Jeans are a type of pants or trousers, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term "jeans" refers to a particular style of trousers, called "blue jeans", which were invented by Jacob W. Davis in partnership with Levi Strauss & Co. in 1871
Jersey knit fabric refers to the dress fabric of weft knitted for underwear. It is smooth, clear lines, fine texture. Jersey knit fabric has good extension in vertical and horizontal direction, larger laterally than longitudinally. For good moisture absorption and permeability, it is used for the production of various styles of T-shirt and vest.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
Accessories: Item that enhances the aesthetic appeal or function of a garment including belt, scarves or other objects. In generally these components are sewing less. Type of Accessories
Accessories that are carried (Small pets, toy dog, cats, birds, snakes, taking parrots)
Accessories that are worn,(Necklace, Umbrella, Bag, Parts etc.)
Trims: Materials used to ornament or enhance garments. These components are attach in the garment by sewing. (Button, Zipper, Sewing thread, Lace, tape etc.)
Above definitions are fine when those are used as individual form. What happened when these terms used as “trims and accessories” in garment manufacturing industry?
In this presentation , i am trying to present some basic information about terry towel. Such as - Manufacturing flow chart,Types of yarn used , different parts of towel, pile structure, Design of terry through CAD software, types of selvage etc.
13 Different Types of Jeans Materials and Fabrics.pdfLukeStokes8
Although denim fashions are continuously changing, they are incredibly comfortable to wear for hours, fit bodies perfectly, and are simple to match and pair with other items in your wardrobe, whether for day or night.
However, fashion has changed to include straight legs, wide legs, flares, and more. Based on countless reviews, we’ve compiled the top blue jeans material types with composition and manufacturing below so you can select the ones that will become wardrobe mainstays.
Weaving: Denim jeans begin in the cotton fields, where workers pick the cotton that will ultimately be used to create denim material. Machines process the cotton, which is then twisted into thread and rolled onto large spools. The fabric is created by weaving vertical threads (warp) and horizontal threads (weft).
Jersey knit fabric refers to the dress fabric of weft knitted for underwear. It is smooth, clear lines, fine texture. Jersey knit fabric has good extension in vertical and horizontal direction, larger laterally than longitudinally. For good moisture absorption and permeability, it is used for the production of various styles of T-shirt and vest.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
Accessories: Item that enhances the aesthetic appeal or function of a garment including belt, scarves or other objects. In generally these components are sewing less. Type of Accessories
Accessories that are carried (Small pets, toy dog, cats, birds, snakes, taking parrots)
Accessories that are worn,(Necklace, Umbrella, Bag, Parts etc.)
Trims: Materials used to ornament or enhance garments. These components are attach in the garment by sewing. (Button, Zipper, Sewing thread, Lace, tape etc.)
Above definitions are fine when those are used as individual form. What happened when these terms used as “trims and accessories” in garment manufacturing industry?
In this presentation , i am trying to present some basic information about terry towel. Such as - Manufacturing flow chart,Types of yarn used , different parts of towel, pile structure, Design of terry through CAD software, types of selvage etc.
13 Different Types of Jeans Materials and Fabrics.pdfLukeStokes8
Although denim fashions are continuously changing, they are incredibly comfortable to wear for hours, fit bodies perfectly, and are simple to match and pair with other items in your wardrobe, whether for day or night.
However, fashion has changed to include straight legs, wide legs, flares, and more. Based on countless reviews, we’ve compiled the top blue jeans material types with composition and manufacturing below so you can select the ones that will become wardrobe mainstays.
Weaving: Denim jeans begin in the cotton fields, where workers pick the cotton that will ultimately be used to create denim material. Machines process the cotton, which is then twisted into thread and rolled onto large spools. The fabric is created by weaving vertical threads (warp) and horizontal threads (weft).
