Hookworms infect humans and cause hookworm disease. There are two main species: Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Adults live in the small intestine and feed on blood. Eggs are passed in feces and hatch into larvae which can penetrate skin, causing skin irritation. Larvae then migrate to lungs before entering small intestine to mature into adults. Symptoms include anemia, abdominal pain, and skin lesions. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool samples. Treatment uses anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on sanitation, health education, and treating infections.

1. Hookworm Infection
PRESENTED BY:-
Ms. JENET SINGH
B.Sc 2ND Year

2. Hookworm
INTRO The hookworms cause hookworm
disease, which is one of the five major parasitic
disease in China(malaria, shistosomiasis,
filariasis, kala- azar and hookworm disease). At
least two species of hookworms infect man,
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma
duodenale. They live in small intestine.

3. I. Morphology
DEFINATION1. Adults: They
look like an odd piece thread and are
about 1cm. They are white or light
pinkish when living. ♀is slightly larger
than♂.The male’s posterior end is
expanded to form a copulatory bursa.
2. Eggs: 60×40 µm in size, oval in
shape, shell is thin and colorless.
Content is 2-8cells.

4. Adults of A. duodenale Adults of N. americanus
Differences between two hookworms
EPIDERMIOLOGICAL FACTOR

5.  Scanning electron micrograph of the mouth
capsule of Ancylostoma duodenale, note the
presence of four "teeth," two on each side.

6.  Scanning electron micrograph of the mouth
capsule of Necator americanus, another species of
human hookworm. Note the presence of two
cutting "teeth“.

7.  Ancylostoma duodenale -
copulatory bursa and spines
of male(a side view)

8.  Copulatory bursa of N.
americanus(a side view)

9. Left picture: Copulatory bursa and spines of N.
americanus(a side view);
Right picture: copulatory bursa of A. duodenale(a
top view)

10.  Morphologically it is
not possible to
differentiate between
A. duodenale and N.
americanus.
Interference contrast.
×400. Enlarged by 5.4.

11. 3.The Morphological Differences between Two
species of Hookworms
_____________________________________________________
A. duodenale N. americanus
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Size larger smaller
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Shape single curve, looks like C double curves, looks like S
______________________________________________________
Mouth 2 pairs of ventral teeth 1peir of ventral cutting plates
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Copulatory circle in shape oval in shape
Bursa (a top view) (a top view)
____________________________________________________________
Copulatory 1pair with separate 1pair of which unite to form
spicule endings a terminal hooklet
_______________________________________________________
caudal spine present no
_______________________________________________________
vulva position post-equatorial pre-equatorial
_______________________________________________________

12. II. Life Cycle
1. Final host: man
2. Inf. Stage: Larva 3 or filariform larva
3. Inf. Route: by skin
4. Food: blood and tissue fluid
5. Site of inhabitation: small intestine
6. Life span: Ad 15years, Na 3-7years
7. Blood-lung migration:
skin, cavum, right heart, lungs

13. Life cycle of hookworm

14. III. Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
 1. Larval migration
(1) Dermatitis, known as "ground itch" or "stool
poison".The larvae penetrating the skin cause
allergic reaction, petechiae 0r papule with itching
and burning sensation. Scratching leads to
secondary infection.
(2) pneumonitis (allergic reaction), Loeffier's
syndrome: cough, asthma, low fever, biood-tinged
sputum or hemoptysis, chest-pain, inflammation
shadows in lungs under X-ray. These manifestations
go on about 2 weeks.

15. 2. Adults in small intestine
(1) Epigastric pain as that of a duodenal ulcer.
(2) A large worm burden results in microcytic
hypochromatic anemia (character manifestation). The
symptoms are lassitude, edema, palpitation of the heart.
In severe case, death may result from cardiac failure or
physical exhaustion.
(3) Allotriophagy (orpica) is due to the lack of trace
element iron .
(4) Amenorrhea, sterility, abortionmay take place in
women.
(5) Gastrointestinal bleeding
(6) Infantile hookworm disease

16. Adults in intestinal mucosa

17. Iv. Diagnosis
Criterion: 1. hemoglobin is lower than 120g/L in man, 110g/L in
woman. 2. find hookworm egg
Method:
1. saturated brine flotation technique
2. direct fecal smear
3. culture of larvae
V. Treatment
1. Albendazole 2. Mebedazole
VI. Epidemiology
worldwide distribution. 22-26℃ is the optimal temperature for
Ancylostoma duodenale development, Ancylostoma duodenale
mainly prevalent in north of China. 31-35℃ is suitable for Necator
americanus, it is mainly prevalent in south of China
VII. Prevention
Unified measures: 1. sanitary disposal of night soil, 2. individual
protection, 3. health education, 4. cultivate hygienic habits, 5.
treat the patients and carriers.