Juvenile Mexican lookdown fish, Selene brevoortii, were captured in Seal Beach, California, representing a northern range extension of approximately 150 km. The fish were 63 and 62 mm in length and exhibited characteristics of juveniles such as long filamentous dorsal spines and dark vertical bars on the body. Their presence is attributed to successful larval recruitment from an unknown source, possibly facilitated by coastal currents. While southern California experienced cool La Niña conditions when the fish would have been spawned in 2008, waters off Baja California were unusually warm, which may have supported populations farther north.
The document provides a list of fish species found in the waters of Seychelles, categorized into pelagic fish, demersal fish, groupers, snappers, emperors, and sharks. It includes the common name, scientific name, and Creole name for each species. The waters of Seychelles offer diverse fishing opportunities for both novice and experienced fishermen due to the many islands and atolls that support a rich variety of fish species.
This document summarizes a study on the rockfish resources of the south central California coast. Researchers from California Polytechnic State University placed observers on party boats from 2003-2005 to record catch data by species, including catch per unit effort and mean size. They supplemented this with historical catch data from 1980-1998 from the California Department of Fish and Game and Pacific Gas & Electric. The study aims to analyze population trends over the past 25 years for various rockfish species in the region and compare sizes over time. Preliminary results found fluctuating catch rates but no consistent declining trends, except for bocaccio rockfish. Mean sizes were generally above maturity levels.
LEVANTAMENTO TAXONOMICO PRELIMINAR DA ICTIOFAUNA DA LAGUNA DA TIJUCA, RIO DE...volcker
This document summarizes a preliminary taxonomic study of the ichthyofauna of Jacarepagua Lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It describes the 16 fish families studied in the lagoon, including Elopidae, Clupeidae, Ariidae, Poeciliidae, Anablepidae, Mugilidae, Atherinidae, Centropomidae, Carangidae, Gerreidae, Sciaenidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Bothidae, Soleidae and Synoglossidae. It provides details on the study locations and collection methods, and presents a table listing the fish species captured in each sampling station by season. The study aims
This document summarizes a study that estimated the seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans off the coast of Southern California using data from 16 quarterly ship-based surveys between 2004-2008. The surveys covered an area of 238,494 km2 from nearshore waters to 700 km offshore. Abundance estimates were determined for the 11 most commonly encountered species based on 693 encounters, and were calculated separately for summer-fall and winter-spring periods as well as for shallow (<2000.5 m) and deep (≥2000.5 m) waters. Density estimates showed seasonal variations by depth for some species, with the highest densities generally occurring in summer-fall in shallow waters for species like blue whales and common dolphins.
HIGHLIGHTS OF A DECADE OF DISCOVERY.
The Census of Marine Life is a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations engaged in a 10-year scientific initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. The world's first comprehensive census of the past, present, and future of life in the oceans
This study analyzed historical tag and recapture data from over 8,600 barred sand bass tagged in southern California between the 1960s and 1990s to understand their spawning-related movements. The data suggest barred sand bass reside at spawning grounds like Huntington Beach Flats for approximately one month during peak spawning season. While most non-spawning season recaptures occurred within 1 km of spawning locations, migrant fish averaged 13 km in movement away from spawning sites after spawning. The study also found evidence of site fidelity, as barred sand bass tended to return to the same spawning locations in subsequent years.
This document summarizes a study that counted the escapement of coho salmon returning to spawn in Chester Creek in Anchorage, Alaska. Visual counts by observers and video recordings were used to count 497 coho that successfully escaped over a 42 day period. Statistical analysis found no significant difference between the visual and video counts. A regression model showed that video counts could predict 98% of the visual counts, demonstrating that video monitoring is a reliable method for estimating salmon escapement. The study provides baseline data on coho populations in Chester Creek before a restoration project improves fish passage at the creek's outlet.
1) The study examined growth rates in 5 species of lanternfish (family Myctophidae) larvae from the eastern Gulf of Mexico by measuring their length and weight over time.
2) Larval period length varied between species from 31 days for Ceratoscopelus townsendi to 60 days for Notolychnus valdiviae.
3) Growth rates in length also varied between species, ranging from 0.1 mm/day for N. valdiviae to 0.4 mm/day for C. townsendi.
The document provides a list of fish species found in the waters of Seychelles, categorized into pelagic fish, demersal fish, groupers, snappers, emperors, and sharks. It includes the common name, scientific name, and Creole name for each species. The waters of Seychelles offer diverse fishing opportunities for both novice and experienced fishermen due to the many islands and atolls that support a rich variety of fish species.