-all about jeans
-JEANS TYPES
-all about denims
-Fibre & yarn, Weight, Structure
-good quality production of denim
-COTTON YARN
-RING SPUN YARN
-DENIM DYES
-PROPERTIES OF DENIM
-DENIM WEAVE STRUCTURES
-TYPES OF DENIM FABRICS
- most popular variants
-INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
-JEANS QUALITY Testing
-QUALITY TESTING
STANDARD
-Market Size, Global
-ASIA-PACIFIC IS THE FASTEST GROWING REGION
-JEANS CARE LABEL
-TARGET MARKET
-Jeans manufacturers in India
-TOP 10 JEANS BRANDS IN INDIA
-Jeans Trend
1. SLOUCHY SILHOUETTES
2. DARK WASHES
3. HEAD-TO-TOE
4. WIDE LEG JEANS
5. PATCH WORK
Weave is the method or process of interlacing two yarn or similar material so that they cross each other at right angle to produce woven fabric . Traditionally, denim fabric are 3/1 warp-faced twill fabric made from a yarn dyed warp and an undyed weft yarn and the warp yarn is indigo dyed ,however this twill weave fabric is also available in textures, such as cross hatch and jacquard etc. The textures selected during the design development process for upcoming seasons are chosen with the wash treatment in mind, such as enzyme, acid etc and look & performance requirement of finish product.
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
Steel mills, also known as steelworks, are industrial factories that specialize in the production of steel. They typically smelt down iron and carbon, mixing the two together in a specific ratio to create steel.
Power plants are industrial facilities that generate electricity from primary energy sources, such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, or wind energy. Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
What is the most common type of power plant? A steam turbine power generating plant is the most common type of power plant today. This type of plant converts heat into electricity usually using a boiler, and a turbine to drive an electric generator
Currently, in Pakistan, there are six major producers of fertilizers which include Fauji Fertilizer, Engro Fertilizer Company, Dawood Hercules, and Fatima Fertilizers. Media reports suggest that the Chinese government is keenly looking for avenues to enter Pakistan's agriculture and fertilizer sector.
The two types of fertilizers - inorganic and organic. In the broadest sense, all types of fertilizers include any substance, living, or inorganic which aids in plant growth and health. We exclude water, CO2, and sunlight.
Currently, in Pakistan, there are six major producers of fertilizers which include Fauji Fertilizer, Engro Fertilizer Company, Dawood Hercules, and Fatima Fertilizers. Media reports suggest that the Chinese government is keenly looking for avenues to enter Pakistan's agriculture and fertilizer sector.
What Are Different Types of Fertilizer?
1.Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. ...
2.Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. ...
3.Amide nitrogen fertilizer. ...
Phosphorus fertilizer. ...
2.Mixing soluble phosphate fertilizer. ...
3.Citrate-soluble phosphatic fertilizer. ...
1.Agricultural waste. ...
2.Livestock manure.
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
Polymer industry manufactures and researches natural and synthetic polymers such as plastics, elastomers and some of the adhesives. Polymer research is a subfield of material science that encompasses the fields of chemistry, physics and engineering.
Plastics are polymers. A polymer is a substance made of many repeating units. The word polymer comes from two Greek words: poly, meaning many, and meros, meaning parts or units. A polymer can be thought of as a chain in which each link is the “mer,” or monomer (single unit).
Since the start of its mass production in the 1940s, plastic has become a ubiquitous part of human life. As of 2017, the global production of plastics had increased to nearly 350 million metric tons. By the year 2050, plastic production is expected to have tripled and will account for a fifth of global oil consumption
From the limestone quarry to the delivery of the end product, follow every step in the cement manufacturing process.
Step 1: Mining. ...
Step 2: Crushing, stacking, and reclaiming of raw materials. ...
Step 3: Raw meal drying, grinding, and homogenization. ...
Step 4: Clinkerization. ...
Step 5: Cement grinding and storage. ...
Step 6: Packing.
14 Different types of cement :-
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): This is the most common type of cement which is extensively used. ...
Rapid Hardening cement: ...
Low heat portland cement: – ...
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement:- ...
High alumina Cement:- ...
Blast furnace slag cement:- ...
Coloured Cement:- ...
Pozzolana cement :-
From the limestone quarry to the delivery of the end product, follow every step in the cement manufacturing process.
Step 1: Mining. ...
Step 2: Crushing, stacking, and reclaiming of raw materials. ...
Step 3: Raw meal drying, grinding, and homogenization. ...
Step 4: Clinkerization. ...
Step 5: Cement grinding and storage. ...
Step 6: Packing.
