to replace a pastor. His
sermons were considered extremely radical by other Puritans. Williams believed in the
separation of church, religious freedom (Amendment I)18
and state as well equal rights
and treatment of all men including the Native Americans (Amendment XIV) in which he
spent much time learning their languages and culture. Williams replied to the controversy
by calling the Church of England and apostate and claiming the English had no right to
take the natives land. In a land dispute between Massachusetts Bay and Salem, Salem
was granted land as long as they excommunicated Williams. In June of 1635 Williams
and his followers arrived in Providence Rhode Island. The first law of the land was to be
equal rights for all men. By 1640 the colony had established both religious freedom and
separation of church and state. Providence became a safe haven for those who still faced
religious persecution such as the Quakers, Jews, and Baptists. In May of 1652 the law in
any colonies making slavery illegal (Amendment XIII) passed in Providence. The colony
established by Roger Williams was indeed beyond its time and exemplified a free society
with liberties and natural rights.
Anne Hutchinson was another example of continued oppression of freethinkers, in
this case due to their sex. Hutchinson was a Puritan preacher who was unable to legally
preach due to being a woman. She migrated in 1634 to Massachusetts and found her self
in immediate controversy for preaching at small sermons at her home. She questioned the
already established religious hierarchy in Massachusetts as well as some of the preaching
of the pastors19
. She preached faith alone in God would lead to salvation which conflicted
with the Puritans who preached salvation through donations to the church. When John
10. Winthrop became governor he had Hutchinson banished. She would go to Rhode Island
and eventually settle in New York where she would be murdered by Siwanoy natives.
Even though Massachusetts would for the most part remain a more Puritan
conservative society, they still established many liberal laws compared to those of
England and other European nations. In December of 1641 Nathanial Ward8
wrote the 98
laws the Massachusetts Bodies of Liberties which was a legal document granting certain
rights, privileges and civil liberties. The first law protects the rights of men from being
tried for any crime not in the document. The second law grants equal justice in the court
for both inhabitants and foreigners. Monopolies are prevented in the 9th
law. The 18th
law
prevents any man from being imprisoned before sentencing. Reasonable fines are set in
the 22nd
law (Amendment VIII). The 42nd
law protected any man from being tried twice
for the same crime (Amendment V). The 46th
law protected men from inhumane
punishment. These laws established were pretty liberal in comparison to the laws of
England and other “Old World” countries.
Though the American colonies for the most part lived in salutary neglect in the
early stages of colonization they would experience a few bumps in the road. The first
major incident would occur in 1651 when England imposed the Navigation Act, this law
made it so no goods could be imported or exported to and from the colonies unless in and
English vessel21
. The colonist response to these acts was a intricate smuggling operation
which would become known as the triangular trade. New England would ship timber, fish
and cotton goods to the French Caribbean islands in exchange for molasses. Back in New
England and primarily Rhode Island the molasses would be distilled into rum, the would
be shipped to the West Indies, exchanged for slaves, brought back to Newport R.I. the
11. empty slave ships would then bring rum to Gold Coast Africa and come back with new
slaves. One of the most famous smugglers in colonial times was John Hancock, who
inherited the business from his Uncle and foster parent Thomas Hancock22
.
The colonial charter of Massachusetts was withdrawn in 1684 due to their lose
interpretation of British law. By December 1686 the British Crown installed Edmund
Andros as the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. He began his reign of
power by levying and collecting taxes which became extremely unpopular. Along with
the influence of the Glorious Revolution the colonist found the power to overturn the
government in April of 1689 and imprisoned Andros. This would be the beginning of
defiance against British authority in the New World.
The colony of New England was a place where the notion of natural rights and
liberties were growing rapidly. The New World was influenced by idealist from Europe
with philosophies that were against the beliefs of those in charge like the monarchies and
papacy. New events were occurring in Europe such as the English Civil War and the
signing of the English Bill of Rights.
Another movement that occurred in Europe and influenced the American colonies
was the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, which coexisted and flourished around the
same time as the beginnings of the American colonies.
New England experienced more prosperity per capita than other parts of the
country such as the south. The richest in the south were the plantation owners while the
tenant farmers and slaves shared none of the profits. In the north how ever there was
more distribution of wealth. Many colonists in New England were merchants, boat
builders, fishers, lawyers, or specialized in numerous other trades. The education system
12. in New England was also exceptional in that the first public school of the colonies was
the Boston Latin School in 1635 a mere 15 years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth.
In 1636 Harvard University23
was established still the oldest and one of the most prestige
schools in the United States. Of the first ten colonial schools four were located in the
New England area along with Harvard in 1636 there was, Yale Connecticut 1701, Brown
University Providence 1764, and Dartmouth College New Hampshire 1769. The make up
of the early colonies showed that they were concerned with education, individual success
and progress. The American colonies were shaping up to be a new innovative society
concerned with individual rights, liberties, and freedoms.
