The document discusses the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm. It begins with an example of using kNN to predict the color of a new data point based on its distance to existing data points. It then discusses key concepts like choosing the value of k, distance measures like Manhattan and Euclidean distance, feature scaling techniques, and evaluating a kNN model using a confusion matrix.
Deep Sarsa and Deep Q-learning use neural networks to estimate state-action values in reinforcement learning problems. Deep Q-learning uses experience replay and a target network to improve stability over the basic Deep Q-learning algorithm. Experience replay stores transitions in a replay buffer, and the target network is periodically updated to reduce bias from bootstrapping. Deepmind's DQN algorithm combined Deep Q-learning with experience replay and a target network to achieve good performance on complex tasks.
This document discusses K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classification. KNN is an instance-based learning algorithm that stores all available cases and classifies new cases based on a vote of its neighbors. It explains how KNN classifies points based on the majority vote of its K closest neighbors, where closeness is typically defined using Euclidean or Hamming distance. It also discusses how to choose the K value, the pros and cons of KNN, and applications where KNN is often used.
Here are two approaches to sampling from a convex body:
1. Rejection sampling: Repeatedly sample from the entire space and accept the sample if it falls within the convex body.
2. Ball walk:
- Start with a random point inside the body.
- Uniformly sample a direction and step size within a ball centered at the current point.
- If the new point is still within the body, move there. Otherwise stay put.
- Repeat many times to converge to the desired distribution over the body.
These approaches allow sampling from complex convex bodies like the version space in an efficient manner, enabling the implementation of query by committee active learning.
This document discusses various unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithms. It begins with an introduction to unsupervised learning and clustering. It then explains k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN clustering. For k-means and hierarchical clustering, it covers how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the two. For DBSCAN, it defines what it is, how it identifies core points, border points, and outliers to form clusters based on density.
This document discusses K-means clustering, an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. It begins with an introduction to clustering and describes K-means clustering as assigning data points to K number of centroids, or cluster centers. The document outlines the K-means clustering procedure, which iteratively assigns data points to the closest centroid and recomputes centroids until centroids do not change. Advantages include faster computation than hierarchical clustering for large datasets, while disadvantages include difficulty selecting the optimal K value. Applications include wireless sensor networks, city planning, search engines, and email filtering.
The document discusses various methods for multiclass classification including Gaussian and linear classifiers, multi-class classification models, and multi-class strategies like one-versus-all, one-versus-one, and error-correcting codes. It also provides summaries of naive Bayes, linear/quadratic discriminant analysis, stochastic gradient descent, multilabel vs multiclass classification, and one-versus-all, one-versus-one, and error-correcting output codes classification strategies.
This document discusses the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm, an instance-based learning method used for classification. KNN works by identifying the K training examples nearest to a new data point and assigning the most common class among those K neighbors to the new point. The document covers how KNN calculates distances between data points, chooses the value of K, handles feature normalization, and compares strengths and weaknesses of the approach. It also briefly discusses clustering, an unsupervised learning technique where data is grouped based on similarity.
The document discusses the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm. It begins with an example of using kNN to predict the color of a new data point based on its distance to existing data points. It then discusses key concepts like choosing the value of k, distance measures like Manhattan and Euclidean distance, feature scaling techniques, and evaluating a kNN model using a confusion matrix.
Deep Sarsa and Deep Q-learning use neural networks to estimate state-action values in reinforcement learning problems. Deep Q-learning uses experience replay and a target network to improve stability over the basic Deep Q-learning algorithm. Experience replay stores transitions in a replay buffer, and the target network is periodically updated to reduce bias from bootstrapping. Deepmind's DQN algorithm combined Deep Q-learning with experience replay and a target network to achieve good performance on complex tasks.
This document discusses K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classification. KNN is an instance-based learning algorithm that stores all available cases and classifies new cases based on a vote of its neighbors. It explains how KNN classifies points based on the majority vote of its K closest neighbors, where closeness is typically defined using Euclidean or Hamming distance. It also discusses how to choose the K value, the pros and cons of KNN, and applications where KNN is often used.
Here are two approaches to sampling from a convex body:
1. Rejection sampling: Repeatedly sample from the entire space and accept the sample if it falls within the convex body.
2. Ball walk:
- Start with a random point inside the body.
- Uniformly sample a direction and step size within a ball centered at the current point.
- If the new point is still within the body, move there. Otherwise stay put.
- Repeat many times to converge to the desired distribution over the body.
