The International Relief Organization (IRO) was planning a feeding scheme in 1974 to address nutritional deficiencies in Jalabhumi state, India by providing at least 500 calories per meal to vulnerable groups like infants, pregnant women, and pre-schoolers. A mid-day meal program was selected to most effectively deliver these meals by expanding existing pre-school programs. A framework for systematic evaluation of the program was developed to assess its appropriateness, efficiency, effectiveness, and outcomes.

1. Jalabhumi Nutritional
Programme

2. NON PROFIT ORGANISATION
• The main objective of non profit organisation
is not to make profit. Their goal is welfare of
society.
• Non profit organisation has to earn modest
profit to provide funds for working capital and
day to day activities.
• Non profit organisation which meets the
criteria of section 501 (c) of Internal Revenue
Code are exempted from income taxes.

3. CHARACTERSTICS:
• ABSENSE OF PROFIT MEASURE:
• In such an organisation serious management control
problem is the absence of quantitative, overall measure of
performance. In this organisation earning profit as also
necessary goal because it cannot survive if it’s revenue are
less than its expenses.
• STRATEGIC PLANNING AND BUDGET PREPARATION:
• Such an organisation must decide how best to use
resources in worthwhile activities. Strategic planning is a
more important process than in a typical business. They
know in advance their approximate amount of their
revenue. They make expenses in such a way that
organisation will at least break even at the estimated
revenue. So budget is the most important control tool.

4. • OPERATION AND EVALUATION:
• Trustees of such an organisation spend whatever is
allowed in the budget. Many times they do not make
investment which has more return simply because the
expenditures was not .included in the budget. It is
perception that non profit organisation are not
operating efficiently.
• GOVERNANCE:
• Non profit organisation are governed by boards of
trustees. They are not paid for their services. The board
of trustees finds difficult to identify actual problem
because performance is difficult to measure in such an
organisation. There is need for strong governing board.

5. Malnutrition in India
• Malnutrition refers to the situation where there is an unbalanced diet in
which some nutrients are in lacking or wrong proportion.
• The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking
countries in the world for the number of children suffering from
malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among
the highest in the world.
• Since Independence in 1947, its economic status has been classified as a
low-income country with majority of the population at or below the
poverty line.
• One of the major causes for malnutrition in India is gender inequality. Due
to the low social status of Indian women, their diet often lacks in both
quality and quantity. Women who suffer malnutrition are less likely to
have healthy babies. In India, mothers generally lack proper knowledge in
feeding children. Consequently, new born infants are unable to get
adequate amount of nutrition from their mothers.
• Deficiencies in nutrition inflict long-term damage to both individuals and
society.
• In addition, nutrition-deficient individuals are less productive at work. Low
productivity not only gives them low pay that traps them in a vicious circle
of under-nutrition, but also brings inefficiency to the society, especially in
India where labor is a major input factor for economic production.

6. Programs to address the causes of
malnutrition in India
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Midday meal scheme in Indian schools
Integrated child development scheme
National Children's Fund
National Plan of Action for Children
United Nations Children's Fund

7. Jalabhumi Nutritional Programme (A)
•
•
•
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The International Relief Organization(IRO) was planning a feeding scheme
to mitigate the nutritional deficiencies of the population of Jalabhumi
state in 1974.
Households spending less than Rs. 300 per month on household
expenditures were likely to experience deficiencies in calorie intake.
In spite of other nutritional problems, Deficiencies in calorie intake was
selected as a measure of the nutritional problem and also a sophisticated
yardstick.
Most vulnerable segments of population were:
 Infants up to 3 years
 Pregnant women and nursing mothers
 Pre-school children between 3 and 5.5 years

8. • Mid-Day Meal Programme
• Expanding balwadies is not so practicable. So
expanding mid day meal programme to cover
pre-schools was the best option
• For pregnant and nursing women also mid-day
meal programme was used
• Each IRO meal should provide at least 500
Calories of energy
• A framework for systematic evaluation of the
programme was developed through special
study team

