Jicama Cores Lab Report

Jicama Cores Lab Report
In the lab that was conducted in class, the question was whether or not the Jicama cores' mass would
change in size when placed into different sucrose solutions overnight. The hypothesis was if you
place Jicama cores into different cups containing a lower amount of sucrose concentration and a
higher amount of water concentration, then the cell's mass would change. It was predicted that the
cells' mass would decrease due to less water transferring through the plasma membrane, and this is
due to a lower water concentration being inside the solution than inside the core. Tests were taken to
see which sucrose solutions caused the mass to decrease and which solutions cause the mass to
increase. There was less water concentration when the sucrose
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Blb Experiment
3rdExperiment
 Subjects
In the study conducted by Kari Fossum, subjects were acquired from the Physiology 435 class at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison after they each filled out a consent form. Participants were
explained the nature of the procedures and questions and concerns were addressed by the
researchers [4].
 Procedure
"The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was
attached to the participant's chest, underarms, and above the nipple line" [4]. Respiratory monitoring
was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold's Gym 390R Cycle
Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in
subjects' blood and to measure changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respiratory monitor measured baseline respiration for a minute. Respiratory rate was also
measured by the respiratory monitor throughout the entire experiment. After initial respiratory rate
had been measured for about 30 seconds, researchers established a baseline heart rate range using
the pulse oximeter. This was done by recording maximum and minimum heart rates within a period
of 30 seconds. Since the site of the experiment had abundant background noise, silence could not be
used as the control variable. Therefore, white noise was used as the control instead. The subjects
listened to "Original White Noise" by White! Noise using Sony MDR7506 Dynamic Stereo
Headphones. The subject was instructed to pedal at a rate between 8 and 10 mph and was supervised
by an experimenter to ensure that the participant stayed within the proper pedaling speed range. As
the participant pedaled, the researchers changed the resistance on the stationary bike between
resistance levels 8 and 11 to make sure that the participant's heart rate was within the preferred
range. Subjects were monitored to ensure they had the heart rate ranges of 55–65% of his or her
age–predicted heart range. The subject pedaled for two minutes,

The Saturation Of Hip Hop
The Saturation of Hip Hop Hip hop has gone a far way since the 1980s. in the year 2016, hip hop is
considered popular and many people, no matter the color of your skin or where you come from are
seen listening to Hip Hop. I personally believe that hip hop has become more acceptable in our
society. Often time in these songs they discuss about politics, love, issues, many problems that
people can relate to and have a connection with someone. However, there are those artists that are
seen in the category similar to "Gangsta Rap" and those are still present in 2016. Therefore, our
perception of hip hop has changed since the 1970s/80s. "Same Love" by Macklemore & Ryan
Lewis, features a soft backbeat played by a piano. This is also accompanied ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"Here it Goes Again" is a music video done by OK go using only treadmills. Unlike other music
video on MTV that switch from scene to scene, this video is one solo take. I know this because at
1:00 in the video, the artist in the pink jeans nearly trips. If this wasn't taken in a single shoot the
producers would have cut out that scene, instead they decided to keep it. The music video doesn't
feature any of the typical MTV music video, for instance, jumping around. This music video shows
that our era is filled with innovators. OK go used what they had available with their resources and
created a music video that eventually won a Grammy award. They would promote a performer who
thinks on the spot and would work with what they have. I believe OK go would be fairly easy to
work with as they would accommodate with individuals or

Effect Of Sucrose Concentration On Potato Osmosis
The data collected from this experiment demonstrates that the potato undergoes a hypotonic change
when exposed to water as well as a hypertonic change when saturated in a sucrose solution.
Throughout the experiment, each piece of potato was introduced to a different concentration of a
sucrose and water solution. The sucrose solution, due to its density, did not enter the potato cells
while the water was easily diffused into the cells through pores in their membranes. Water
undergoes osmosis in situations where there is more solute in one area compared to another. It will
then move towards the area with a higher concentration of solute, in this case the cytoplasm, and
thus leave the area with a lower concentration of solute, the test tube. The goal of osmosis is to find
an equilibrium between the concentrations in both areas. In general, it was possible to determine
which potatoes were hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic based on their appearance. For instance,
those in the highly concentrated sucrose solution were noticed to be smaller in size, more malleable,
and not translucent. These observations show ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, test tube #0 and #4 both had an initial mass of 0.70g. The potato in test tube #0
experienced a 14% change in mass while the potato in test tube #4 merely had an 8.6% change in
mass. This leads to the conclusion that the potatoes with a higher water concentration than sucrose
solution are more hypotonic than those with a higher sucrose solution concentration. Moreover,
according to the graph, when the line of best fit is considered, it is clear that the lowest sucrose
molarity causes hypotonic results, the highest sucrose molarity causes hypertonic results and the
midpoint or isotonic results were discovered to be in test tube #5, the 1:1 ratio of sucrose solution
and

Administering Inhaled High Concentration Oxygen to...
The practice of administering inhaled high concentration oxygen to patients suffering chest pain is
widespread, has been followed for about a century, and is advised in major textbooks of emergency
care, general medicine, and cardiology. There remains an expectation amongst the general public
and medical practitioners that oxygen simply forms part of the standard treatment of a 'sick' patient
(Nicholson, 2004). A review of the evolution of supplemental oxygen therapy reveals that it is not
evidence–based, and there is uncertainty about the benefits and safety. This paper will discuss the
different approaches of the use of high concentration oxygen therapy for the client with acute chest
pain, including previously conducted trials. The physiological benefits and harms, the variation in
international guidelines and the need for future research will also be analysed.
Chest pain is a "common and often non–specific symptom that can be caused by a number of
underlying conditions", one of the most serious being Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI),
commonly known as a heart attack (Chapman, Leslie, & Sage, 2012, p. 12). High concentration
oxygen therapy, levels greater than 60%, has been advocated for the treatment of AMI and chest
pain for nearly three quarters of a century (Ranchord, Perrin, Weatherall, Beasley, & Simmonds,
2012). As early as 1922, Barach noted the beneficial effects of high concentration oxygen therapy, at
levels of 80–100%, in patients suffering from angina

Physical Therapy Reflection Paper
For JY, I completed the examination across multiple sessions and incorporated special tests and
measures as his condition improved. For my first encounter with JY in the ICU, he was lying in bed
supine with the head of bed elevated 45 degrees. He had a left PICC line, telemetry wires, a urinary
catheter, and a nasal cannula. For the initial examination, Day 1 in the ICU, I used clinical judgment
and considered JY's precautions for multiple lines, falls risk, and oxygen requirements.
On Day 1 in the ICU, I performed elements of the Patient/Client Management Model – examination
and evaluation – from the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice 3.0. JY had a severe expressive
aphasia, and as a result, JY's spouse served as an additional source to gather and interpret
information from the patient. To evaluate arousal, attention, and cognition, I asked JY questions
regarding his name, the correct date, and his location. JY verbally responded and I determined that
he was orientated to time, place, location, and situation. I recorded JY's vital signs from the
telemetry device with the five recording electrodes on his chest and abdomen. He had a digital pulse
oximeter on his right finger to measure his blood oxygen saturation level. JY was receiving
additional oxygen and wearing a nasal cannula on his face that was inserted into his nostrils. The
initial examination data for JY's vital signs, circulation, and oxygen requirements are listed in Table
2. Next, I assessed JY's functional