These approaches allow sampling from complex convex bodies like the version space in an efficient manner, enabling the implementation of query by committee active learning.
This document discusses various unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithms. It begins with an introduction to unsupervised learning and clustering. It then explains k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN clustering. For k-means and hierarchical clustering, it covers how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the two. For DBSCAN, it defines what it is, how it identifies core points, border points, and outliers to form clusters based on density.
This document discusses K-means clustering, an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. It begins with an introduction to clustering and describes K-means clustering as assigning data points to K number of centroids, or cluster centers. The document outlines the K-means clustering procedure, which iteratively assigns data points to the closest centroid and recomputes centroids until centroids do not change. Advantages include faster computation than hierarchical clustering for large datasets, while disadvantages include difficulty selecting the optimal K value. Applications include wireless sensor networks, city planning, search engines, and email filtering.
The document discusses various methods for multiclass classification including Gaussian and linear classifiers, multi-class classification models, and multi-class strategies like one-versus-all, one-versus-one, and error-correcting codes. It also provides summaries of naive Bayes, linear/quadratic discriminant analysis, stochastic gradient descent, multilabel vs multiclass classification, and one-versus-all, one-versus-one, and error-correcting output codes classification strategies.
This document discusses the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm, an instance-based learning method used for classification. KNN works by identifying the K training examples nearest to a new data point and assigning the most common class among those K neighbors to the new point. The document covers how KNN calculates distances between data points, chooses the value of K, handles feature normalization, and compares strengths and weaknesses of the approach. It also briefly discusses clustering, an unsupervised learning technique where data is grouped based on similarity.
This document discusses visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM). It provides an overview of VSLAM, including its applications in robotics and augmented/virtual reality. It also summarizes different VSLAM techniques like sparse and dense approaches. Examples of VSLAM systems for small robots and self-driving cars are described. Finally, it touches on future areas like multi-robot cooperation and semantic VSLAM.
Self Organizing Maps (SOMs) are a type of neural network that uses unsupervised learning to map high-dimensional input data to a low-dimensional discrete map. SOMs learn the topological relationships in the training data and organize themselves through competition between neurons to become selectively tuned to different input patterns. The algorithm involves initializing weights, finding a winning neuron for each input, and updating the weights of the winning neuron and its neighbors to more closely match the input. Repeated iterations of this process cause the neurons to self-organize the input space onto the map in a topologically ordered fashion.
An Introduction to Supervised Machine Learning and Pattern Classification: Th...Sebastian Raschka
The document provides an introduction to supervised machine learning and pattern classification. It begins with an overview of the speaker's background and research interests. Key concepts covered include definitions of machine learning, examples of machine learning applications, and the differences between supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. The rest of the document outlines the typical workflow for a supervised learning problem, including data collection and preprocessing, model training and evaluation, and model selection. Common classification algorithms like decision trees, naive Bayes, and support vector machines are briefly explained. The presentation concludes with discussions around choosing the right algorithm and avoiding overfitting.
K-means is an unsupervised learning algorithm that clusters data by minimizing distances between data points and cluster centers. It works by:
1. Randomly selecting K data points as initial cluster centers
2. Calculating the distance between each data point and cluster center and assigning the point to the closest center
3. Re-calculating the cluster centers based on the current assignments
4. Repeating steps 2-3 until cluster centers stop moving or a maximum number of iterations is reached.
The number of clusters K must be specified beforehand but the elbow method can help determine an appropriate value for K. Bisecting K-means is an alternative that starts with all data in one cluster and recursively splits clusters
The document discusses nearest neighbor classifiers. It begins by explaining that nearest neighbor classifiers store all training records and classify unseen cases based on the class labels of the k closest records. It then provides more details on how nearest neighbor classifiers work, including that they require a distance metric to calculate distances between records and a value of k for the number of nearest neighbors. To classify an unknown record, the k nearest neighbors are identified and their class labels are used to determine the class, such as by majority vote. Issues like choosing k, scaling attributes, and high-dimensional data are also addressed.
Support vector machines (SVM) are a supervised learning method used for classification and regression analysis. SVMs find a hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two classes of objects. They can handle non-linear classification problems by projecting data into a higher dimensional space. The training points closest to the separating hyperplane are called support vectors. SVMs learn the discrimination boundary between classes rather than modeling each class individually.
The lecture slides in DSAI 2018, National Cheng Kung University. It's about famous deep reinforcement learning algorithm: Actor-Critc. In this slides, we introduce advantage function, A3C/A2C.