This document summarizes a study on the rockfish resources of the south central California coast. Researchers from California Polytechnic State University placed observers on party boats from 2003-2005 to record catch data by species, including catch per unit effort and mean size. They supplemented this with historical catch data from 1980-1998 from the California Department of Fish and Game and Pacific Gas & Electric. The study aims to analyze population trends over the past 25 years for various rockfish species in the region and compare sizes over time. Preliminary results found fluctuating catch rates but no consistent declining trends, except for bocaccio rockfish. Mean sizes were generally above maturity levels.
LEVANTAMENTO TAXONOMICO PRELIMINAR DA ICTIOFAUNA DA LAGUNA DA TIJUCA, RIO DE...volcker
This document summarizes a preliminary taxonomic study of the ichthyofauna of Jacarepagua Lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It describes the 16 fish families studied in the lagoon, including Elopidae, Clupeidae, Ariidae, Poeciliidae, Anablepidae, Mugilidae, Atherinidae, Centropomidae, Carangidae, Gerreidae, Sciaenidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Bothidae, Soleidae and Synoglossidae. It provides details on the study locations and collection methods, and presents a table listing the fish species captured in each sampling station by season. The study aims
This document summarizes a study that estimated the seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans off the coast of Southern California using data from 16 quarterly ship-based surveys between 2004-2008. The surveys covered an area of 238,494 km2 from nearshore waters to 700 km offshore. Abundance estimates were determined for the 11 most commonly encountered species based on 693 encounters, and were calculated separately for summer-fall and winter-spring periods as well as for shallow (<2000.5 m) and deep (≥2000.5 m) waters. Density estimates showed seasonal variations by depth for some species, with the highest densities generally occurring in summer-fall in shallow waters for species like blue whales and common dolphins.
HIGHLIGHTS OF A DECADE OF DISCOVERY.
The Census of Marine Life is a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations engaged in a 10-year scientific initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. The world's first comprehensive census of the past, present, and future of life in the oceans
This study analyzed historical tag and recapture data from over 8,600 barred sand bass tagged in southern California between the 1960s and 1990s to understand their spawning-related movements. The data suggest barred sand bass reside at spawning grounds like Huntington Beach Flats for approximately one month during peak spawning season. While most non-spawning season recaptures occurred within 1 km of spawning locations, migrant fish averaged 13 km in movement away from spawning sites after spawning. The study also found evidence of site fidelity, as barred sand bass tended to return to the same spawning locations in subsequent years.
This document summarizes a study that counted the escapement of coho salmon returning to spawn in Chester Creek in Anchorage, Alaska. Visual counts by observers and video recordings were used to count 497 coho that successfully escaped over a 42 day period. Statistical analysis found no significant difference between the visual and video counts. A regression model showed that video counts could predict 98% of the visual counts, demonstrating that video monitoring is a reliable method for estimating salmon escapement. The study provides baseline data on coho populations in Chester Creek before a restoration project improves fish passage at the creek's outlet.
1) The study examined growth rates in 5 species of lanternfish (family Myctophidae) larvae from the eastern Gulf of Mexico by measuring their length and weight over time.
2) Larval period length varied between species from 31 days for Ceratoscopelus townsendi to 60 days for Notolychnus valdiviae.
3) Growth rates in length also varied between species, ranging from 0.1 mm/day for N. valdiviae to 0.4 mm/day for C. townsendi.
This study examined differences between lionfish captured on the Atlantic versus Caribbean sides of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The researchers measured lionfish weight, length, sex, and stomach contents. They found no statistically significant differences between lionfish on the two sides in terms of weight, length, sex ratio, or diet. This suggests lionfish are similarly successful in the different marine habitats along each coast of Vieques.
This document discusses the biodiversity of azooxanthellate (non-photosynthetic) corals in the Colombian Caribbean. It analyzed data from 142 species of corals collected across 210 sampling stations between 10-520 meters deep. Four main distribution patterns were observed: 1) Northeastern distribution along the coast, 2) Southwestern distribution, 3) Association with coral bioherms, and 4) Widespread distribution. Factors like upwelling systems and river runoff influenced the separation of northeast vs southwest coral fauna. Most deep-water corals (>200m) showed widespread distribution. The data provides insights into conservation strategies for Colombia's coral diversity.
This document reports on several cases of anomalous scutation and morphology in turtles and lizards:
1) A three-toed box turtle with only one vertebral scute, representing an anomalous reduction.
2) A Brazilian slider turtle exhibiting kyphosis, or dorsal curvature of the carapace, representing the first reported case in this species.
3) Observations of predation including a centipede preying on a whiptail lizard, representing the first record of this predator-prey relationship, and a six-lined racer snake attempting to swallow a six-scaled tegu, providing a rare example of saurophagy in this genus of lizard.