Case Study of an Eighteen Month Old Toddler In Respiratory...
As a respiratory therapist at a local hospital, I was called to the Emergency Department to await the
arrival by ambulance of a 32 lb. (14.54 kg.), eighteen–month old male toddler with a history of
coughing, congestion, fever, and runny nose for the previous five days. He is currently taking
prescribed medication, by his pediatrician, consisting of acetaminophen to control fever as well as
cough syrup to lessen his cough, congestion and runny nose. He has been on this medication for the
past two days but suddenly, within the past hour, has developed an audible wheeze and cyanosis
around his lips. This change in condition alarmed his mother and she called 911 to have an
ambulance come to her home. While in route to the hospital, the EMS ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I would choose pressure controlled – continuous mandatory ventilation (PC–CMV) for this patient. I
would set up the ventilator with the following settings: initial PIP of 20 cm H2O and once patient is
attached, I would adjust the PIP to 10 cm H2O above the determined plateau pressure, tidal volume
at 90 ml (patient's IBW is 14.5 kg and the recommended VT is 5 – 8 ml/kg), frequency at 30
(recommended is 20 – 35 for a toddler), FiO2 at 100%, PEEP at the recommended pressure of +5
cm H2O, and inspiratory time of 0.6 seconds (recommended is 0.6 – 0.7) (Walsh 335). I would also
add heated humidity to the circuit via a heated pass–over humidifier set at 37 degrees Celsius. The
alarm settings would be the following: humidifier high temperature alarm at 38 degrees C. and low
temperature alarm at 30 degrees C., high pressure alarm set to 10 cm H2O above PIP and low
pressure alarm set to 5 – 10 cm H2O below PIP, low exhaled tidal volume alarm set to 80 ml (10 –
15% below set tidal volume), high PEEP set to 7 cm H20 and low PEEP alarm set to 3 cm H2O (2 –
3 cm H2O above and below set PEEP), high respiratory rate alarm set to 42 and low respiratory rate
set to 18 (40% above and below the set rate) (Cairo 106–109). To assess the appropriateness of the
ventilator settings, I would first assess the patient by listening to breath sounds, monitoring heart
rate, respiratory

Potato Osmosis Lab
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to identify the internal concentration of potato cells when
soaked in solutions with different sucrose concentrations. During this experiment, potato tuber
segments were soaked in solutions containing 0 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M of
sucrose for one hour. After the allotted time, the potato segments that were soaked in the 0.5 M
solution (the highest concentration) decreased in mass, and the segments soaked in the 0 M solution
(the lowest concentration) increased in mass. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was supported
because the concentration of sucrose in the solution affected the percent change in mass of the
potato segments.
Introduction:
The membranes of cells, made of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obtain six potato tuber segments, each approximately 4 cm in length, from your laboratory
instructor.
2. Use a sharp razor blade to remove any potato skin on the ends of the tuber segments. Then cut all
of the segments to equal length (i.e., 4 cm). Place all six segments on a moistened paper towel and
cover them with another moistened paper towel to prevent the tissue from drying out.
3. Remove a segment from the toweling and place it on a dry paper towel. Use the towel to blot the
sides and ends. Quickly slice the segment into thin disks (approximately 2 mm in thickness).
4. Place the disks in an empty beaker/cup and quickly wash off the surface starch with cold tap
water. Briefly swirl the slices in the water and then carefully pour off the water.
5. Place the disks on a dry paper towel, spreading them so they are not touching. Quickly blot off the
surface water.
6. Place an empty weigh boat on the balance and determine mass. Transfer the disks to the weigh
boat and determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 g (minus the weight of the weigh boat). Create a data
table on an NCR sheet like Table 5–2 in your laboratory notebook to record the

Monitoring In Neonates Validation
Study 3: Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates The third study reviewed was
written by Shyang–Yun Pamela K. Shiao and Ching–Nan Ou (2007), and is titled Validation of
Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates. The objective of this particular study was to validate
whether the clinical monitor was correct in recording oxygen saturations, comparing the results to
blood samples. According to this study, blood was obtained for this research through catheters that
were inserted through the umbilical artery and the umbilical vein to obtain the levels of oxygen in
blood. The neonates used for this study included neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Included in this study were neonates that were born with respiratory distress ... Show more content
The studies are also similar in that they all are examining oxygen saturation levels in neonates. The
first study and second study both used reusable probes to detect oxygen saturation. The objectives
are dissimilar between the three studies. The objective of the first study was done in order to
determine the ease of implementing pulse oximetry screenings in community hospitals, the second
study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the pulse oximetry screenings, and the third study seeks
to compare and validate oxygen saturation levels that show up on clinical monitors, to blood
samples of the neonates. The procedures done in each of the studies were different: the first study
was done by a pulse oximeter placed on the right hand and a second pulse oximeter placed on either
of the feet. The second study was done only by a single pulse oximeter placed only on either foot.
The third study was done by drawing blood from the neonate and comparing the results of the blood
to what the pulse oximeter said, which was placed on either of the neonates feet. The studies all
differed in the parameters that they used. In the first study, a healthy neonate had an oxygen
saturation greater than 95%, with less than a 3% difference in the saturations detected by the pulse
oximeter on the right hand, and the one on the foot. In the second study, a normal saturation was
considered to be 94% or greater. In the third study, a normal pulse oximeter reading was defined as
being at 95% or greater. The studies differ in the level of education provided for the nursing staff,
also. In study one, there was education and training provided for all nursing staff that worked in
labor and delivery, and on the mother/baby floors. In the second study, there was no education or
training provided, other than on the use of a pulse oximeter. In the third study, no education or
training was noted on performing the procedure,

Introduction:. Homeostasis Is The Process Of Maintaining
Introduction:
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a fairly constant interval environment. Homeostatic
mechanisms help us to be independent of our external environment. It helps us regulate our body
temperature, pH, concentration of dissolved substance in the body fluids, concentration of glucose in
blood, concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids, blood pressure and
concentration of metabolic wastes. Without it, we wouldn't be able to survive and adapt to our
environment.
Homeostasis is vital for us humans. However, homeostasis imbalance can occur when cells in the
body malfunction or experience a deficiency such as malnutrition (results from unhealthy diet) or
when cells are exposed to toxins. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(extra: By drinking caffeine beverages without sugar, our heart rate and oxygen level will increase a
little but stay around the same because the caffeine will boost the heart and flow of oxygen. As for
the caffeine beverages with sugar, the oxygen level and heart rate might increase highly because
sugar is known to make you hyperactive. As for water, both heart rate and oxygen level might stay
at a constant rate because we constantly need water and our 75% of our body is made of water, so it
would be dangerous if change occurred too much, causing constant health problems. )
Variables:
Independent variable: The level of caffeine has been controlled for each beverage.
For coca cola : caffeine for 225 ml : 21,6 mg (+ 22.32g of sugar) /For coca cola 0 : 21.1 caffeine for
220ml (no sugar) / For water: 0 /For instant coffee : around 1,2mg ( 1 table spoon so around 5g )
/For tea: 0.9 mg( 1 table spoon so around 5g )
Dependent variable: The variable that we couldn't control was heart rate and oxygen saturation.
Controlled variables:
 Caffeine tolerance – Some of the people testing had different tolerance to caffeine. For example,
Monisha drink coffee every morning, her body therefore adapted to caffeine and she a higher
tolerance of caffeine. In comparison, Elise, never drink or at very rare occasion caffeinated
beverages which gives her a lower tolerance for caffeine.
 What you