This chapter discusses outlier analysis and various methods for outlier detection. It defines outliers as data objects that differ significantly from normal data. Several types of outliers are described, including global outliers that differ from all other data, contextual outliers that differ based on selected context attributes, and collective outliers where a group of objects collectively differ. Statistical, proximity-based, and clustering-based methods are some common approaches for outlier detection discussed in the chapter. Statistical approaches assume data follows a stochastic model, while proximity-based methods use distance measures and density-based methods to identify outliers. Clustering-based methods identify outliers as objects not belonging to large, dense clusters of normal data. Both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques can be applied to outlier detection.
Introduction Of Artificial neural networkNagarajan
The document summarizes different types of artificial neural networks including their structure, learning paradigms, and learning rules. It discusses artificial neural networks (ANN), their advantages, and major learning paradigms - supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It also explains different mathematical synaptic modification rules like backpropagation of error, correlative Hebbian, and temporally-asymmetric Hebbian learning rules. Specific learning rules discussed include the delta rule, the pattern associator, and the Hebb rule.
This document summarizes the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. DBSCAN finds clusters based on density, requiring only two parameters: Eps, which defines the neighborhood distance, and MinPts, the minimum number of points required to form a cluster. It can discover clusters of arbitrary shape. The algorithm works by expanding clusters from core points, which have at least MinPts points within their Eps-neighborhood. Points that are not part of any cluster are classified as noise. Applications include spatial data analysis, image segmentation, and automatic border detection in medical images.
This document discusses k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) machine learning algorithms. It explains that k-NN is an instance-based, lazy learning method that stores all training data and classifies new examples based on their similarity to stored examples. The key steps are: (1) calculate the distance between a new example and all stored examples, (2) find the k nearest neighbors, (3) assign the new example the most common class of its k nearest neighbors. Important considerations include the distance metric, value of k, and voting scheme for classification.
Cluster analysis is a major tool in a number of applications in many fields of Business, Engineering & etc.(The odoridis and Koutroubas, 1999):
Data reduction.
Hypothesis generation.
Hypothesis testing.
Prediction based on groups.
This document summarizes artificial neural networks. It discusses how neural networks are composed of interconnected neurons that can learn complex behaviors through simple principles. Neural networks can be used for applications like pattern recognition, noise reduction, and prediction. The key components of neural networks are neurons, synapses, weights, thresholds, and activation functions. Neural networks offer advantages like adaptability and fault tolerance, though they are not exact and can be complex. Examples of neural network applications discussed include object trajectory learning, radiosity for virtual reality, speechreading, target detection and tracking, and robotics.
Isolation Forest is an anomaly detection algorithm that builds decision trees to isolate anomalies from normal data points. It works by constructing isolation trees on randomly selected sub-samples of the data, and computes an anomaly score based on the path length of each data point in the trees. The algorithm has linear time complexity and low memory requirements, making it scalable to large, high-dimensional datasets. Empirical experiments show Isolation Forest achieves high AUC scores comparable to other algorithms while using less processing time, especially as the number of trees increases. It is also effective at detecting anomalies in the presence of irrelevant attributes.
The document discusses the K-means clustering algorithm. It begins by explaining that K-means is an unsupervised learning algorithm that partitions observations into K clusters by minimizing the within-cluster sum of squares. It then provides details on how K-means works, including initializing cluster centers, assigning observations to the nearest center, recalculating centers, and repeating until convergence. The document also discusses evaluating the number of clusters K, dealing with issues like local optima and sensitivity to initialization, and techniques for improving K-means such as K-means++ initialization and feature scaling.
This presentation covers Decision Tree as a supervised machine learning technique, talking about Information Gain method and Gini Index method with their related Algorithms.
Aturan Pembelajaran Perceptron
Tujuan
Salah satu pertanyaan kita yang muncul adalah: "Bagaimana kita menentukan Matrik bobot dan
bias untuk jaringan perceptron dengan banyak input, dimana adalah mustahil untuk
memvisualisasikan batasan-batasan keputusan?” Dalam bab ini kita akan menggambarkan suatu algoritma
untuk pelatihan jaringan perceptron, sehingga mereka dapat belajar untuk memecahkan masalah
klasifikasi. Kita akan mulai dengan menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan aturan belajar
(learning rule) dan akan belajar mengembangkan aturan perceptron. Kami akan menyimpulkan
dengan mendiskusikan keuntungan dan keterbatasan dari jaringan single - layer perceptron.
Diskusi ini akan membawa kita ke dalam bab-bab selanjutnya.