14 Different types of cement :-
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): This is the most common type of cement which is extensively used. ...
Rapid Hardening cement: ...
Low heat portland cement: – ...
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement:- ...
High alumina Cement:- ...
Blast furnace slag cement:- ...
Coloured Cement:- ...
Pozzolana cement :-
From the limestone quarry to the delivery of the end product, follow every step in the cement manufacturing process.
Step 1: Mining. ...
Step 2: Crushing, stacking, and reclaiming of raw materials. ...
Step 3: Raw meal drying, grinding, and homogenization. ...
Step 4: Clinkerization. ...
Step 5: Cement grinding and storage. ...
Step 6: Packing.
14 Different types of cement :-
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): This is the most common type of cement which is extensively used. ...
Rapid Hardening cement: ...
Low heat portland cement: – ...
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement:- ...
High alumina Cement:- ...
Blast furnace slag cement:- ...
Coloured Cement:- ...
Pozzolana cement :-
A parent-teacher conference, parent-teacher interview, parent-teacher night, or parents' evening, is a short meeting or conference between the parents and teachers of students to discuss a child's progress at school and find solutions to academic or behavioral problems.
The strategic vision provides an overview of where you want to be at a specific time in the future. It helps provide an overarching principle(s) for all the detail contained in later sections. The vision should also support the strategies and agenda of the target audience.
Today there are two major commercial processes for making steel, namely basic oxygen steelmaking, which has liquid pig-iron from the blast furnace and scrap steel as the main feed materials, and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, which uses scrap steel or direct reduced iron (DRI) as the main feed materials.
A safety procedure is a step by step plan of how to perform a work procedure. This is used in cases where deviation from the procedure could lead to injury or accident.
PepsiCo, Inc. is American multinational food, snack, and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo has interests in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products.
Atlas Honda is a Pakistani motorcycle manufacturer owned by Atlas Group and Honda Motor Company and based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan since 1962. It is the largest motorcycle assembler in Pakistan, as well as a market leader.
Search Results
Web results
Pump - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org › wiki › Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into Hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Powder Metallurgy enables the processing of materials with very high melting points, including refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum. Such metals are very difficult to produce by melting and casting and are often very brittle in the cast state.
Advantages of Powder Metallurgy
It can be very economical for mass production (100,000 parts). Long term reliability through close control of dimensions and physical properties. Very good material utilization - loss of material very less. Minimization or elimination of Machining.
Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes can avoid, or greatly reduce, the need to use metal removal processes, thereby drastically reducing yield losses in manufacture and often resulting in lower costs.
Conventional Powder-Metallurgy Process
The powder-metallurgy (PM) process, depicted in the diagram below, involves mixing elemental or alloy powders, compacting the mixture in a die and then sintering, or heating, the resultant shapes in an atmosphere-controlled furnace to metallurgically bond the particles.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. Raw Material
True blue jeans are made out of 100 percent cotton, including the threads. Polyester blends are available,
however, the over-whelming majority of jeans sold are 100 percent cotton.
The most common dye used is synthetic indigo.
The belt loops, waistband, back panel, pockets, and leggings of a pair of blue jeans are all made of indigo-dyed denim.
Other features of blue jeans include the zipper, buttons, rivets, and label.
Rivets have been traditionally made of copper, but the zippers, snaps and buttons are usually steel.
Designers' labels are often tags made out of cloth, leather, or plastic, while others are embroidered on with cotton thread.
3.
4.
5. Weaving theYarn:
• The yarn is then woven on large mechanical looms. Denim is not 100 percent blue, as the blue dyed
threads forming the warp (long, vertical threads) are combined with white threads forming
the weft (shorter, horizontal threads). Because denim is woven with the blue threads packed closer
together than the white threads and with the blue threads covering three out of four white threads,
the blue threads dominate. (By examining a piece of denim closely one can detect the steep diagonal
pattern that results from this process, which is known as a three-by-one right-hand twill weave.)
Although mechanized looms make use of the same basic weaving procedure as a simple hand loom,
they are much larger and faster. A modern "shuttle-less" loom (which uses a very small carrier instead
of the traditional shuttle to weave the weft threads between the warp threads) may produce as much
as 3,279 yards (3,000 meters) of cloth 3.28 or 4.37 yards (three or four meters) wide in a single week.