Osmolarity Lab
Taylor Kapitanek
Biology 200A– 005
30 September, 2014 Abstract
This "Estimating Osmolarity by Change in Weight of Potato Tuber Tissue" experiment was
conducted to determine the molarity of sucrose concentration where the mass of potato tuber
segments does not change, indicating an isosmotic concentration. Indicating an isosmotic
concentration was done by calculating the change of mass of the potato tuber cells prior to
incubation against the mass after incubation in the sucrose solution. My groups goal was to
determine what type of osmotic concentration was created as compared to the potato tissues. The
results of my groups lab indicated three different osmotic concentrations. At this sucrose
concentration the sucrose solution is isotonic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The percent change in mass of the potato cells is positive when incubated in concentrations of 0.0,
0.1, and 0.2 M of sucrose. At these three solutions, a hypertonic environment was observed within
the cell. The percent change in mass of the potato cells begins to decrease and become negative
when incubated in concentrations of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5M, and 0.6M of sucrose. At these four specific
solutions, a hypotonic environment was obtained within the cell. Reflecting on the data, a line of
best fit crosses the x–axis where an isotonic relative osmotic concentration is accomplished. An
isotonic solution was achieved when the sucrose solution is around 0.175 M. Based on the results
from the experiment,our alternative hypothesis was

Saturation Assignment
Saturation Assignment Questions Notes Describe the PLACE: Where are you? What do you see?
What do you hear? What do you smell? At St. Mary's Square. A large statue of Dr. Sun Yat–Sen, the
founder of the Chinese Republic. Also, a busy city. Lots of noise. Sounds of buses, people, and drum
beats from a far. Looks like a lot of fish being cooked around. Describe the PEOPLE: Who is around
you? What are they doing? What are their interactions? What is the mood of the people? Of the
area? A lot of older men and women and children in the nearby park. Men are mostly playing cards
or checkers; some of reading newspapers. Women seem to gather together for conversations, but a
few are performing tai chi, which is really beautiful. Children are playing around. The mood of the
area is very cheerful. Seeing the people in that mood boosts mine and makes me more enthusiastic!
Describe your FEELINGS: How do you feel? What memories come to you? I feel myself in a
different environment than the rest of America. This place truly makes me feel I am back in Asia. In
a way it reminds me of the first time I came to the United States. Everything was different but I was
excited. But strangely enough, this time being saturated in an Asia–like environment gives me the
same feeling. Conversations: What pieces of conversation do you catch? What languages? What do
the conversations indicate about the relationship? Write down bits of conversation you

The Effect Of Closedendotracheal Suctioning Systems On...
1. Inan D, Saba R, Yalcin A, Yilmaz M, Ongut G, Ramazanoglu A and Mamikoglu L.
Deviceassociatednosocomial infection rates in Turkish medical–surgical intensive care units. Infect
ControlHospEpidemiol. 2006 Apr; 27(4): 343–8.
2. Caramez M, Schettino G, Suchodolski K, Nishida T, Harris R, Malhotra A andKacmarek R.
Theimpact of endotracheal suctioning on gas exchange and hemodynamics during lung–
protectiveventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2006 May; 51(5): 497–
502.
3. Taylor C, Lillis C and LeMone P. Fundamentals of nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
&Wilkins,7th ed.2010
4. Phipps W, Monahan F, Sands J, Marek J and Neighbors M. Medical–surgical nursing: Health
andillness perspectives. St. Louis: MO: Mosby,8thed; 2011.
5. El Masry A, Williams P, Chipman D, Kratohvil J andKacmarek R. The impact of
closedendotracheal suctioning systems on mechanical ventilator performance. Respir Care. 2005
Mar; 50(3):345–53.
6. Kozier B, Erb G, Berman A and Snyder S. Fundamentals of nursing: concepts process and
practice New Jersey: Pearson Prentice,10thed; 2015.
7. Bourgault A, Brown C, Hains S and Parlow J. Effects of endotracheal tube suctioning onarterial
oxygen tension and heart rate variability. Biol Res Nurs. 2006 Apr; 7(4): 268–78.
8. Lee E, Kim S and Kim J. Effects of a closed endotracheal suction system on oxygen
saturation,ventilator–associated pneumonia, and nursing efficacy. TaehanKanhoHakhoe Chi. 2004
Dec; 34(7):1315–25.
9. Ongerden I,

A. Root Cause Analysis. Healthcare Facilities Accredited
A. Root Cause Analysis
Healthcare facilities accredited by Joint Commission have an obligation to conduct a root cause
analysis (RCA) after a sentinel event Root cause analysis (RCA) is a process that is used to identify
origin of a problem in a system in order to develop corrective action plan. In healthcare sector, root
cause analysis, therefore, is conducted to determine the factors that contributed to a sentinel event.
Root Cause Analysis of the scenario
The subject patient: Mr. B
Age: 67–year
Day: Thursday
Timeline of events
3:30 p.m.: Mr. B. arrives at triage accompanied by his son. Assessment results – B/P 120/80, HR–88
(regular), T–98.6, R–32, weight 175 pounds, pain 10/10, Left leg appears shortened with edema in
the calf, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nurse J places an automatic blood pressure machine on the patient. Nurse J leaves his room and the
patient's son to remain in the room
4:35 p.m.: B/P 110/62, Oxygen saturation is 92%. Nurse J and the LPN on duty receives the
emergency transport patient, and they are also discharging two other patients. ED lobby is congested
with new patients.
4:40 p.m.: Oxygen saturation alarm goes off. Oxygen saturation is 85%. LPN enters patient's room
and resets the alarm and repeats the B/P reading. Nurse J is assessing the respiratory distress patient
and ordering respiratory treatments, Chest X–ray, and labs.
4:43 p.m.: Mr. B's son informs the nurse that the "monitor is alarming." Nurse J enters the room. B/P
is 58/30 and Oxygen saturation is 79%, respiration is 0, no palpable pulse.
A STAT CODE is called. Patient is connected to the cardiac monitor. Heart rhythm is ventricular
fibrillation. CPR is initiated by the RN. Patient is intubated and defibrillated. Reversal agents, IV
fluids, and vasopressors are administered.
5:13 p.m.: heart rhythm is normal sinus, B/P is 110/70, and pulse is palpable. Patient not breathing
on his own and is fully dependent on the ventilator. Pupils are fixed and dilated. No spontaneous
movements and not responding to noxious stimuli. Air transport is called. Patient is transferred to a

tertiary facility for advanced care.
Patient outcome
Day 7: Brain death is confirmed by EEG data. Patient dies after life–support is