Teori dan Contoh
Pada tahun 1943, Warren McCulloch dan Walter Pitts memperkenalkan salah satu artificial
neurons [McPi43]. Fitur utama dari model neuron mereka adalah bahwa jumlah bobot sinyal
input dibandingkan dengan ambang batas untuk menentukan neuron output. Ketika jumlah lebih
besar dari atau sama dengan ambang batas, output adalah 1. Ketika jumlah kurang dari ambang
batas, keluaran adalah 0. Mereka tetap meneruskan penelitian dengan menunjukkan bahwa
jaringan neuron ini pada prinsipnya bisa menghitung setiap fungsi aritmetika atau logika. Tidak
seperti jaringan biologis, parameters jaringan mereka harus dirancang, karena tidak ada metode
pelatihan yang tersedia. Namun, hubungan yang dirasakan antara biologi dan komputer digital
menghasilkan banyak minat
Pada akhir 1950-an, Frank Rosenblatt dan beberapa peneliti lain mengembangkan suatu kelas
jaringan saraf yang disebut Perceptrons. Neuron dalam jaringan yang mirip dengan McCulloch
dan pitts. Kunci kontribusi Rosenblatt adalah pengenalan aturan belajar untuk pelatihan jaringan
perceptron untuk memecahkan masalah pengenalan pola [Rose58]. Ia membuktikan bahwa
aturan belajarnya akan selalu bertemu untuk bobot jaringan yang benar, jika bobot yang ada
memecahkan masalah.
This document discusses visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM). It provides an overview of VSLAM, including its applications in robotics and augmented/virtual reality. It also summarizes different VSLAM techniques like sparse and dense approaches. Examples of VSLAM systems for small robots and self-driving cars are described. Finally, it touches on future areas like multi-robot cooperation and semantic VSLAM.
Self Organizing Maps (SOMs) are a type of neural network that uses unsupervised learning to map high-dimensional input data to a low-dimensional discrete map. SOMs learn the topological relationships in the training data and organize themselves through competition between neurons to become selectively tuned to different input patterns. The algorithm involves initializing weights, finding a winning neuron for each input, and updating the weights of the winning neuron and its neighbors to more closely match the input. Repeated iterations of this process cause the neurons to self-organize the input space onto the map in a topologically ordered fashion.
An Introduction to Supervised Machine Learning and Pattern Classification: Th...Sebastian Raschka
The document provides an introduction to supervised machine learning and pattern classification. It begins with an overview of the speaker's background and research interests. Key concepts covered include definitions of machine learning, examples of machine learning applications, and the differences between supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. The rest of the document outlines the typical workflow for a supervised learning problem, including data collection and preprocessing, model training and evaluation, and model selection. Common classification algorithms like decision trees, naive Bayes, and support vector machines are briefly explained. The presentation concludes with discussions around choosing the right algorithm and avoiding overfitting.
K-means is an unsupervised learning algorithm that clusters data by minimizing distances between data points and cluster centers. It works by:
1. Randomly selecting K data points as initial cluster centers
2. Calculating the distance between each data point and cluster center and assigning the point to the closest center
3. Re-calculating the cluster centers based on the current assignments
4. Repeating steps 2-3 until cluster centers stop moving or a maximum number of iterations is reached.
The number of clusters K must be specified beforehand but the elbow method can help determine an appropriate value for K. Bisecting K-means is an alternative that starts with all data in one cluster and recursively splits clusters
The document discusses nearest neighbor classifiers. It begins by explaining that nearest neighbor classifiers store all training records and classify unseen cases based on the class labels of the k closest records. It then provides more details on how nearest neighbor classifiers work, including that they require a distance metric to calculate distances between records and a value of k for the number of nearest neighbors. To classify an unknown record, the k nearest neighbors are identified and their class labels are used to determine the class, such as by majority vote. Issues like choosing k, scaling attributes, and high-dimensional data are also addressed.
Support vector machines (SVM) are a supervised learning method used for classification and regression analysis. SVMs find a hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two classes of objects. They can handle non-linear classification problems by projecting data into a higher dimensional space. The training points closest to the separating hyperplane are called support vectors. SVMs learn the discrimination boundary between classes rather than modeling each class individually.
The lecture slides in DSAI 2018, National Cheng Kung University. It's about famous deep reinforcement learning algorithm: Actor-Critc. In this slides, we introduce advantage function, A3C/A2C.