We compared the growth of the scallop Euuolu (Pecten) ziczuc (L.) in three situations which
potentially could be used for commercial culture, in cages maintained in suspension, in cages on the
bottom and in cages partly buried in a sediment bottom. The latter permitted the scallops to bury
themselves as in their natural habitat. Throughout the 7-month study, growth, as measured by shell
length and muscle mass, was by far superior for scallops in the partly buried cages. Possible explanations
for this are ( 1) that the scallops are stressed by enclosures which prevent them from burying
themselves and (2) that organic material at the sediment/water interface is an important food resource
and E. ziczac has better access to this when it buries itself flush with the bottom. The timing of gonadal
growth and spawning varied markedly among treatments. Some spawnings coincided with temperature
increases but others did not. Differences between scallops in suspension compared to those in bottom
treatments suggested that reproduction is as much controlled by conditions in the immediate environment
of the scallops as by large-scale environmental factors. Survival was highest for the scallops
maintained in partly buried cages.
1) The study assessed the ecosystem services of the Southern Llano River in Texas by examining fish, invertebrate, and habitat characteristics.
2) A variety of sampling methods found 17 fish species present, with blacktail shiner and Guadalupe bass being most abundant. Invertebrate sampling identified several orders including mayflies and dragonflies.
3) Habitat measurements showed riparian vegetation ranging from 30-100% cover and suitable water quality parameters.
An Annotated List Of Deepwater Fishes From Off The New England Region, With N...Katie Naple
This document provides an annotated list of 591 species of deepwater fishes found between Maryland and Nova Scotia at depths below 200 meters. It summarizes the key sources of data used, including specimens collected by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the National Marine Fisheries Service. 111 species represent new distribution records for the region, primarily extensions from southern areas, though some represent more northern species. The diversity of deepwater fishes is still being discovered, as 96 new species have been described since 1950.
This document summarizes research on spatial and temporal patterns of the algae Pseudo-nitzschia in central California and how they relate to regional oceanography. Major blooms occurred in 1991, 1995, 1998, 2000, and 2002. Blooms often initiated in southern California and appeared to propagate northward. Laboratory experiments showed blooms were generally nitrogen limited rather than limited by silicon or iron. Large-scale blooms are inconsistent with local oceanographic drivers and may be influenced more by latitudinal changes in regional conditions. Monitoring programs have difficulty predicting blooms due to thin subsurface layers of algae that are difficult to detect.
This document examines factors affecting fish entrainment at the massive water diversions of the State Water Project and Central Valley Project in the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary. It analyzes 13 years of data on fish salvage counts, pumping operations, and environmental characteristics to determine what factors influence entrainment of different fish species. Entrainment of migratory pelagic species like delta smelt, longfin smelt, and striped bass was found to correlate with their seasonal occurrence near the export facilities. Flow patterns through the estuary also predicted pelagic fish entrainment. Entrainment of resident demersal species and littoral species was not clearly linked to diversion flows. The study suggests manipulating hydrodynamics
Vaquita Presentation - Dr. Lorenzo Rojas BrachoCheryl Butner
The document summarizes the history of research on the vaquita porpoise and conservation efforts to protect the species. It describes key researchers who first discovered and studied the vaquita, including Ken Norris who described it as a new species in 1958. Subsequent studies by Brownell et al. in the 1980s provided the first photos and descriptions of the vaquita's appearance. Population surveys estimated only 567 individuals in 1997, with bycatch in gillnets identified as the primary threat. CIRVA was formed to create a recovery plan, recommending the creation of a vaquita refuge where gillnet fishing was banned in stages from 2005-2002.
! 1!A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmotroutmanboris
! 1!
A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmon Migration
B. C. McKinney1
1 Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University
Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
Abstract For many generations, humans have altered practically every
ecosystem in the entire world. The footprint humans leave behind on ecosystems
on Earth has continuously matted the ecosystems and critical habitat in which all
species on Earth depend on for survival. When considering Pacific and Atlantic
salmon populations, the array of human caused stressors is responsible for the
population depletions across the United States and Canada. This review will
coordinate the impacts of river impoundments (i.e., hydropower systems) on
upstream and downstream migration as well as visit the impacts of natural and
human caused change on the quality of habitat in which salmonids inhabit through
all life stages.
Introduction
A variety of teleost species are classified within the Family Salmonidae under the Order
Salmoniformes. Salmonidae is comprised of a variety of trouts (Salmo spp.), chars (Salvelinus
spp.), graylings (Thymallus spp.), taimen (Parahucho spp.), and salmons (Salmo &
Oncorhynchus spp.). The anatomy of this family is similar to other ray-finned fish having
dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins, however they possess an additional fin posterior to
the dorsal called the adipose fin.