Determination of the Solubility Product Constant for...
Abstract In this experiment, the Ksp for calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4·2H2O, by titrating 4
times a calcium sulfate dihydrate solution with diprotic EDTA, H2(EDTA)2–. For each trial we
found the Ksp by means of molarities and activities. The results for the Ksp using only molarities
was very different than the Ksp using activities. The average Ksp using molarity only was 2.26 x
10–4 and the average Ksp using activity turned out to be 2.31 x 10–5. The actual Ksp however, is
3.14 x 10–5. A percent error of 26.6 % was calculated.
Introduction
Experimental In this experiment, a saturated calcium sulfate was already made and ready to use.
25.00 mL of this solution was then mixed with 10 mL of an ammonia buffer and 1 drop of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|Trial 1 |0.0559 |
|Trial 2 |0.0603 |
|Trial 3 |0.0602 |
|Trial 4 |0.0602 |
| |Activity Coefficient |
|Trial 1 |0.329 |
|Trial 2 |0.315 |
|Trial 3 |0.316 |
|Trial 4 |0.316 |
|

Molarity Of Sucrose Essay
Figure 1 shows the relationship between the percent change in mass and the molarity of sucrose
solution for both group data and class average data. The percent change in mass was used instead of
just change in mass because all of the bags had different initial masses. The percent changes allowed
comparison between the different solutions. The smallest percent change in mass was in solution C,
which had a molarity of 0.0M. The greatest percent change in mass was in solution B, which had a
molarity of 1.0M.
Discussion/Conclusion: It was predicted that the percent change in mass and the molarity of sucrose
would be directly proportional, more specifically the solutions with low percent change in mass
would have a lower molarity and solutions with a high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the fact that water moves from areas of low solute concentration to the areas of high
solute concentration. If the solution has a high molarity of sucrose, that means water outside would
move into the bag causing the mass of the bag to become greater. That is what happened in the
experiment. The water moved in the bags that had a high molarity of sucrose and increased the mass
of the the bags; this caused the the mass difference to be greater, which caused the percent change in
mass be greater. Solution B had the greatest class average percent change in mass of 29.62% and the
greatest molarity of 1.0M. Solution C had the smallest class average percent change in mass of
2.39% and the lowest molarity of 0.0M. There were a couple of errors that may have occurred in the
duration of the experiment. One of the errors that may have occurred was that the dialysis bags may
not have been completely dried from the distilled water before the initial and the final masses were
taken and recorded, which could have affected the mass difference and consequently the percent
change in mass. Another error that could have occurred was if the dialysis bags were not completely
sealed when the tails of

Stoney Creek Stream Analysis
Stoney creek is a salmon spawning stream located on Burnaby Mountain, British Columbia, Canada
(The City of Burnaby, 2016). However, the site is constantly being threatened by nearby urban
constructions and development (Stoney Creek Environment Committee, n.d.). Thus, organizations
were created to protect, maintain and monitor this important salmon rearing stream (Stoney Creek
Environment Committee, n.d.). A few methods that the organizations utilize to analyse Stoney
Creek, is to survey its habitat conditions and test the water quality and quantity (Taccogna et al.,
1995). This will require the assessment of vegetation availability, flow velocity, volume, discharge,
water chemistry and conditions (Taccogna et al., 1995). Compiling and documenting ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These characteristics involve streambed material, embeddedness, pool habtat percentage, off–
channel habitat, bank stability, bank vegetation percentage, overhead canopy and riparian zone.
Certain points to note is that there is an abundant variety and amount of vegetation (such as conifers
and shrubs) surrounding the creek which provides shade, protection and their roots provide bank
stability (Taccogna et al., 1995). Another point to consider is that undisturbed streams will have little
to no embeddedness (Taccogna et al., 1995). Unfortunately, our results from the 25 streambed
samples suggests 41% embeddedness of gravel and rock, meaning there was some stream
disturbance. Coniferous trees are also present which may increase the streams acidity (Taccogna et
al., 1995). Again, plentiful vegetation also increases bank stability and decrease risks of erosion
which could disturb many sensitive aquatic creatures (Taccogna et al., 1995). For that reason,
destruction on its environmental surroundings should be avoided at all costs. Overall, with a score of
90, the habitat quality of Stoney Creek is in the acceptable

Potato Osmosis Lab Report
I was able to determine which solution corresponded to which molarity by my knowledge of how
water osmosis from high concentrations of water to low concentrations of water. I determined
solution D to be the lowest molarity of 0.0 moles because the potatoes that were immersed in this
solution had the highest average percent increase in mass of 23.08%. Since there is a small amount
of sugar in the potato cores and the potato cores gained a large amount of mass, that must mean that
there was a higher concentration of water or a hypotonic solution outside the potato cores because
the water osmosed from high water concentration into low water concentration. Since the potato
cores gained the most mass, it must mean that there was the greatest amount ... Show more content
The solution outside the cores must have been hypertonic and inside must have been hypotonic,
causing the water to osmose out of the cores. I knew there must have been more sucrose than
solution A because there decrease was greater, meaning that the outside solution was more
hypertonic, causing more water to need to leave the core to create an isotonic environment. I
determined that solution E contained 0.8 moles of sucrose because the cores immersed in it had the
next largest decrease in mass. This shows that the solution must have been even more concentrated
or hypertonic causing more water to leave to create an isotonic environment. I determined that
solution B contained the largest amount of sucrose with 1.0 moles. This was because the cores
immersed in it had the largest decrease, which means that the solution outside of the core must have
been the most hypertonic which means it must have had the most amount of sucrose. I knew this
because the most water left these potato cores which means that the solution outside must have been
the most hypertonic and needing the most water to make it isotonic to the inside of the cores which
contain a lot of

Case Study: Cari's Story
A. How would an infection in Cari's nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses?
An infection would spread into Cari's sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal
passage. B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari's respiratory system is using to
clear her lungs by coughing?
A cough reflex clears up sputum from the nasal passages and pharynx. In the trachea there are cilia
that move mucus up from the lungs. The mucus causes the cough reflex. C. Which structures found
in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari's lungs from infectious
pathogens and particulate matter?
Inside the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages that would protect Cari's ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These clinical findings show that Cari's arteries have too much oxygen in them. You can determine
this since the normal Po2 of a resting individual is 40 mmHg. On average, a "normal" oxygen
saturation rate at rest is 94 percent. I. Which of the symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of
oxygen and reduced oxygen exchange at her tissues?
Cari mentions that she "pants like a dog" leading to the determination of lack of oxygen. This
reduces the oxygen exchange in her tissues. J. As Cari's Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen–carrying
capacity of hemoglobin affected?
The hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily, as the Pco2 rises. K. How would you have expected
Cari's decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing?
When your blood pH being alkaline, you experience respiratory alkalosis. The co2 levels drop in
your blood which causes complications. L. How would administration of oxygen enhance Cari's
central drive to breathe?
Due to the mechanical ventilator, it is able to assist in oxygen perfusion to all of her tissue. Thus, the
lungs will be able to expand appropriately. M. Which anatomical structures in Cari's respiratory
system were initially involved?
The initial anatomical structures that were involved were her trachea, throat, and lungs. N. Why was
Cari plagued with a chronic smoker's cough?
Cari was diagnosed with chronic smoker's cough due the fact that the cilia were irritated, however,
they were paralyzed and