This chapter discusses outlier analysis and various methods for outlier detection. It defines outliers as data objects that differ significantly from normal data. Several types of outliers are described, including global outliers that differ from all other data, contextual outliers that differ based on selected context attributes, and collective outliers where a group of objects collectively differ. Statistical, proximity-based, and clustering-based methods are some common approaches for outlier detection discussed in the chapter. Statistical approaches assume data follows a stochastic model, while proximity-based methods use distance measures and density-based methods to identify outliers. Clustering-based methods identify outliers as objects not belonging to large, dense clusters of normal data. Both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques can be applied to outlier detection.
Introduction Of Artificial neural networkNagarajan
The document summarizes different types of artificial neural networks including their structure, learning paradigms, and learning rules. It discusses artificial neural networks (ANN), their advantages, and major learning paradigms - supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It also explains different mathematical synaptic modification rules like backpropagation of error, correlative Hebbian, and temporally-asymmetric Hebbian learning rules. Specific learning rules discussed include the delta rule, the pattern associator, and the Hebb rule.
This document summarizes the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. DBSCAN finds clusters based on density, requiring only two parameters: Eps, which defines the neighborhood distance, and MinPts, the minimum number of points required to form a cluster. It can discover clusters of arbitrary shape. The algorithm works by expanding clusters from core points, which have at least MinPts points within their Eps-neighborhood. Points that are not part of any cluster are classified as noise. Applications include spatial data analysis, image segmentation, and automatic border detection in medical images.
This document discusses k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) machine learning algorithms. It explains that k-NN is an instance-based, lazy learning method that stores all training data and classifies new examples based on their similarity to stored examples. The key steps are: (1) calculate the distance between a new example and all stored examples, (2) find the k nearest neighbors, (3) assign the new example the most common class of its k nearest neighbors. Important considerations include the distance metric, value of k, and voting scheme for classification.
Cluster analysis is a major tool in a number of applications in many fields of Business, Engineering & etc.(The odoridis and Koutroubas, 1999):
Data reduction.
Hypothesis generation.
Hypothesis testing.
Prediction based on groups.
This document summarizes artificial neural networks. It discusses how neural networks are composed of interconnected neurons that can learn complex behaviors through simple principles. Neural networks can be used for applications like pattern recognition, noise reduction, and prediction. The key components of neural networks are neurons, synapses, weights, thresholds, and activation functions. Neural networks offer advantages like adaptability and fault tolerance, though they are not exact and can be complex. Examples of neural network applications discussed include object trajectory learning, radiosity for virtual reality, speechreading, target detection and tracking, and robotics.
Isolation Forest is an anomaly detection algorithm that builds decision trees to isolate anomalies from normal data points. It works by constructing isolation trees on randomly selected sub-samples of the data, and computes an anomaly score based on the path length of each data point in the trees. The algorithm has linear time complexity and low memory requirements, making it scalable to large, high-dimensional datasets. Empirical experiments show Isolation Forest achieves high AUC scores comparable to other algorithms while using less processing time, especially as the number of trees increases. It is also effective at detecting anomalies in the presence of irrelevant attributes.
The document discusses the K-means clustering algorithm. It begins by explaining that K-means is an unsupervised learning algorithm that partitions observations into K clusters by minimizing the within-cluster sum of squares. It then provides details on how K-means works, including initializing cluster centers, assigning observations to the nearest center, recalculating centers, and repeating until convergence. The document also discusses evaluating the number of clusters K, dealing with issues like local optima and sensitivity to initialization, and techniques for improving K-means such as K-means++ initialization and feature scaling.
This presentation covers Decision Tree as a supervised machine learning technique, talking about Information Gain method and Gini Index method with their related Algorithms.
Aturan Pembelajaran Perceptron
Tujuan
Salah satu pertanyaan kita yang muncul adalah: "Bagaimana kita menentukan Matrik bobot dan
bias untuk jaringan perceptron dengan banyak input, dimana adalah mustahil untuk
memvisualisasikan batasan-batasan keputusan?” Dalam bab ini kita akan menggambarkan suatu algoritma
untuk pelatihan jaringan perceptron, sehingga mereka dapat belajar untuk memecahkan masalah
klasifikasi. Kita akan mulai dengan menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan aturan belajar
(learning rule) dan akan belajar mengembangkan aturan perceptron. Kami akan menyimpulkan
dengan mendiskusikan keuntungan dan keterbatasan dari jaringan single - layer perceptron.
Diskusi ini akan membawa kita ke dalam bab-bab selanjutnya.