Toward the middle of the 18th
century the British once again began to impose on
the colonist supposed new found freedom. These infringements would continually agitate
the colonist and lead to continuous rebellion. Also by the mid 18th
century many of the
colonists were trained in the art of war fare through service in the French and Indian War
that began in 1754. Not only were they trained in military tactics but there gunpowder
and military supplies were increased. They now had the resources to defend themselves
from any outside influences.
The city of Boston was the most famous for defiance against the British. Of the
main cities in the American colonies between 1700 and 1764 there was six riots in
Philadelphia, PA, four in New York and 28 in Boston24
. Only land owners were allowed
to vote which made the hardships fall harder on regular citizens with no ownership of
land. It was said that in Boston the common folk would resort to “voting with their feet”
when there grievances could not be resolved. One of the earlier riots occurred around
13. 1709 in Boston called the Boston Bread Riots. These riots were a result of expensive
bread being sold by merchants for high profits.
Their defiance in Boston did not come only from rioting and protesting they also
defied the British “Navigation Act” with an intricate system of smuggling as I discussed
earlier. In 1759 New England was exporting about 38,000 British pounds worth of goods
while they were importing over 600,000 British pounds worth of goods from England
alone. The profits from the smuggling trade were enormous and Britain began to notice.
The failure of the Navigation Act brought along the Writs of Assistance in 1761
which allowed for the searching of ships as well as household for suspicion alone of
smuggling. This legislature would be mainly ignored for the most part like other British
laws. One famous politician was James Otis who was once an advocate general in the
vice admiralty court whose main job was to prosecute smugglers, found the law to be
unconstitutional and a violation of basic rights25
. Otis is most famously known for his
argument to the Stamp Act Congress in which he argued “No taxation without
representation” which basically meant the colonist should be taxed by Parliament if they
are not directly represented within them.
The Writs of Assistance would be followed by a few new laws in the 1760’s.
There was the Sugar Act of 1764 which had an impact on the southern colonies but not
much on the northern ones. The act that would really agitate the colonist and provoke a
collective rebellion was the Stamp Act of 1765. This affected the colonies as a while
making it a requirements for a stamp to be attached to numerous goods such as
newspapers, legal documents, licenses, as well as playing cards26
. The response from the
Virginia House of Burgesses was a passing of a Virginia Stamp Act Resolution which
14. claimed the British were taxing the colonist without them having the proper
representation in Parliament. When the congressional leader of Massachusetts heard of
the resolution they sent invitations to all colonies to accept the resolution. This is event
was significant in that it was the first time the colonies began to act as one in defiance of
the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonies then began collectively boycotting English goods
and formed the First Continental Congress to collectively plan further resistance against
British tyranny.
Like they had previously done the people of Boston began once again to “Vote
with their feet”. Mobs of men sometimes members of the Sons of Liberty began tarring
and feathering Stamp Act officials. One time a mob probably the Sons of Liberty burnt an
effigy of Andrew Oliver who worked for the Office of Stamp Distribution27
and went as
far as to take the stamp office itself down to the ground. When both the sheriff and
governor came to calm down the mob, the leader ordered his men to take arms against
them. In another incident a mob destroyed the Lt. Governor’s house and destroyed his
collection of valuable manuscripts and books as Hutchinson was an historical writer. The
people of the colonies especially in Boston were furious over the new Stamp Act and
were taking revenge on anyone associated with the new taxes. Royal Officials were being
forced resign and as a result the Stamp Act was appealed, but the Declaratory Act was
signed by Parliament preserving their right to tax the colonies in the future.
During the time of rebellion against the Stamp Act new radical groups had formed
with ideologies of liberty and freedom. One of these groups was the Sons of Liberty.
They were formed in Boston around the summer of 1765 in response to the Stamp Act.
There main function was to oppose any new legislature they thought was against their
15. basic rights and liberties. By the end of 1765 there were Sons of Liberty groups in all the
existing colonies28
. Violence was not their only means of resistance they also had heavy
influence in local newspapers which they would use to spread propaganda against British
tyranny.
One of the most influential members of the Sons of Liberty was Samuel Adams,
one of the elder leaders in the revolutionary effort who was an unsuccessful brewer yet a
brilliant tactician against British tyranny.
In 1767 Charles Townsend took control of the English Parliament and decided to
levy his own Townsend Acts of 1767, which he aimed to punish the colonist for the
uprising against the Stamp Act. A Massachusetts Circular letter was passed in February
of 1768 which pointed out and supported the views of John Dickinson of Pennsylvania a
farmer who debated the difference between internal and external taxes. The letter also
urged the colonist to further boycott British imports; they would suffer a 40 percent loss
from colonial importation.
In response to the boycott and rebellious acts of the colonist the British sent soldiers to
the port of Boston on October 1, 176829
. The colonist would treat the British soldiers as
invaders and tensions would continue to grow. It was typical of the colonist to taunt and
throw stuff at the soldiers while they marched through the streets of Boston. On March 5,
1770 the tension between the colonist and British soldiers would boil over. Numerous
stories surround the events of the Boston massacre, but the end result was the killing of
five colonists after an altercation with British soldiers. There is no conclusive evidence as
to who started the altercation, but the men who died that day would become martyrs to
the cause of American independence. The Boston Massacre would be used as propaganda
16. in local papers and pamphlets. Paul Revere and Samuel Adams would use the event to
portray the British as over exerting their power and tyranny on the colonies through
violence.