A Case Study : Jenny Coste
Introduction
This assignment focuses on a case study; Jenny Coste. She is a nine–year–old girl who is in
remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (School of Nursing and Midwifery 2014). She has
been diagnosed with community acquired right middle lobe pneumonia (School of Nursing and
Midwifery 2014). To integrate theory and practise, a sim scenario occurred where Jenny Coste
developed an adverse drug reaction to her antibiotic, cefotaxime. The antibiotic was stopped
immediately and a number of events occurred during the session to care for Jenny. A discussion of
the care given to Jenny will be provided with recommendations for more care. Objective and
subjective data from Jenny's case will be analysed. Additionally, the antibiotic, ... Show more
Subjective data is confirmed by the person experiencing the symptoms such as feelings, sensations,
values, beliefs and perceptions (Luxford 2015, p. 219). Jenny continues to state how she was feeling
throughout her journey. Before she had tests done, she told her mum she was scared (School of
Nursing and Midwifery 2014). Jenny remains very tired, weak and in pain (School of Nursing and
Midwifery 2014). A regular position changes can provide comfort for someone with pneumonia
(Swearingen 2016, p. 118). Common nursing interventions for fatigue and activity intolerance is to
set mutually agreed goals for the patient so they can begin to tolerate activities, stress the
importance of good nutrition to help with their energy levels, provide rest periods for the patient to
regain energy stores and decreases the risk of the patient becoming emotionally exhausted
(Swearingen 2016, p. 19). Developing a plan of care is important to provide continuity of care
(Ingham–Broomfield 2015, p. 249).
Medication
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (Hales 2014, p. 1251).
This can be caused by pathogens entering into the lung through coughs, aspirations, talk, sneezing or
the bloodstream and develop an infection (Hales 2014, p. 1252).
During the sim scenario, Jenny was due for her next dose of cefotaxime. She was ordered
100mg/25kg /day in 4 equal doses. Cefotaxime is a third–generation cephalosporin which is a group
of antibiotics that are effective

Saturation And Synthesis Essay
Discussion When the degree of saturation Ω is equal to one, the system is at equilibrium. When Ω is
greater than one, precipitation should occur because the solution is saturated in ions with respect to
the solid mineral form. The data show that gypsum should have started precipitating between sample
1 and sample 2 collection time, because this is when the degree of saturation moves to beyond 1.
The peak saturation for gypsum occurs between sample 3 and sample 4, and decreases afterwards.
This decrease is most likely caused by the decrease in available ions after gypsum continued to
precipitate through the experiment, leaving fewer calcium and sulfate ions to contribute to the
degree of saturation. As evaporation continues, halite approaches ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Degree of saturation calculations showed that gypsum precipitated sometime before sample 2 was
taken and peaked around the time sample 4 was taken. Although calculated degrees of saturation for
halite did not exceed 1, the sudden decrease in sodium and chloride ions in solutions indicate that
precipitation most likely occurred, and then exhausted the ions to the point where the solution was
no longer saturated. Because the precipitate was not analyzed, whether or not halite did precipitate
out is not known. The order of precipitation recorded in the experiment agrees with Usiglio's
original

Solving Pressure Ulcers
Pressure ulcers remain an all too common problem in the healthcare industry, yet they are entirely
preventable. Changes were needed in the area of prevention, however, and this is what led to the
development of Oxy–Mat. Glenn Butler, Mike Kyevich and Bok Y. Lee, M.D. came together to
create products that help to prevent bedsores while making life easier for healthcare workers who
are often overwhelmed with daily tasks. With the help of these products, the level of care provided
continues to rise and everyone benefits. Oxy–Mat remains committed to providing quality and
innovative products that, through the use of science, are design to provide superior outcomes.
The Founders
Bok Y. Lee, M.D., Mike Dyevcih and Glenn Butler all have experience ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Counsel recently sent out an advisory on
frequently asked questions regarding the staging of pressure wounds. Oxy–Mat follows these
updates closely to determine if changes need to be to their products to better serve patients and
healthcare organizations.
Furthermore, recent research has suggested biomarkers could be of assistance in preventing pressure
ulcers in those patients who have suffered a traumatic spinal cord injury. As healthcare continues to
advance, Oxy–Mat will work to improve their product using the new information obtained. They
understand science plays a large role in determining the best options for patient care, thus they make
certain they follow the news in the area of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment.
Request a free no–cost evaluation in your healthcare facility to see the benefits of the Oxy–Mat
support surface system. In addition, be sure to ask about the industry–unique leasing options
available to clients. We want to ensure all patients receive the highest level of care and our system
helps to ensure this. Pressure ulcers are entirely preventable. Our system makes eliminating these all
too common injuries an easy

Saturation Level
low, the oxygen in our body diffuses into tissues, allowing carbon dioxide in the blood (Pendleton,
2003).
Blood leaving the lungs of a healthy person at sea level pressure has an oxygen saturation level of
97 %. The saturation level will drop to 90% at approximately 10,000 feet. Folks in the medical
industry consider an O2 saturation level below 93 % unhealthy. If an aircrew reacts slowly after an
airplane depressurize at or above 25,000 feet, there's a possibility that the crew would become
unconscious. At that altitude the O2 saturation level is 55%. Prudent pilots that are aware of
aeromedical factors, fly with a pulse oximeter that clip onto the finger to measure their oxygen
saturation level. Some pilots call it a "hypoxia meter" (Pendleton,

Intensity Of Exercise Research
Question/Aim:
How does the intensity (amount) of exercise performed (walking/running) affect the heart rate,
oxygen saturation in blood and the frequency of breathing?
How does the amount of time exercised affect the heart rate, oxygen saturation and the frequency of
breathing?
How does this affect the human body? The cardiovascular system? The respiratory system?
Does this have a significant influence on the blood pressure?
Hypothesis:
If the intensity of exercise and the time of exercising increases (not simultaneously), then the heart
rate will escalate to a higher pace, the oxygen saturation in the blood will increase, and the
frequency of breathing will multiply rapidly. First off, I will be making a prediction and explanation
about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will only be testing 2 different paces, a walking pace (4km/h) and a running pace (7km/h). This
will be collected and manipulated by the different paces that will be tested, as I will have stated in
the procedure below. Every 5 minutes, I will stop to test each aspect in order to ensure that the data
collected is reliable and accurate.
Independent Variable 2 (Experiment 2): Time of Exercise (Measured by Minutes) – This information
will be collected and manipulated by setting an accurate timer as to each one of the sections of
exercise. There will be 3 sections in total, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. Each continue after
one another. After each 5 minutes, I will be testing each one of the factors in order to come to a
better conclusion, seeing as there will be more information regarding this