Teori dan Contoh
Pada tahun 1943, Warren McCulloch dan Walter Pitts memperkenalkan salah satu artificial
neurons [McPi43]. Fitur utama dari model neuron mereka adalah bahwa jumlah bobot sinyal
input dibandingkan dengan ambang batas untuk menentukan neuron output. Ketika jumlah lebih
besar dari atau sama dengan ambang batas, output adalah 1. Ketika jumlah kurang dari ambang
batas, keluaran adalah 0. Mereka tetap meneruskan penelitian dengan menunjukkan bahwa
jaringan neuron ini pada prinsipnya bisa menghitung setiap fungsi aritmetika atau logika. Tidak
seperti jaringan biologis, parameters jaringan mereka harus dirancang, karena tidak ada metode
pelatihan yang tersedia. Namun, hubungan yang dirasakan antara biologi dan komputer digital
menghasilkan banyak minat
Pada akhir 1950-an, Frank Rosenblatt dan beberapa peneliti lain mengembangkan suatu kelas
jaringan saraf yang disebut Perceptrons. Neuron dalam jaringan yang mirip dengan McCulloch
dan pitts. Kunci kontribusi Rosenblatt adalah pengenalan aturan belajar untuk pelatihan jaringan
perceptron untuk memecahkan masalah pengenalan pola [Rose58]. Ia membuktikan bahwa
aturan belajarnya akan selalu bertemu untuk bobot jaringan yang benar, jika bobot yang ada
memecahkan masalah.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang jaringan syaraf tiruan dan cara kerjanya yang meniru otak manusia.
2. Jaringan syaraf tiruan terdiri atas neuron-neuron yang saling terhubung dan memiliki bobot untuk memproses informasi secara kolektif.
3. Ada beberapa metode pembelajaran jaringan syaraf tiruan seperti pembelajaran terawasi dan tak terawasi untuk menentukan bobot ant
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang jaringan syaraf tiruan, meliputi penjelasan tentang jaringan syaraf manusia, representasi struktur biologis jaringan syaraf, asumsi pembentukan model jaringan syaraf tiruan, sejarah perkembangan jaringan syaraf tiruan, aplikasi jaringan syaraf tiruan, dan beberapa model jaringan syaraf tiruan seperti perceptron, Adaline, dan multilayer perceptron.
Jaringan syaraf tiruan menggunakan model matematis dimana neuron dikumpulkan dalam lapisan yang dihubungkan satu sama lain. Terdapat berbagai metode pembelajaran seperti Hebbian, Perceptron, Delta, dan Backpropagation untuk memperbaharui bobot antar neuron. Fungsi aktivasi seperti sigmoid dan threshold digunakan untuk menghasilkan output.
Makalah membahas tentang Kohohenen pada DAta mining
Clustering merupakan suatu proses untuk mengelompokkan kumpulan objek-objek fisik atau objek-objek abstrak ke dalam kelas-kelas objek yang similar (mirip). Cluster adalah kumpulan dari objek atau data yang mempunyai kemiripan satu dengan yang lain dalam cluster yang sama dan tidak mirip dengan objek dalam cluster yang berbeda. Secara prinsip cluster merupakan kumpulan dari objek data yang mempunyai kemiripan berdasarkan karakteristik tertentu (karakteristik disini bisa kombinasi dari atribut tertentu tergantung user) kemudian melakukan pengelompokan jika dianggap mirip. Suatu cluster dari objek data dapat diperlakukan secara kolektif sebagai satu group dalam berbagai aplikasi.