Salmonid lifecycles are very complex and have been a topic of research for many
generations (Briggs, 1953; Holmes & Stainer 1966; Vronskiy, 1972; Thompson & Sargent, 1977;
Healy, 1980; McCormick &Saunders, 1987; Murray & Rosenau, 1989; Nehlson et al., 1991). In
recent findings, the introduction of telemetry techniques and field sampling routines have given
! 2!
researchers insight about the duration, timing, and patterns of homing and staying (Healy, 1980;
Giorgi et al., 1997; Walker et al., 2016). Through the protection of the Endangered Species Act
(ESA) select Pacific salmon populations have been granted protection by federal regulations in
relation to the habitat that is essential to their survival (USNMFS 1995). In this review, relevant
available published literature will be compiled to discuss a variety of explanations towards the
physiology and morphological complexities associated with Pacific salmon.!
Overview of Salmon Biology
In this section, emphasis will focus on the evolutionary history of Salmon (see Groot &
Margolis, 1991, Hendry et al., 2000, and Waples et al., 2007 for more details). North America’s
populations of Pacific Salmon consist of five distinct species: chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus
tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbusha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and
sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Pacific salmon are uniquely characterized as anadromous
(migratory) and semelaparous (i.e., die after spawning) spe ...
The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
This report summarizes a 7-year study of the nearshore fish fauna in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland from 2002-2008. 31 fish species from 17 families were documented. Both juvenile and adult Atlantic cod were present, suggesting a local "bay cod" population. Acadian redfish and striped wolfish, a species protected under Canadian law, also inhabit the bay. Fish assemblages varied between different benthic habitats. The study provides a baseline for conservation efforts in the nationally protected bay, which supports diverse fish communities and species.
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
This document summarizes a study that examined fish assemblages in reference and restored tidal freshwater marshes in the San Francisco Estuary. The study compared fish assemblages between one reference marsh and three restored marshes between 1998-1999. Fish were sampled using beach seines and purse seines in different habitats, including open water, submerged aquatic vegetation, offshore areas, tidal sloughs, and marsh edges. Overall, fish assemblages were dominated by introduced species and did not differ significantly between reference and restored marshes. However, fish assemblages did vary between habitats with and without submerged aquatic vegetation, and between offshore and nearshore habitats, with native fishes found more often in tidal sloughs
Fishing has significant impacts on fish community structure and composition across different spatial and temporal scales:
2. Community
1) Studies of demersal fish communities across a large bathymetric range of 200-1800m found declines in species richness, biomass, abundance, and mean fish size with increasing depth and historical fishing pressure.
3. Ecosystem
2) Analysis of demersal fish communities across 1200km of Mediterranean coastline revealed decreases in abundance, biomass, and mean fish size along a gradient of increasing historical fishing pressure from west to east.
3) Seasonal comparisons of demersal fish communities at two locations subject to different seasonal fishing efforts showed shifts in size structure and
The use of SONAR by the U.S. Navy can injure or kill many whales and dolphins. SONAR systems emit intense sound waves at 235 decibels to detect submarines, which is louder than the world's loudest rock band. These high-intensity sounds, which can travel up to 300 miles, cause whales to rapidly change depths, resulting in bleeding from their eyes and ears. In 2005, 34 whales of different species stranded and died along North Carolina's coast during Navy training using SONAR. Environmental groups have sued the Navy, claiming that SONAR testing has caused over 170,000 marine mammal deaths, with over 500 whales suffering permanent injury and 8,000 experiencing temporary deaf
- Overfishing of rockfish populations off the west coast of the US since the 1960s drastically reduced stocks.
- Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) were established in 2002 with regulations like catch limits, gear restrictions, and seasonal closures to protect habitat and restrict catch.
- Outreach programs educate fishermen on RCA rules and provide devices to return bycatch to reduce mortality. Regulations have proven moderately successful at reducing bycatch and deterring prohibited catches.
This document summarizes evidence of "fishing down" coastal food webs in the Gulf of California over the past 30 years. Fisheries have shifted from catching large, long-lived predatory fish like sharks and groupers to smaller, short-lived species lower on the food chain. The maximum size of fish in catches has decreased 45 cm in just 20 years. While some total catches have increased, catch-per-unit-effort has declined for most species groups after 1980 due to a dramatic increase in fishing effort, particularly gillnets. This intensive fishing has not only impacted target species populations but also caused community-wide changes in fish assemblages. Coastal fisheries in the Gulf of California appear unsustainable
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This study examined differences between lionfish captured on the Atlantic versus Caribbean sides of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The researchers measured lionfish weight, length, sex, and stomach contents. They found no statistically significant differences between lionfish on the two sides in terms of weight, length, sex ratio, or diet. This suggests lionfish are similarly successful in the different marine habitats along each coast of Vieques.