9. International Relief Organization
• International Relief Organization is a nonprofit organization also
called not for profit or non profit & non-commercial organization
which is an organization that uses surplus revenues to achieve its
goals rather than distributing them as profit or dividends.
• It is permitted to generate surplus revenues, however it must retain
them for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. It has
controlling members or boards. it has paid staff including
management as well as unpaid volunteers and even executives who
work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). When
there is a token fee, it is used to meet legal requirements for
establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.
• Its goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of
giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

10. • In India, NPOs are known commonly as Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs).
• They can be registered in four ways:
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Trust
Society
Section-25 Company
Special Licensing
• Registration can be done with the Registrar of
Companies(RoC).
• The following laws or Constitutional Articles of the Republic
of India are relevant to the NGOs:
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Articles 19(1)(c) and 30 of the Constitution of India
Income Tax Act, 1961
Public Trusts Acts of various states
Societies Registration Act, 1860
Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976

11. Question:1:
• What additional data would you, as the IRO
official concerned with the programme, have
requested at the planning stage?

12. 1. Resource Management:
• Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with
NPOs because the employees are not accountable to
anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For
example, an employee may start a new program
without disclosing its complete liabilities or may be
rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making
other employees happy, and attracting new donors.
• Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the
organization but not recorded anywhere constitute
accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively
affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the
NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls
are instated.

13. 2. Sources of External Funding:
• Most NPOs rely on external funding (government
funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct
donations) to maintain their operations and changes in
these sources of revenue may influence the reliability
or predictability with which the organization can hire
and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs.
• The loss of funding created a huge resource problem
for the NPOs. More NPOs compete for fewer
money. Funders and donors question their own
decisions on why they should give to a particular NPO.
It has become more crucial for an NPO to
state why they acquire their funds and how they use
those money. This new environment is pushing NPOs
to be more accountable.

14. 3. Corporate Structure:
NPOs that use a for-profit business model to
help solve social and environmental problems
showed no signs of financial crisis. Several
NPOs created new corporate structure that
allow to incorporate social purpose effectively
and efficiently. These NPOs have a bold, new
way to pursue their missions.

15. 4. Leadership Succession
Research studies on NPOs suggest that there is a
leadership capacity deficit in the NPOs. They
need to build their leadership capacity and
improve their succession planning. Some NPOs
have wonderful leaders and these leaders have
passionately participated in their growth over the
years. While some of the leaders find it difficult
to guide the organization’s strategic plan and may
not have a succession plan in place.

16. 5. Change Management
• NPO leaders are tasked with managing change;
being creative with their resources, using
volunteers, selecting board members who can
contribute in multiple ways, retaining and hiring
the appropriate staff, all while facing multiple
changes at the same time. A change in mindset
and a change in behavior are the keys to meeting
the demands of a NPO’s constituency.
• NPOs must find new ways to operate – their
mission may not change, but how they go about
it probably needs to change.

17. Question:2:
• Would you accept the “Illustrative goal
statement” diagrammed in Exhibit 1? What
modifications, if any, would you suggest so as
to facilitate the development of a framework
of evaluation?

18. Community Problems/
Issues
The
Framework
Of
Evaluation
Community Needs
Statutory Objective/
Government Policy
Appropriateness
Programme Objectives/
Desired Outcomes
Input
Efficiency
Activities
Effectiveness
Outputs
Outcomes
Evaluation
Recycling

19. Question:3:
• On the basis of the “Goal statement” given in
Exhibit 1, modified as desired by you, identify
the data requirements needed in order to
comprehensively evaluate the Jalabhumi
Nutritional Programme.

20. On the basis of “goal statement”, the data requirement needed to evaluate Jalabhumi
Nutritional Programme are:
Quality
Cost
Time

21. 1. Strategic planning and Budgeting:
- Through establishing responsibility center
- Standard cost is required
- Collecting fund from donations : either
Specific or General
- Preparing the financial position
2. Control of Operation:
- Scheduling of time
- Milestone (Quality) must be maintained
- Controlling the operating cost
3. Fund Accounting:
- Collecting fund from donations : either
Specific or General
4. Governance:
-governed by boards of trustees.
5. Proper utilization of logistics of the
Mid-day Meal programme.

22. REVOLUTIONARY PART:
 Bringing profit centre cocept
 Increase volunteers
 Fund raising
 Increasing more calories meal