Terdapat beberapa algoritma yang digunakan didalam mengumpulkan atau mengelompokan suatu data sehingga didalam setiap object dalam satu kelompok data mirip akan tetapi tidak mirip dengan kelompok yang lainnya. Algoritma clustering yang meliputi K-Means, K-Medoids, DBSCAN dan lainnya yang digunakan didalam menyelesaikan permaslahan pengelompokan data
Kohonen adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan pcerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif dan bersifat unsupervised. Sistem secara otomatis dapatmelakukan pengelompokan atau klasifikasi tanpamenggunakan pembelajaran dengan pasangan dataterlebih dahulu.Secara umum, pembaruan nilai bobot adalahberdasar nilai jarak terkecil dari bobot terhadap nilai datamasukan. Pembaruan dilakukan hanya pada bobot yang berhubungan dengan node yang terdekat
Kohonen adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan pcerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif dan bersifat unsupervised. Sistem secara otomatis dapatmelakukan pengelompokan atau klasifikasi tanpamenggunakan pembelajaran dengan pasangan dataterlebih dahulu.Secara umum, pembaruan nilai bobot adalahberdasar nilai jarak terkecil dari bobot terhadap nilai datamasukan. Pembaruan dilakukan hanya pada bobot yang berhubungan dengan node yang terdekat
Kohonen adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan pcerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif dan bersifat unsupervised. Sistem secara otomatis dapatmelakukan pengelompokan atau klasifikasi tanpamenggunakan pembelajaran dengan pasangan dataterlebih dahulu.Secara umum, pembaruan nilai bobot adalahberdasar nilai jarak terkecil dari bobot terhadap nilai datamasukan. Pembaruan dilakukan hanya pada bobot yang berhubungan dengan node yang terdekat
Kohonen adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan pcerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif dan bersifat unsupervised. Sistem secara otomatis dapatmelakukan pengelompokan atau klasifikasi tanpamenggunakan pembelajaran dengan pasangan dataterlebih dahulu.Secara umum, pembaruan nilai bobot adalahberdasar nilai jarak terkecil dari bobot terhadap nilai datamasukan. Pembaruan dilakukan hanya pada bobot yang berhubungan dengan node yang terdekat
Kohonen adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan pcerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif
Jaringan syaraf tiruan adalah paradigma pemrosesan informasi yang terinspirasi oleh sistem sel syaraf biologi seperti otak. Terdiri dari input, bobot, fungsi aktivasi, output, dan lapisan tersembunyi. Ada tiga arsitektur utama: single layer, multilayer, dan competitive layer. Algoritma pembelajaran terdiri dari supervised learning dan unsupervised learning.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang jaringan saraf tiruan, termasuk definisi, komponen, jenis, dan metode peramalan menggunakan jaringan saraf tiruan.
2. Jaringan saraf tiruan adalah sistem yang menirukan kerja otak dengan melakukan pembelajaran berdasarkan bobot sinapsis antar neuron.
3. Ada beberapa jenis jaringan saraf tiruan seperti single layer, multi layer, dan recurrent neural networks.
Laporan ini membahas metode komputasi jaringan adaptif dan backpropagation. Jaringan adaptif terdiri dari node dan koneksi antar node, serta dapat dirancang untuk menerima input biner atau kontinu. Backpropagation melatih jaringan dengan meminimalkan kesalahan antara output nyata dan target dengan mengatur bobot koneksi secara iteratif. Metode ini digunakan untuk melatih jaringan feedforward maupun recurrent.
Penggunaan algoritma genetika kusumoputro dan irwantosagitarius912
Makalah ini membahas penggunaan algoritma genetika untuk mengoptimalkan struktur jaringan neural buatan berbasis fuzzy dengan meminimalkan jumlah bobot koneksi antar neuron. Jaringan neural yang dioptimalkan kemudian diaplikasikan pada sistem penciuman elektronik yang meningkatkan tingkat pengenalan pola dari 70,4% menjadi 85,2%."
Perceptron merupakan model jaringan saraf tiruan pertama yang mampu melakukan klasifikasi pola secara linear. Algoritma pelatihan perceptron melibatkan modifikasi bobot berdasarkan perbedaan antara keluaran jaringan dan target, dilakukan berulang hingga konvergen. Metode ini lebih kuat dari model Hebb karena melibatkan learning rate dan dilakukan berulang untuk semua pola hingga pemahaman tercapai.
2. BAB I
DASAR TEORI
Jaringan kohonen ini pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Prof. Teuvo Kohonen pada tahun
1982. Pada jaringan ini, suatu lapisan yang berisi neuronneuron akan menyusun dirinya sendiri
berdasarkan input nilai tertentu dalam suatu kelompok yang dikenal dengan istilah cluster.
Selama proses penyusunan diri, cluster yang memiliki vektor bobot paling cocok dengan pola
input (memiliki jarak yang paling dekat) akan terpilih sebagai pemenang. Neuron yang menjadi
pemenang beserta neuron-neuron tetangganya akan memperbaiki bobot-bobotnya. Kohonen
adalah merupakan algoritma jaringan cerdas dengan kategori pembelajaran secara kompetitif
dan bersifat unsupervised.
Sistem secara otomatis dapat melakukan pengelompokan atau klasifikasi tanpa
menggunakan pembelajaran dengan pasangan data terlebih dahulu. Secara umum, pembaruan
nilai bobot adalah berdasar nilai jarak terkecil dari bobot terhadap nilai data masukan.