This document discusses the biodiversity of azooxanthellate (non-photosynthetic) corals in the Colombian Caribbean. It analyzed data from 142 species of corals collected across 210 sampling stations between 10-520 meters deep. Four main distribution patterns were observed: 1) Northeastern distribution along the coast, 2) Southwestern distribution, 3) Association with coral bioherms, and 4) Widespread distribution. Factors like upwelling systems and river runoff influenced the separation of northeast vs southwest coral fauna. Most deep-water corals (>200m) showed widespread distribution. The data provides insights into conservation strategies for Colombia's coral diversity.
This document reports on several cases of anomalous scutation and morphology in turtles and lizards:
1) A three-toed box turtle with only one vertebral scute, representing an anomalous reduction.
2) A Brazilian slider turtle exhibiting kyphosis, or dorsal curvature of the carapace, representing the first reported case in this species.
3) Observations of predation including a centipede preying on a whiptail lizard, representing the first record of this predator-prey relationship, and a six-lined racer snake attempting to swallow a six-scaled tegu, providing a rare example of saurophagy in this genus of lizard.
We compared the growth of the scallop Euuolu (Pecten) ziczuc (L.) in three situations which
potentially could be used for commercial culture, in cages maintained in suspension, in cages on the
bottom and in cages partly buried in a sediment bottom. The latter permitted the scallops to bury
themselves as in their natural habitat. Throughout the 7-month study, growth, as measured by shell
length and muscle mass, was by far superior for scallops in the partly buried cages. Possible explanations
for this are ( 1) that the scallops are stressed by enclosures which prevent them from burying
themselves and (2) that organic material at the sediment/water interface is an important food resource
and E. ziczac has better access to this when it buries itself flush with the bottom. The timing of gonadal
growth and spawning varied markedly among treatments. Some spawnings coincided with temperature
increases but others did not. Differences between scallops in suspension compared to those in bottom
treatments suggested that reproduction is as much controlled by conditions in the immediate environment
of the scallops as by large-scale environmental factors. Survival was highest for the scallops
maintained in partly buried cages.
1) The study assessed the ecosystem services of the Southern Llano River in Texas by examining fish, invertebrate, and habitat characteristics.
2) A variety of sampling methods found 17 fish species present, with blacktail shiner and Guadalupe bass being most abundant. Invertebrate sampling identified several orders including mayflies and dragonflies.
3) Habitat measurements showed riparian vegetation ranging from 30-100% cover and suitable water quality parameters.
An Annotated List Of Deepwater Fishes From Off The New England Region, With N...Katie Naple
This document provides an annotated list of 591 species of deepwater fishes found between Maryland and Nova Scotia at depths below 200 meters. It summarizes the key sources of data used, including specimens collected by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the National Marine Fisheries Service. 111 species represent new distribution records for the region, primarily extensions from southern areas, though some represent more northern species. The diversity of deepwater fishes is still being discovered, as 96 new species have been described since 1950.
This document summarizes research on spatial and temporal patterns of the algae Pseudo-nitzschia in central California and how they relate to regional oceanography. Major blooms occurred in 1991, 1995, 1998, 2000, and 2002. Blooms often initiated in southern California and appeared to propagate northward. Laboratory experiments showed blooms were generally nitrogen limited rather than limited by silicon or iron. Large-scale blooms are inconsistent with local oceanographic drivers and may be influenced more by latitudinal changes in regional conditions. Monitoring programs have difficulty predicting blooms due to thin subsurface layers of algae that are difficult to detect.
This document examines factors affecting fish entrainment at the massive water diversions of the State Water Project and Central Valley Project in the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary. It analyzes 13 years of data on fish salvage counts, pumping operations, and environmental characteristics to determine what factors influence entrainment of different fish species. Entrainment of migratory pelagic species like delta smelt, longfin smelt, and striped bass was found to correlate with their seasonal occurrence near the export facilities. Flow patterns through the estuary also predicted pelagic fish entrainment. Entrainment of resident demersal species and littoral species was not clearly linked to diversion flows. The study suggests manipulating hydrodynamics
Vaquita Presentation - Dr. Lorenzo Rojas BrachoCheryl Butner
The document summarizes the history of research on the vaquita porpoise and conservation efforts to protect the species. It describes key researchers who first discovered and studied the vaquita, including Ken Norris who described it as a new species in 1958. Subsequent studies by Brownell et al. in the 1980s provided the first photos and descriptions of the vaquita's appearance. Population surveys estimated only 567 individuals in 1997, with bycatch in gillnets identified as the primary threat. CIRVA was formed to create a recovery plan, recommending the creation of a vaquita refuge where gillnet fishing was banned in stages from 2005-2002.