As much as 1,093 yards (1,000 meters) of cloth may be rolled into a single huge bolt.
• At this point the denim is ready for finishing, a term referring to a variety of treatments applied to
cloth after it is woven. With denim, finishing is usually fairly simple.The cloth is brushed to remove
loose threads and lint, and the denim is usually skewed in a way that will prevent it from twisting
when it is made into clothing.The denim may then be sanforized, or preshrunk. Preshrunk denim
should shrink no more than three percent after three washings.
6.
7. Cutting Of jeans:
Once the desired design is selected, patterns from the design are cut from heavy
paper or cardboard. Up to 80 different sizes are possible from one pattern. The
pieces of denim are then cut with high speed cutting machines from stacks 100
layers thick. Excluding rivets, buttons, and zippers, a pair of blue jeans contains
about ten different pieces, from the pockets to the leg panels to the waistband
and belt loops.
12. Receiving of
cut parts
Bulk
production
begins
In line
inspection
Production
continues
Ironing Rough
Checking
Button hole End line
Checking
Final
Checking
Measurement
checking
Tagging Packing
Quality audit
by buying
Sewing process flow:
13. The pieces of denim are ready to be sewn at this point. Sewing is
done in an assembly line fashion, with rows of industrial human-
operated sewing machines. Each sewer is assigned a specific
function, such as making only back pockets. First, the various
pockets and belt loops are assembled. Next, one sewer attaches
the pockets to the leg seams, another then sews the leg seams
together, and still another attaches the waist-band. Once the waist
band is secure, the belt loops may be stitched on and the buttons
attached. If the jeans include a zipper, it is then sewn into place,
and the pants are hemmed. Finally, the rivets are placed in the
appropriate places and the maker's label is sewn on last.
Sewing process:
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Washing process:
Some jeans are prewashed and/or stone-washed to alter the
appearance or texture of the finished jeans. Prewashing involves
washing the jeans in industrial detergent for a short time to soften the
denim. Stone-washing also means washing the jeans, but pumice is
added to the load, resulting in a faded appearance. Small stones (less
than one inch [one centimeter] in diameter) produce an even
abrasion, while large stones (about four inches [10 centimeters] in
diameter) highlight the seams and pockets and produce a more
uneven appearance.
23. The completed pair of blue jeans is I 0 then pressed. They are
placed into a large pressing machine that steam irons the entire
garment at once in about a minute. A size tag is punched into the
material and the jeans are folded, stacked, and placed in boxes
according to style, color, and size before being sent to the
warehouse for storage. When the jeans are selected to be sent to a
store, they are put in large shipping cartons and sent on freight
trains or trucks.
Ironing process:
26. Cotton is a desirable natural fiber for several reasons. Cloth made from cotton is wear resistant, strong,
flexible, and impermeable. Blue jeans are only as good as the cotton that goes into them, however, and
several tests exist for cotton fiber. All bales of cotton are inspected by the denim manufacturer for the
desired color, fiber length, and strength. Strength is the most important factor in blue jeans. It is
measured by using a weight to pull it. When the fiber breaks, the force used to break it is measured. The
cotton's strength index (weight of weight divided by weight of sample) is then calculated.
The finished denim cloth is carefully inspected for defects. Each defect is rated on a government-
defined scale ranging from one point for very small flaws to four points for major defects. Although
government regulations allow cloth with a high defect rating to be sold, in reality customers will not
accept denim with more than seven to ten defect points per square meter. Poor cloth is sold as damaged.
Denim is also tested for durability and its tendency to shrink. Samples of cloth are washed and dried
several times to see how they wear.
Blue jeans are also inspected after they are completed. If a problem can be corrected, the jeans are sent
back for re-sewing. The pair is then inspected again and passed. The buttons are inspected to ensure that
they and the buttonholes are of the proper size; the snaps, metal buttons, and rivets are checked for
durability and their ability to withstand rust. The zippers must be strong enough to with-stand the
greater pressures of heavy cloth, and their teeth durability must be checked as well. This is done by
subjecting a sample zipper to a lifetime of openings and closings.
Quality Control :