education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
This presentation contains various aspects of metal cutting like mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, chip breakers, types of chips,etc
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpi...yhchauhan
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpieces and guide cutting or shaping tools, ensuring precision and repeatability in production processes.
This presentation contains various aspects of metal cutting like mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, chip breakers, types of chips,etc
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
PPT IS IMPORTANT FOR FE PUNE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR SUBJECT BME. DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN ABOUT LATHE MACHINE, DRILLING MACHINE AND GRINDING MACHINE
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpi...yhchauhan
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpieces and guide cutting or shaping tools, ensuring precision and repeatability in production processes.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Jigs & Fixtures
Fixture : Mechanical device (Strong & Rigid) designed and used in M/c shops to enable
easy, quick & consistently accurate locating , supporting and Clamping Workpiece against
tool for higher productivity and quality in batch Production.
Jig : Jig is a fixture having additional system of tool guidance.
3. Advantages of Jigs and Fixtures :
1. Minimize tool breakage, guidance of cutting tool, drill, reamer
2. Minimize the possibility of human error, partially automates the M/c tool.
3. Permit the use of less skilled labor
4. Reduce manufacturing time, cost
4. Design of Jigs & Fixtures :
Major Parts comprising jig & fixtures // elements to be designed :
1. Base and Body or Frame : Strong and rigid
2. Locating elements /System : for positioning and orientation of the blank
3. Supporting System
4. Clamping System/elements
5. Tool guides- bushings
6. Indexing Mechanism –plates / systems
7. Auxiliary elements : fasteners
5. 12 : Degrees of Freedom
3-2-1, 4-2-1,Principle of Location:
Pins A, B, C : Restrict 1,2,3,4,7 , no of D.O F. ( Rotation about X and Y axis and translation along -ve Z- Axis)
Pins D, E : Restrict 5,6, 12 , no of D.O.F. (Rotation about Z axis and , Translation along +ve Y – axis )
Pin F : Restrict 10 , no of D.O.F. ( Translation along –ve X-axis)
Remaining D.O.F are : 8 ,9,11, Which can be arrested by Locating and Clamping
(Translation along +ve, Z-axis, +ve , X-axis, -ve , Y-axis)
F
8
D E
A
B C
F
7. Design of Jigs : Element / Part-2 & 3,
Locating & Supporting Devices Rules / Principles :
Locating :
1. One or more surfaces preferably machined are to be taken for reference.
2. Locating should be easy , quick and accurate
3. The locating pins should be as far as possible
4. System should be Fool proof and redundancy should be avoided
5. Vee block and cones should be used for self locating solid and hollow
cylindrical jobs
Supporting :
1. Supporting should be provided at least at three points
2. Unsupported span should not be large to cause sagging
3. Proper recess should be provided for supporting large flat area
4. If more than three pins are required for supporting large work pieces then the
additional pins are to be spring loaded or adjustable
10. Locators / Methods :
Locating by Flat surfaces:
Solid Supports : Easiest and Cheapest, Less accurate, used where m/c surface act
as locating point.
14. Locators / Methods :
Locating on mandrel or plug :
Nesting / Profile Locators :
15. Locators / Methods :
Nesting / Profile Locators :
Used for Cylindrical W/p
No need of supplementary locating devices
But it is difficult to lift out of the cavity
Some time finger slots are provided
It encloses the w/p fully
16. Locators / Methods :
Nesting / Profile Locators :
Full Nest for work pieces other than cylinders
Encloses the work completely
For large W/p , partial nests are used to
Enclose certain contours of the W/p
17. Design of Jigs : Element/Part -4, Clamping Principles :
Clamping must be strong , rigid and Stable, unaffected by vibrations, easy, quick.
Should not hinder loading and unloading work, interfere with operator of m/c tool.
Clamping force should act against rigid part and not damage the job.