! 1!A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmotroutmanboris
! 1!
A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmon Migration
B. C. McKinney1
1 Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University
Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
Abstract For many generations, humans have altered practically every
ecosystem in the entire world. The footprint humans leave behind on ecosystems
on Earth has continuously matted the ecosystems and critical habitat in which all
species on Earth depend on for survival. When considering Pacific and Atlantic
salmon populations, the array of human caused stressors is responsible for the
population depletions across the United States and Canada. This review will
coordinate the impacts of river impoundments (i.e., hydropower systems) on
upstream and downstream migration as well as visit the impacts of natural and
human caused change on the quality of habitat in which salmonids inhabit through
all life stages.
Introduction
A variety of teleost species are classified within the Family Salmonidae under the Order
Salmoniformes. Salmonidae is comprised of a variety of trouts (Salmo spp.), chars (Salvelinus
spp.), graylings (Thymallus spp.), taimen (Parahucho spp.), and salmons (Salmo &
Oncorhynchus spp.). The anatomy of this family is similar to other ray-finned fish having
dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins, however they possess an additional fin posterior to
the dorsal called the adipose fin.
Salmonid lifecycles are very complex and have been a topic of research for many
generations (Briggs, 1953; Holmes & Stainer 1966; Vronskiy, 1972; Thompson & Sargent, 1977;
Healy, 1980; McCormick &Saunders, 1987; Murray & Rosenau, 1989; Nehlson et al., 1991). In
recent findings, the introduction of telemetry techniques and field sampling routines have given
! 2!
researchers insight about the duration, timing, and patterns of homing and staying (Healy, 1980;
Giorgi et al., 1997; Walker et al., 2016). Through the protection of the Endangered Species Act
(ESA) select Pacific salmon populations have been granted protection by federal regulations in
relation to the habitat that is essential to their survival (USNMFS 1995). In this review, relevant
available published literature will be compiled to discuss a variety of explanations towards the
physiology and morphological complexities associated with Pacific salmon.!
Overview of Salmon Biology
In this section, emphasis will focus on the evolutionary history of Salmon (see Groot &
Margolis, 1991, Hendry et al., 2000, and Waples et al., 2007 for more details). North America’s
populations of Pacific Salmon consist of five distinct species: chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus
tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbusha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and
sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Pacific salmon are uniquely characterized as anadromous
(migratory) and semelaparous (i.e., die after spawning) spe ...
The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
This report summarizes a 7-year study of the nearshore fish fauna in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland from 2002-2008. 31 fish species from 17 families were documented. Both juvenile and adult Atlantic cod were present, suggesting a local "bay cod" population. Acadian redfish and striped wolfish, a species protected under Canadian law, also inhabit the bay. Fish assemblages varied between different benthic habitats. The study provides a baseline for conservation efforts in the nationally protected bay, which supports diverse fish communities and species.
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
This document summarizes a study that examined fish assemblages in reference and restored tidal freshwater marshes in the San Francisco Estuary. The study compared fish assemblages between one reference marsh and three restored marshes between 1998-1999. Fish were sampled using beach seines and purse seines in different habitats, including open water, submerged aquatic vegetation, offshore areas, tidal sloughs, and marsh edges. Overall, fish assemblages were dominated by introduced species and did not differ significantly between reference and restored marshes. However, fish assemblages did vary between habitats with and without submerged aquatic vegetation, and between offshore and nearshore habitats, with native fishes found more often in tidal sloughs
Fishing has significant impacts on fish community structure and composition across different spatial and temporal scales:
2. Community
1) Studies of demersal fish communities across a large bathymetric range of 200-1800m found declines in species richness, biomass, abundance, and mean fish size with increasing depth and historical fishing pressure.
3. Ecosystem
2) Analysis of demersal fish communities across 1200km of Mediterranean coastline revealed decreases in abundance, biomass, and mean fish size along a gradient of increasing historical fishing pressure from west to east.