The Boston Massacre would be considered the first blood shed of the conflict
between the colonist and the British but the first offensive act by the colonist would come
in June of 1772. The Gaspee Affair was an incident where the HMS Gaspee was trying to
enforce navigation and trade laws when they ran aground off of Narragansett Bay chasing
the smuggling boat Hannah30
. A group of Patriots led by Abraham Whipple came aboard
the grounded ship shot the Lt. Commander and burnt the ship down. Whipple would go
on to become one of the most significant naval officers of the American Revolution.
The turning point that would lead to the British occupying the Boston harbor
would be the throwing of tea into the harbor by Patriots. The British had made a deal with
the East India Company to import tea into the colonies at a cheaper price than previously.
This would lead one to wonder why the colonist would be upset over cheaper tea, well
the fact was that the British would also be making a larger profit off of the tax on the tea
than previously. The colonist decided that the tea would not come on shore. On
December 17 of 1773 a group of men most likely led by the Sons of Liberty boarded the
Dartmouth ship. According to an eyewitness George Hewes31
the men boarded the ship
dressed as Natives brandishing hatchets they broke open the crates of tea and threw them
into the harbor.
The result of the Boston Tea Party would be the Coercive Acts which would be
known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts32
. The British Parliament claimed the laws
passed in 1774 were a result of “growing unrest in the thirteen colonies”, although the
17. laws took a particular aim at the Boston colony. Two of the four acts were the
Massachusetts Government Act and the Boston Port Act. The Massachusetts Government
Act ended all elections in the colony, officials would now be appointed by the British
Crown. The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston from any trade until the losses
from the tea party were compensated for. This act in particular would gain sympathy
from colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas who previously had no concern for New
England affairs. These colonies began to send supplies to New England. The Boston Port
Act unintentionally banded the colonies together. The First Continental Congress would
meet in Philadelphia, PA in part as a result of the Intolerable Acts.
While the First Continental Congress was attempting to find some sort of
resolution to the growing conflict between the British and the colonies, the Patriots in
Massachusetts were stocking up on munitions and gunpowder. On September 1, 1774
260 British regulars were sent by General Thomas Gage to investigate a rumor of
gunpowder supplies being kept in Somerville Massachusetts34
. The rumors had been
correct and the troops seized all the munitions and gun powder. The event would become
known as the Powder Alarm, and would serve as a warning to the British of possible
future conflict. In response to the Powder Alarm the Patriots met in Worcester and urged
one third of all militias to be assembled into minutemen. These minutemen would be
ready to fight and defend their land in a minutes notice. They also established a system of
express riders who would be ready to ride to neighboring towns and warn of impending
British attacks.
At this point the growing conflict between American colonists and the British was
coming to the point where blood shed was becoming a reality. Previously the notion of
18. blood shed or war was not a real possibility from either side, except from the extremist on
each side. The British felt that the rebellious acts of Boston would not spread or come to
anything more than what they considered kids away from home acting out. The British
thought they could quell the resistance with a little show of force. Unfortunately the
animosity in the Boston colony was boiling over and the show of authority by the British
was backfiring into support for the rebellious Bostonians.
The first official blood shed of the American Revolution came on April 18, 1775
after General Thomas Gage decided once again to investigate rumored munitions in the
town of Concord34
. This time the townships would be warned by Paul Revere and Samuel
Prescott. The British troops on this day would meet resistance from the Middlesex militia
comprised of 6,000 men led by Col. James Barrett35
. At the end of the conflict 19 British
officers and 250 soldiers killed as opposed to 90 American Patriots36
.
The Patriots would follow the British troops back to their main stronghold in
Boston. Under the leadership of General Artemas Ward an initial force of 6,000 to 8,000
men surrounded the city from all sides in the Siege of Boston, opposing the force of
4,000 British troops.
The British would eventually receive reinforcements of 4,500 troops and attempt
to leave the city. The attempt would result in the Battle of Bunker Hill actually fought on
Breeds Hill. The British attempted to charge up the hill but were dealt 1,000 casualties37
from 1,500 Patriot marksmen as opposed to 140 Massachusetts militia casualties. The
Patriots would be forced to retreat only after running out of ammunition. Both sides
considered it a win with the British gaining position on the hill while the Patriots killed
more troops.
19. The American Patriots were now at war with the British, and it would be an up
hill battle. In the beginning of the war American Patriot victory looked dim, and under
the leadership of General George Washington they would lose more battles than they
would win, yet in the end they were able to endure and drive the British out of the
colonies.
Resistance to the old conservative way of life had reached full circle in the
American colonies and they would gain their independence from the Old World. The
American colonies would grow to become the epicenter of freedom, liberty and
democracy. The growth of Western civilized mans intellect and desire for natural rights
and liberties, grew into a revolution against the Old World politics of Europe and resulted
in American independence.
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