Saturation Patrol Case Study
Finally, the fifth program I will look at is Saturation Patrols. According to an FBI Law Enforcement
Bulletin (2003), this DUI strategy involves "an increased enforcement effort targeting a specific
geographic area to identify and arrest impaired drivers" (Greene, p.3). Through increased patrolling,
Saturation Patrol officers are on constant lookout for signs of impaired drives such as swerving,
"following too closely, reckless driving, aggressive driving, and speeding" (p. 3). Unlike sobriety
checkpoints, Saturation Patrols gives officers a better chance of catching impaired drivers because
officers are scattered throughout a high–risk area, increasing the likelihood an impaired driver
would be caught. Also unlike sobriety checkpoints, this strategy does not offer drivers a way to
avoid apprehension if they are impaired since they offer drivers the opportunity to avoid the
checkpoints. To incorporate this patrol strategy, some departments require "documentation as to why
a specific location was chosen [and s]elected sites should have a statistically high incidence of DUI
crashes or fatalities and take into account officer and motorist safety" (p. 3). ... Show more content
For example, from 2001 to 2002, "the Missouri State Highway Patrol conducted 822 saturation
patrol operations, arresting 1,666 drivers for DUI" (p. 3); in 2014, the Long Beach Police
Department conducted a single saturation patrol from which they "Conducted sixty–seven
enforcement stops ... eighteen field sobriety tests ... [m]ade nine DUI arrests ... [and i]mpounded
three vehicles" (LBPD, 2014). Another test of its effectiveness was reviewed by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention in 2015. After reviewing patrols used in

Saturation Vapor Pressure
Saturation vapor pressure is a unique function of temperature as given in Table 5.6. Each
temperature in the table may be interpreted as a dew point temperature, because as the ground cools,
dew will begin to form at the temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure.
Table 5.6: Saturated Vapor Pressure of Air at Various Temperature
(C) Temp (F) | Sat Vapor Pressure (mb) | (C) Temp (F) | Sat Vapor Pressure (mb)
–18
–15
–12
–09
–07
–04
–01
02
04
07
10
13
16 00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60 1.5
1.9
2.4
3.0
3.7

4.6
5.6
6.9
8.4
10.2
12.3
14.8
17.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18
21
24
27
29
32
35
38
41
43
46
49
52 65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125 21.0
25.0
29.6

35.0
41.0
48.1
56.2
65.6
76.2
87.8
101.4
116.8
134.2
Chart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(5.37). Figure 5.5 show the relationships between relative humidity, wet and dry

Nursing Case Studies on Copd Essay
A REFLECTIVE PIECE ON A PATIENT WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE. In this reflective piece of writing I will be explaining how chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) affects the patient physically, psychologically ,and socially ,I will also explain how
the disease affects his daily routine and how it impacts on his family life. I will give an overview of
the clinical signs and symptoms, how the disease alters the pathphysiology of the lungs, and what
these changes cause within the body. I will be using the reflective model "What, So What, Now
What " (2007). The patient I have chosen to write about is a seventy year old male who has been
married for nearly fifty years. He has two grown up sons, both married with ... Show more content
This helps him to undertake the most simplistic of daily activities of living. Mr Woods lives at home
with his wife who, due to the impact of this disease on Mr Woods, has now become his main carer.
She helps her husband with his daily activities such as washing, showering and preparing his meals.
He needs help mobilising to the downstairs shower room, and, once there, needs assistance to get
undressed. Whilst in the shower room Mr Woods needs to sit on a shower stool because he cannot
manage to stand for any length of time due to breathlessness. He is also unable to walk upstairs
because he gets short of breath on exertion so he has had a stair lift installed which enables him to
go upstairs to bed. This enables Mr and Mrs Woods to fulfil both the physical and psychological
aspects of their relationship. COPD can affect the psychological wellbeing of the sufferer. Before
Mr Woods condition deteriorated he was able to go out, he used to enjoy going fishing with his sons
and playing with his grandchildren. Because of his condition, Mr Woods is prone to feelings of
inadequacy and depression. He also feels guilty because of his growing dependency on his wife for
the simplest of daily tasks such as making a cup of tea or answering the door. Because of the
growing demands of her husband's worsening condition Mrs Woods now has to depend on other
family members to facilitate her with tasks that Mr Woods can no longer undertake due to his
COPD, and frequent visits to the

Case Study: Assume Saturation Inc.
| AIB student ID number: | A001324635 | | | Student name: | Patries Ramkaran | | | Course name: |
MBA in Entrepreneurial Management | | | Subject name: | New Venture Creation | | | Subject
facilitator: | Priscilla Bahaw | | | Teaching Centre: | School of Higher Education (SHEL) | | | No. of
pages: | 27 | | | Word count: | 2491 | | | DECLARATION | I, the above named student, confirm that by
submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to AIB, I have not plagiarised any
other person's work in this assignment and except where appropriately acknowledged, this
assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been
submitted for assessment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 5 years at Saturation Inc. and despite your conscientious efforts in providing valuable market
information, market shifts and trends, the management's resolve to follow a strategic new direction
to advance the business has disappointed you. The above situation has prompted you to start
seriously thinking about creating a new venture to capitalize on the market opportunities you have
identified. Note: Assume Saturation Inc. is in a business of your own expertise, specialization or
passion. That is, select any new venture with which you are familiar or would like to be familiar
with! Prepare core elements of a business plan for creating this new venture that include these
points: Highlight the entry and positioning of the business, which would differentiate it, and how the
new venture would make the most impact. Assess the attractiveness of the venture and the risks.
Detail the financing requirements of your venture including both debt and equity, and the source of
the funds. Detail the size of the business, the prospect for growth and the assumptions you have
used. Executive Summary While employed at Saturation Inc. I diligently provided valuable market
information which were never considered. The situation and my passion to promote Trinidad and
Tobago culture, have prompted me create a new venture, which will capitalize on market
opportunities identified. This new venture is a

Four Nails Rusted In Water
In the experiment, four nails rusted in water containing various concentrations of salt for fourteen
days. At the end of the experiment, it can be concluded that nail three––the nail placed in the
solution containing the highest concentration of salt––rusted the most, followed by nail one, nail
zero, and nail two. At first, nail zero, which was placed in tap water, was rusting the quickest.
However, it was the slowest to change color, which turned entirely gray by day twelve. The other
nails, however, turned entirely grey by day two with black stains appearing on nail two. By day five,
the amount of rust on nails one and zero rapidly increased while the formation of rust on nail zero
slowed down. Nail two did not begin to rust until day five