3) Seasonal comparisons of demersal fish communities at two locations subject to different seasonal fishing efforts showed shifts in size structure and
The use of SONAR by the U.S. Navy can injure or kill many whales and dolphins. SONAR systems emit intense sound waves at 235 decibels to detect submarines, which is louder than the world's loudest rock band. These high-intensity sounds, which can travel up to 300 miles, cause whales to rapidly change depths, resulting in bleeding from their eyes and ears. In 2005, 34 whales of different species stranded and died along North Carolina's coast during Navy training using SONAR. Environmental groups have sued the Navy, claiming that SONAR testing has caused over 170,000 marine mammal deaths, with over 500 whales suffering permanent injury and 8,000 experiencing temporary deaf
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1. 188 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
California Fish and Game 95(4): 188-192; 2009
OCCURRENCE OF JUVENILE MEXICAN LOOKDOWN,
SELENE BREVOORTII (GILL, 1863), IN SEAL BEACH,
CALIFORNIA
ERICA T. JARVIS, HEATHER L. GLINIAK, OTIS HORNING,
and CHRISTI LINARDICH
California Department of Fish and Game
Marine Region
4665 Lampson Avenue, Suite C
Los Alamitos, California 90720
Ejarvis@dfg.ca.gov
Jacks (Family Carangidae) represent 55 species in 15 genera in North America (Nelson
et al. 2004). Within this family, the lookdowns and moonfishes (Genus Selene) include six
species that are morphologically distinct from other jacks by having highly compressed
bodies and steep anterior head profiles. Three of these species occur along the Pacific
coast and the Gulf of California: Mexican moonfish, Selene orstedii Lutken, 1880; Pacific
moonfish, S. peruviana (Guichenot, 1866); and Mexican lookdown, S. brevoortii (Gill, 1863).
The Mexican lookdown is considered a Panamic species that has a range extending from
San Diego Bay in southern California (Lea and Walker 1995, Lea and Rosenblatt 2000), to
Isla San Lorenzo, Peru (Chirichigno and Velez 1998, as cited in Love et al. 2005), including
the Gulf of California (Smith-Vaniz 1995). However, prior to its occurrence in San Diego Bay
in the 1990s, Mexican lookdown was only reported as far north as Magdalena Bay, Baja
California Sur (Walford 1947, as cited in Lea and Walker, 1995), a temperate-tropical
oceanographic boundary. This paper documents the first occurrence of juvenile Mexican
lookdown in California and an approximate 150-km northern range extension. Juvenile
Mexican lookdown are distinguished from adults by relatively long, filamentous anterior
dorsal spines, larger pelvic fins, and dark, interrupted vertical bars on the body (Smith-Vaniz
1995). As they mature, the markings on the body fade, the anterior dorsal spines shorten in
length, the pelvic fins reduce in size, and the anterior lobes of both the second dorsal rays
and anal rays elongate (Smith-Vaniz 1995, Humann and Deloach 2004).
While conducting monthly surf zone sampling on the morning of 18 November 2008,
biologists with the California Department of Fish and Game captured juvenile Mexican
lookdown in two consecutive beach seine hauls at Seal Beach, California (33º44’15’’N,
118º06’16’’W). The first lookdown (63 mm SL) occurred in the seine with no other fish
species, while the second, smaller lookdown (62 mm SL) occurred with three topsmelt,
Atherinops affinis, and one jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis. The sea floor temperature
at 4 m depth ranged from 16.6 to 16.9 ºC, and the tide was flooding (0.6 to 0.7 m).
Both specimens are catalogued in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
(LACM) fish collection (LACM 56886-1). Each specimen had long filamentous anterior
dorsal spines, although the second dorsal spine of the larger specimen was much shorter
than the first (Fig. 1). Both juveniles had large black-tipped pelvic fins and silvery bodies
with iridescent blue highlights. Interestingly, the dark interrupted vertical bars on the body
were more apparent on the larger specimen, while the smaller specimen had a faint bar
extending dorsally from the eye to the anterior dorsal fin (Fig. 1). Morphometrics and
meristics of the two specimens are reported in Table 1.
2. Notes 189
Whereas the northern transport of larvae and/or juveniles via vessel ballast water is a
potential, though not probable, mode of arrival for juvenile Mexican lookdown1, here we
discuss oceanographic influence. The presence of juvenile Mexican lookdown at Seal
Figure 1. Juvenile Mexican lookdown, Selene brevoortii, captured by beach seine at Seal
Beach, California, 18 November 2008. The smaller (top) and larger (bottom) specimens measured
62 and 63 mm standard length, respectively. Photographs by E.T. Jarvis.
3. 190 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Table 1. Morphometric and meristic characteristics of juvenile Mexican lookdown, Selene
brevoortii, captured by beach seine at Seal Beach, California, 18 November 2008.
Characteristica Specimen 1 Specimen 2
Standard length (mm) 63 62
Total length 1.32 1.27
Fork length 1.14 1.08
Head length 0.49 0.50
Eye diameter 0.10 0.10
Snout length 0.24 0.24
Maxillae length 0.13 0.11
Pectoral length 0.30 0.27
Predorsal length 0.73 0.66
Preanal length 0.60 0.65
Length to D2 0.86 0.82
Body depth at D2 0.81 0.73
Dorsal fin elements VIII+I,21 VIII+I,21
Anal fin elements I,18 I,18
Lateral line scutes present b presentb
Gill rakers (left) 8+33 7+31
a
Characteristics listed here are based on those reported by Lea and Walker (1995). Length
measurements are represented as a proportion of standard length.
b
Lateral line scutes could not be precisely enumerated. Lea and Walker (1995) reported ‘none’
present for an adult Mexican lookdown deposited at Scripps Institution of Oceanography
(SIO 93-192).
