PHY101 Concepts In Physics.docx
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The use of SONAR by the U.S. Navy can injure or kill many whales and dolphins. SONAR systems emit intense sound waves at 235 decibels to detect submarines, which is louder than the world's loudest rock band. These high-intensity sounds, which can travel up to 300 miles, cause whales to rapidly change depths, resulting in bleeding from their eyes and ears. In 2005, 34 whales of different species stranded and died along North Carolina's coast during Navy training using SONAR. Environmental groups have sued the Navy, claiming that SONAR testing has caused over 170,000 marine mammal deaths, with over 500 whales suffering permanent injury and 8,000 experiencing temporary deaf
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Moderate anthropogenic noise may disrupt foraging activity in whales and dolphins. Recent research has shown subtle behavioral responses to moderate noise levels, including interruptions to foraging. Repeated observations have found decreased foraging and animals remaining near the surface in response to activities like seismic airgun surveys, sonar, and boat noise. Foraging disruptions are a concern as they could negatively impact long-term individual and population health by reducing energy intake. More research is needed to better understand impacts, especially given inconsistent propagation patterns and variable responses observed between individuals and species. Systemic approaches that consider different levels of response across noise levels may provide a precautionary way to assess impacts until knowledge gaps are addressed.
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Figure 4. An Agaricia coral colony shown 1) bleached and 2) almost recovered from a bleaching event (NOAA, 2017).
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What is Coral Bleaching?
Figure 5. Coral Bleaching (NOAA, 2010).
Causes of Coral Bleaching
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Coral Bleaching
By: Stephanie Dull
What is Coral?
Figure 1. Structure of Coral (Helgason, 2017).
Corals are colonial animals. They are made up of hundreds of tiny animals called polyps which bud and divide asexually into identical clones” (Helgason, 2017).
There are photosynthetic marine algae called zooxanthellae that live in a symbiotic relationship with the coral. The zooxanthellae use the coral for protections, in exchange, through photosynthesis, they produce the energy the coral needs to build its skeleton (Helgason, 2017).
The zooanthellae are also what gives the coral its vibrant colors.
Why is Coral Important?
Figure 2. Sea turtle in a coral garden in the Spratly Islands (Asner, 2017).
Figure 3. Man Fishing (Day, 2018).
Coral reefs harbor more than one quarter of the ocean's biodiversity. The reefs provide a high level of diversity within species.
Provides natural resources such as food and drugs, social, recreational, and cultural activities. Coral reefs support local jobs and tourism.
Provides services that the environment depends, on such as the natural break down of pollutants, the creation of soil, and the recycling and purification of water and air.
Many countries also depend on the reefs for food as well as their livelihoods, through fishing. “An estimated 30 million small-scale fisherman and women depend on reefs for their livelihoods, more than one million in the Philippines alone” (Innis, 2016).
What is Coral Bleaching?
Figure 4. An Agaricia coral colony shown 1) bleached and 2) almost recovered from a bleaching event (NOAA, 2017).
Coral bleaching is a general response to stress, by the coral.
The Agency for Marine Research and Development (ARVAM) defines coral bleaching as “a process whereby the coral colonies lose their colour, either due to the loss of pigments by microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) living in symbiosis with their host organisms (polyps), or because these zooxanthellae have been expelled” (Quod & Charpy, 2008).
Coral can sometimes recover from bleaching if it is not severe, but if they continue to be stressed, or there are back to back bleaching events, they are subject to mortality.
What is Coral Bleaching?
Figure 5. Coral Bleaching (NOAA, 2010).
Causes of Coral Bleaching
The pollutants runoff the land in the form of nutrients, sediments, and other pollutants. These pollutants “smother coral reefs; accelerate the growth of damaging algae; lower water quality; and make corals more susceptible to disease” (NOAA, 2017).
Most of the coral bleaching events thus far have been shown to be caused by increasing ocean temperatures due to global warming.
Recreational boats damage reefs, and snorkelers and divers tend to accidently break coral
“Destructive fishing methods like dynamite, gill nets and beach seines are highly unsustainable because they typically do not target particular fish species and often result in juveniles being killed in the pro.
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