Why I Became A Hospice Nurse
Each day as a Hospice Nurse I touch lives. I cannot imagine a job more suitable for me. Each work
day I make a difference in someone's life. No one can die for us, but we don't have to die alone; and,
that is why I became a hospice nurse. Every day is different, presents new challenges, and always
touches my heart. It's beautiful when talent, and passion come together to make a difference. My
work day began the night before my shift started, as I received an email from my supervisor and was
pleased to see my favorite patients on my list. Anna was scheduled first on my itinerary. She had
become a quadriplegic after a serious fall down a flight of steps. Next was Mr. William, who was
dying of a brain tumor. This man had the best attitude towards life, and always kept me laughing.
My last patient of the day was Mrs. Patsy. She was very dear to my heart, and I had grown very
close to the family, because I had been seeing her for over six months. Every time I walked into
Mrs. Patsy house, she wanted an update and recent pictures of my children. It is unusual to have
everyone agree on the scheduled time, but this warm summer evening was the exception.
Tomorrow's schedule was looking great and I was ready to get some rest. As I drank my coffee, I
had to call the night nurse to get report. The night nurse reported to have an overall quiet night,
although she did receive a call from Mrs. Patsy's daughter at two AM. The family reported that she
was no longer eating, drinking or

Cari's Story Essay
Cari's Story
A.) How could an infection in Cari's nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The
infection in Cari's nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses due to the sinuses
being a drainage area for the nasal passages. B.) What is the couch reflex? Describe the process that
Cari's respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is used to clear
sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is
moving mucus up from the lungs. When the mucus becomes abundant, it triggers the cough reflex.
C.) Which structures found in the bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari's lungs from
infectious pathogens and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari's body? These findings
conclude that because the P02 is low, the hemoglobin in Cari's blood is only being partially
saturated.
I.) Which of the symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen
exchange at her tissues? Cari's symptom of "panting like a dog", not be able to catch her breath, and
c/o chest pain are due to the lack of oxygen and reduces in oxygen exchange at her tissues.
J.) As Cari's Pco2 and alkaline blood pH rose, how was the oxygen–carrying capacity of hemoglobin
affected? As Pco2 rises, hemoglobin releases O2 more readily. Thus, an increased Pco2 produces a
more acidic environment, which helps release O2 from hemoglobin.
K.) How would you have expected Cari's decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her
breathing? As acidity increases (pH decreases), it enhances the unloading of oxygen from
hemoglobin.
L.) How would administration of oxygen enhance Cari's central drive to breathe?
M.) Which anatomical structures in Cari's respiratory systems were initially involved? Nasal
passages, lungs, and larynx
N.) Why was Cari plagued with a chronic smoker's cough? Because the mucus had thickened

Ellen Hughes Finnerty V Board Of Registered Nursing Essay
Ellen Hughes Finnerty v Board of Registered Nursing
Ellen Hughes Finnerty, a registered nurse, was found guilty of negligence and incompetence, and
was consequently disciplined by the Board of Registered Nursing. Accordingly, Finnerty's license
was revoked, and she was placed on a three–year probation. The following timeline gives a detailed
summary of events that led to the conclusion of nursing negligence and incompetence on the part of
Finnerty (NDC Learning House, 2015).
On the early morning of August 17, 2002, James C., a patient in one of the wards under the
supervision of Ellen Hughes Finnerty, RN, went into respiratory depression. Between 3:00 and 4:00
a.m., Ann Mugi, the patient's primary nurse, sought the assistance of a respiratory therapist, Hiran
Obeyesekere, to help her care for the patient. As Obeyesekere suctioned the patient airway, Mugi
called the service of the patient's primary care physician, Dr. Jackson, to report the changes in the
patient's respiratory status, e.g., respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute and low urine output.
Dr. Jackson called back around 4:40 a.m. and ordered supplemental oxygen, blood work, and
diuretic, and to maintain the patient's oxygen saturation reading above 94 percent. Around 5:30 a.m.,
the patient's respiration was still labored with 36–40 breaths per minute. Obeyesekere once again
suctioned the patient that brought the patient's oxygen saturation level at 95 percent. Meanwhile, at
5:30 a.m.,

What Is The Change In Mass Of Sucrose Osmosis
Change in mass of potatoes submerged in sucrose solution
Rebekah Schmitz
Introduction: Diffusion explains the passive movement of materials into and out of the cell due to
the presence of a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration across a membrane
(Choinski and Karafit 2015).
In this experiment, we studied the effects of differing concentrations of sucrose solutions on samples
of potato material over time. This experiment focused on the effects of tonic solutions such as
hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell will
shrink due to the water moving from a high concentration to low concentration, but when a cell is
placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will swell due to the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When a hospital prepares an IV saline solution, they have to be careful to use to correct
concentration of sodium chloride. The blood needs to remain isotonic, so the red blood cells do not
shrink or swell. If the solution is simply water, then a concentration gradient is formed and
hemolysis occurs (Osmosis in Red Blood Cells, 2015). Hemolysis is defined as the destruction of
red blood cells which leads to the release of hemoglobin from within the red blood cells into the
blood plasma (Hemolysis). To further test our experiment, one could let the potato samples sit
longer in the sucrose solution to see if time effects the amount of sucrose solution absorbed.
Alternatively, changing other environmental parameters, such as temperature or pH, may have
different effects on the rate of

Arterial Oxygen Saturation
It is known that as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, as does the partial pressure of
oxygen (Hall Table 44–1). That same table demonstrates that the partial pressures of both oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the alveoli decrease as well. However, the alveolar water vapor pressure
remains unchanged–constant at 47mmHg no matter the altitude (Hall 561). The most deleterious
result of these factors is that less oxygen is being delivered to the tissues. Fortunately for me,
Guyton and Hall says that altitude has a relatively insignificant effect on arterial oxygen saturation
at 9,000ft (Hall Figure 44–1). It is not until 10,000ft that arterial oxygen saturation begins to steeply
decline. The physical affects of acute hypoxia according to Hall are "drowsiness, lassitude, mental
and muscle fatigue, sometimes headache, occasionally nausea, and sometimes euphoria. These
effects progress to a stage of twitchings or seizures above 18,000 feet and end, ... Show more
According to an article in Oxford Journals, one of the first steps in acclimitization is polycythemia.
This increase in red blood cells can be seen within the first two days of ascension. However, the
author is quick to point out that it is nonetheless a slow process and therefore not nearly as vital to
acclimitization as the other factors that come into play, the most crucial of which is the increase
pulmonary ventilation (West). Low oxygen is immediately sensed by chemoreceptors in the carotid
and aortic bodies, which then send signals to the respiratory centers of the brain, resulting in an
increase in respiration. In a matter of only days, acclimitization increases our: "pulmonary
ventilation, concentration of red blood cells, lung diffusing capacity, vascularity of tissues, and
ability of cells to use oxygen" (Hall