Beach suggests successful larval recruitment in southern California, although the larval
source is unknown. The size of the captured juveniles, in addition to the reported larval
transformation length and spawning season of Mexican lookdown (8.2 mm to > 38 mm,
January – April; Moser 1996), suggests the fish were spawned in the spring of 2008. The
occurrence of adult Mexican lookdown in California waters in 1993 and 1997-98, along with
other Panamic fishes, was attributed to adult movement coincident with warm water
oceanographic conditions (Lea and Walker 1995, Lea and Rosenblatt 2000). However, since
the 1997-98 El Niño, the Southern California Bight (SCB) has not experienced a similar
oceanographic event that would facilitate long range larval dispersal into California waters.
Moreover, the California Current system has been in a cool phase since the 1997-98 El Niño,
and southern California experienced one of the strongest La Niña conditions of the last few
decades during the 2007-08 season (McClatchie et al. 2008). Although southern California
waters were representative of La Niña conditions in 2007-08, ocean patterns off Baja California
1
In the fall of 2008, other unusual species occurrences were identified in the recreational fish
catch farther north in Santa Monica Bay, southern California (green jack, Caranx caballus,
and spot, Leiostomus xanthurus; T. Carpenter, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission,
personal communication).
4. Notes 191
did not show evidence of a response to the La Niña event; in fact, sea surface temperatures
were unusually high (McClatchie et al. 2008). If unknown or undocumented populations of
Mexican lookdown have persisted farther north into Baja California or even San Diego Bay
since the 1997-98 El Niño, net poleward flow of SCB coastal currents during summer months
(Hickey 1993, McClatchie et al. 2008) may have facilitated successful local recruitment. It is
interesting to note that both California localities of Mexican lookdown occurrences are in
close proximity to warm water effluent of power generating stations (South Bay Power
Plant in San Diego and Haynes Power Generating Station in Seal Beach), which may provide
suitable year-round temperatures for adults and recruits.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank M.J. Allen (ECORP Consulting, Inc.) and J.A. Seigel (LACM) for
their assistance in species identification. Funding for the CDFG monthly surveys of surf
zone fishes in southern California is provided by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration
Act, Grant Agreement F-50-R-21.
LITERATURE CITED
Hickey, B.M. 1993. Physical Oceanography. Pages 19-70 in: M.D. Dailey, D.J. Reish, and J.W.
Anderson, editors. Ecology of the Southern California Bight: A synthesis and interpretation.
University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA.
Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 2004. Reef fish identification. Baja to Panama. New World Publications,
Inc. Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Lea, R.N. and H.J. Walker, Jr. 1995. Record of the bigeye trevally, Caranx sexfasciatus, and
Mexican lookdown, Selene brevoorti, with notes on other carangids from California. California
Fish and Game 81:89-95.
Lea, R.N. and R.H. Rosenblatt. 2000. Observations on fishes associated with the 1997-98 El Niño
off California. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 41:117-129.
Love, M.S., C.W. Mecklenburg, T.A. Mecklenburg, and L.K. Thorsteinson. 2005. Resource inventory
of marine and estuarine fishes of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and
Arctic Ocean species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border. U.S. Department of the
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Seattle, Washington, USA,
OCS Study MMS 2005-030 and USGS/NBII 2005-001.
McClatchie, S., R. Goericke, J.A. Koslow, F.B. Schwing, S.J. Bograd, R. Charter, W. Watson, N. Lo,
K. Hill, J. Gottschalck, M. L’heureux, Y. Xue, W.T. Peterson, R. Emmett, C. Collins, G.
Gaxiola-Castro, R. Durazo, M. Kahru, B.G. Mitchell, K.D. Hyrenbach, W.J. Sydeman, R.W.
Bradley, P. Warzybok, and E. Bjorkstedt. 2008. The State of the California Current, 2007-
2008: La Niña conditions and their effects on the ecosystem. California Cooperative Oceanic
Fisheries Investigations Reports 49:39-76.
Moser, H.G. (ed.) 1996. The early life stages of fishes in the California Current Region. California
Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Atlas No. 33.
Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Perez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, and J.D.
Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and
Mexico. Sixth edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA.
5. 192 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Smith-Vaniz, W.F. 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes,
macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. Pages 940-986 in: W. Fischer, F.
Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter, and V. Niem, editors. Guia FAO para
Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO,
Rome.
Received: 23 February 2009
Accepted: 7 May 2009