Use minimum Standard parts , Use pads of softer material such as nylon or fiber
Wearing parts have to be hard and replaceable
Clamping should be fool proof, Reliablity, safety and low cost
25. Design of Jigs : Element /Part-5, Tool Guides Bushings :
Tool Guides / Bushes are Provided :
(0.00025 to 0.0025 larger than drill size , can drill 10,000 to 15, 000 holes )
1. To eliminate elastic spring back ,to locate & guide tool relative to the work.
2. No need of marking,
3. Reduce tool run out, off
4. No hole expansion ovalisation
5. Reduces tool breakage
26. Types of Bushes :
1. Press Fit Bushings : Installed directly in jig body, Less Accuracy.
2. Liner Bushings : Master Bushings, Permanently fixed to jig body. guide to
renewable type of bushings:
27. Types of Bushes :
3. Renewable Bushings :
For periodic replacement
In large production , due to wear
Sliding fit into liner bush
Retaining screw for preventing rotation lift
Can be removed only after removing retaining screw
4. Slip Bushings:
For two or more tools to cut
On same axis, different diameter
Drilling followed by reaming
Slip bush is used for each tool
Retaining screw for preventing rotation lift
28. Types of Bushes :
Screw Bush
Holds the bush in place
Makes bush adjustable
Can be used for locating
Can be used to clamp
29. Design of Jigs : Element/Part-6, Indexing Mechanism
Used to move the work piece relative to machine table or spindle.
Used for quick, accurate location of work piece in number of specific positions.
32. Types of Jigs : Template Jig :
Based on construction and method of operation Drill Jigs are Classified as
Simple plate of metal or wood which carries correct location of holes to be
made in the workpiece. Size of template should be same as that of workpiece.
Directly placed on the part , No Clamping arrangement
Eliminates marking need completely, Least expensive
33. Types of Jigs : Plate Jig :
A Template jig with work piece clamping system
Located and Clamped directly on the work piece and bolted in position
36. Design of Jigs :
Principles :
1. Should allow easy and quick loading and unloading of work piece
2. Should be as open as possible to minimize chip or burr accumulations
3. Fool proofing provision should be there.
4. The use of ejection devices to force the work piece out from the jig or fixture
5. Design for safety : avoid sharp corners , bolts and nuts should be inside the
body of jig or fixtures.
57. Design of Fixtures :
Fixtures name is derived /fact /it is always fastened to a m/c or bench
Fixtures are designed specifically for an operation and so named like
Milling Fixtures
Turning Fixtures
Tapping Fixtures
Assembling Fixtures
Fixtures for grinding
Fixtures for broaching
Fixtures for boring/ drilling
Fixtures for welding
Difference between Jig and Fixtures
1. A fixtures holds and position the work but does not guide like jig
2. Fixtures are heavier in construction, Jigs are lighter in construction
3. Bolted rigidly on machine table, Jigs are not bolted
4. Subjected to higher cutting forces, Clamping must be big, Hexagonal
nuts used to clamp, Jigs to lighter forces, Hand nuts used.
5. Fixtures can be used for all machining applications, Jig not for all.
58. Design of Fixtures : Milling Fixtures
Fixture components :
• Base : Securely fastened to milling machine table
• Setting Block :
Motion of cutting tool is more complex, movement in two different axes
Used for tool setting/ locating cutting tool in relation to w/p surface
59. Design of Fixtures : Milling Fixtures
Setting block fixed to the fixture, feeler gauges are placed between the cutter and
reference plane on the setting block so that the correct depth of cut and correct
lateral setting is obtained.
60. Design of Fixtures : Milling Fixtures/ Example-1 & 2
Design a String milling fixture to cut slot 3*3 mm in a cylindrical mild steel
component
61. Design of Fixtures : Milling Fixtures/ Example-1
1. Base Plate
2. Support Block
3. Support Block
4. Spindle
5. Holding Block
6. Thrust Plate
7. Stepped V- Block
8. Std V- Block
9. Guide Block
10. Work Plate
11. Allen Screw
12. Allen Screw
13. Handle
66. References :
1. Introduction to Jigs and Fixtures , 3rd Edition, M.H.A. Kempster, The
English Language Book Society and Hodder And Stoughton, London.
2. Jigs and Fixtures, 3rd Edition, P. H. Joshi, Tata McGraw Hill Education
private limited, New Delhi.
3. Tool Engineering and Design, G.R. Nagpal, Khanna Publishers, Delhi
4. A Text Book of Production Technology, P.C. Sharma, S. Chand &
Company Ltd. Ramnagar New Delhi.
5. Jigs and Fixture Design, Fifth Edtion, Edward G. Hoffman, Thomson
Delmar Learining, a division of Thomson Learing Inc.