Pembaharuan dilakukan hanya pada bobot yang berhubungan dengan node yang terdekat.
Gambar 1. Arsitektur Jaringan Kohonen
Keterangan :
𝑋𝑖 = Input Data
𝑊𝑖𝑗 = Bobot
𝑌𝑖 = Output Cluster
Algoritma Jaringan Kohonen :
1. Hitung nilai D(j) yang merupakan jarak antara bobot dengan data masukan vektor.
𝐷( 𝑗) = ∑ 𝑖 (𝑊𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋𝑖)2
2. Temukan D(j) minimum dari perhitungan pada kedua bobot tersebut.
3. Lakukan pembaruan pada bobot yang memiliki nilai D(j) minimum.
𝑊𝑖𝑗( 𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑊𝑖𝑗( 𝑜𝑙𝑑) + 𝛼 (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑊𝑖𝑗( 𝑜𝑙𝑑))
3. 4. Terdapat bobot baru setelah pembaruan tersebut.
5. Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 4 untuk vector selanjutnya.
6. Update Learning Rate.
7. Proses pembelajaran ini akan berlangsung terus hingga epochnya mencapai
maksimum epoch.
8. Proses iterasi berhenti jika bobot baru dengan bobot lama selisihnya adalah nol.
5. BAB 3
PERCOBAAN
1. Program Jaringan Kohonen dengan kluster data sebagai berikut. Yang akan di kluster
menjadi 2 kluster, dengan Learning Rate (𝛼 = 0.6) dengan kenaikan tiap epoch akan
diset 0,5× ( 𝛼), dengan bobot matriks berukuran 2 × 4
W[2][4]=
𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 𝑋4
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
{0.2 0.6 0.5 0.9}
{0.8 0.4 0.7 0.3}}
6. 2. Program Jaringan Kohonen dengan kluster data sebagai berikut. Yang akan di kluster
menjadi 2 kluster, dengan Learning Rate (𝛼 = 0.6) dengan kenaikan tiap epoch akan
diset 0,5× ( 𝛼), dengan bobot awal adalah matriks berukuran 2 × 2 dengan tiap elemen
bernilai 0.5. Maksimum epoch yang ditetapkan sebesar 10.
𝑋1 𝑋2
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.1
0.5 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.4
8. Analisa :
1. Pada program pertama, dengan vector input 4 x 4 dan bobot awal dengan matriks 2
x 4, dilakukan kluster menjadi 2 kelompok dengan menggunakan maksimal
epochnya adalah 100x dan perbaikan learning rate dengan mengalikan leraning rate
saat ini dengan 0.5, dimana sebelum membaginya dalam setiap kluster diperlukan
testing terlebih dahulu terhadap setiap input vector dengan menjumlahkannya dari
hasil bobot dikurangi input dan yang digunakan untuk perhitungan kluster
selanjutnya adalah nilai yang paling kecil, sehingga setelah melakukan looping
sebanyak 100x, diperoleh nilai 0.64 sebagai nilai kluster paling kecil.
2. Pada program pertama, dengan vector input 2 x 6 dan bobot awal dengan matriks 2
x 2 dengan nilai tiap elemen adalah 0.5 dilakukan kluster menjadi 2 kelompok
dengan menggunakan maksimal epochnya adalah 10x dan perbaikan learning rate
dengan mengalikan leraning rate saat ini dengan 0.5, dimana sebelum membaginya
dalam setiap kluster diperlukan testing terlebih dahulu terhadap setiap input vector
dengan menjumlahkannya dari hasil bobot dikurangi input dan yang digunakan
untuk perhitungan kluster selanjutnya adalah nilai yang paling kecil, sehingga
setelah melakukan looping sebanyak 10x, diperoleh nilai 0.15 sebagai nilai kluster
paling kecil.
9. BAB 5
KESIMPULAN
Jaringan kohonen adalah jaringan cerdas yang bersifat unsupervised. Dimana secara otomatis
dapat melakukan pengelompokan atau kasifikasi tanpa menggunakan pembelajaran dengan
pasangan data terlebih dahulu. Untuk memperoleh nilai kluster diperlukan proses inisialisasi
bobot, inisialisasi jumlah cluster yang akan dibentuk, mengatur nilai learning rate dan
menginisialisasi input vector yang akan diklasifikasikan. Pada proses pembelajaran ini akan
berlangsung terus hingga epochnya mencapai maksimum dan proses iterasinya akan berhenti
jika bobot baru dengan bobot lama selisihnya adalah nol.