Saturation Point Lab
When ionic compounds are added to water dissociation can occur and the solid dissolves. But only a
certain amount of solid can be added to a volume of water before the solution becomes saturated and
no more solid will dissolve. This saturation point can be affected by a number of variables including
temperature.
Task
In pairs, conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the saturation point of
ammonium chloride or potassium nitrate. A proposed method for conducting the experiment is
outlined below. Prepare a practical report (1000–1500 words) that includes the following:
Introduction which explains bonding present in water molecules and ionic compounds and describes
the salvation process. (400 words)
Water has many unusual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Looking at the thermometer or water level in the test tube at an angle could give you incorrect
readings or amounts of the water required for the experiment. Having dirty equipment (something in
the test tube that makes it look fuller that it is, could be interference of measurement process. Less
water in a test tube would thus make you think you have added less of the ammonium chloride to
achieve the result. The Incorrect setting up of an instrument (thermometer touching the sides of the
test tube) could also be an example of systematic error.
Identification of a random error and an explanation of how this affects the results.
Random errors are always present in a measurement. It could be caused by changes in the readings
of the thermometer of level of the amount of water in the test tube. Even differences between two
observers of the same reading of the same test tube or thermometer (parallax error) could give
different observed measurements. Random errors as seen in our two trials show up as different
results for the same repeated measurement. This could be reduced by comparing multiple
measurements and by averaging the multiple measurements.
Suggestion of a possible improvement and explanation of how this will improve the accuracy or
precision of the

Potato Osmosis Lab
The results of this experiment supported only part of my hypothesis. My hypothesis was that the
potato in the 0m salt solution would create an isotonic reaction, the potato in the 0.2m salt solution
would create a hypotonic reaction, and the potato in the 0.4m and 0.6m salt solutions would create
hypertonic reactions. Although the results of the experiment say otherwise. In the 0m salt solution
the potato gained mass. The initial mass of the potato piece was 4.79 grams and after it was placed
in the solution the potato piece weighed 5.11 grams. The percentage change in mass was 6.7%. This
result is reflected in the graph at point (0, 6.7). Thus, the concentration is hypotonic because the
potato piece gained water and mass. In the 0.2m salt solution the potato lost mass. ... Show more
The percentage change in mass was –1.5%. This result is reflected in the graph at point (0.2, –1.5)
and shows a decrease in mass. Thus, the concentration is hypertonic. In the 0.4m salt solution the
potato lost mass. The initial mass of the potato piece was 5.62 grams and after it was placed in the
solution the potato piece weighed 5.18 grams. The percentage change in mass was –7.83%. This
result is reflected in the graph at point (0.4, –7.83) and shows a decrease in mass. Thus, the
concentration is hypertonic. In the 0.6m salt solution the potato lost mass. The initial mass of the
potato piece was 9.49 grams and after it was placed in the solution the potato piece weighed 8.91
grams. The percentage change in mass was –6.1%. This result is reflected in the graph at point (0.6,
–6.1) and shows a decrease in mass. Thus, the concentration is hypertonic. An isotonic concentration
can be seen at point (.16, 0), there was no mass change because the exterior solution and the interior
solution of the potato cells have equal amounts of

Atelectasis And Lobar Collapse Of Mid And Lower Zones Of R...
Atelectasis and lobar collapse of mid and lower zones of R lung secondary to sputum plug, sputum
retention in R upper zone ? due to chest infection ? due to reduced MCT function due to intubation
exacerbated by smoking status. P on cough. Hyperinflation of L lung ? due to emphysemous
changes in lungs or due to increased compliance of L lung due to high PIP value and increased VT
delivered to this lung. ? renal failure.
The chest x–ray indicates atelectasis and lobar collapse in the lower and the middle zone of the right
lung as increased density can be seen here on the x–ray (Tarrac 2009). Atelectasis is a partial
collapse of the lung due to closure of the alveoli which impairs or completely prevents gas exchange
in the affected area ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sputum is indicated from the coarse crackles heard on auscultation in the right upper zone (Wyka
2002). Given the site of the surgery in the abdomen, transverse surgical incision and the length of
his surgery increases Mr. Wrens risk of post–operative pulmonary complications (PPC) as his
respiratory muscle function will be reduced due to direct injury to the respiratory muscles and
anaesthetic reducing respiratory muscle function making normal breathing and clearance techniques
such as coughing more difficult (Siafakas 1999).
Atelectasis is causing reduced ventilation perfusion (V/Q) as oxygen is not getting into the mid and
lower zone of the right lung to transfer into the blood stream, there is a pulmonary shunt here (Wyka
2002), consequently Mr. Wrens oxygen saturation and PaO2 have dropped despite his positive
inspiratory pressure (PIP) being increased. This is leading to reduced oxygen in the blood returning
to the heart to be pumped around the body, as the body tissues need oxygen to survive it is critical
that Mr. Wrens blood oxygen levels be returned to normal (Hough 2001). Atelectasis is also
preventing CO2 from perfusing from the capillaries into the alveoli to be excreted consequently Mr.
Wrens high PaCO2 (Wyka 2002). His blood pH is also high, this combined with the increased

Compare And Contrast Po2 And Pco2 Saturation
The baseline value of this experiment was the PO2, PCO2 and Hb–O2 saturation during normal
breathing. These baseline value (table 1) allow the comparison between different breathing patterns
to normal breathing. The results (Figure 1, 2, 3 & table 1) of this experiment shows that breath–hold
compare to normally breathing, mean PO2 decrease, mean PCO2 increase (figure 1) and mean Hb–
O2 saturation slightly decrease (Figure 2). Moreover, comparing p values of breath–hold to breath–
hold after hyperventilation, which is less than 0.05, meaning there is significant changes in mean
PO2 and PCO2 (table 2), mean PO2 decrease, mean PCO2 increase (figure 1), and mean oxygen
haemoglobin saturation increase (figure 2), the mean duration of breath hold decrease

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the...
Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of Fat in Milk
INTRODUCTION:
Enzymes are proteins which can catalyse chemical reactions without changing themselves. The
enzyme lipase breaks down the fat in dairy products such as full–cream milk for people who are
lactose intolerant. Lipase acts on its specific substrate, lipids produces fatty acids. If enzyme
concentration increases, random collisions between the substrates and active sites of enzyme
increase due to the increasing amount of active sites which allow more collisions to happen, so the
rate of breakdown of lipids to simpler substances will increase. During the experiment, sodium
carbonate solution and pH indicator phenolphthalein will be added ahead of ... Show more content
If more were placed in one of the test tubes, then the rate of activity of the enzyme at different
concentrations will be wrongly judged, leading to incorrect conclusion.
4. Temperature will be kept consistent at room temperature – All tested will be done in the Biology
laboratory with the windows shut to make sure the temperature will not change during the tests. The
higher the temperature, the shorter the time will be needed for the chemical reactions to happen and
phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless.
Dependent Variable:
1. The time for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless will be taken using the
stopwatch.
METHOD:
* The apparatus was collected; * The beakers labelled; Solutions of lipase respectively at
concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% were made using lipase at 5% and distilled water. * By using
the dropper and measuring cylinder, an amount of 5ml milk was placed in the test tube * By using
the dropper and measuring cylinder, 10ml phenolphthalein was added to the test tube * By using the
dropper and measuring cylinder, 7 ml sodium carbonate solution was added to the test tube * By
using the dropper and measuring cylinder, 3ml of 1% lipase was added into the test tube * As long
as the lipase was added, the button "start" on the stopwatch was pressed; and the

Jicama Cores Lab Report

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