The document presents a project presentation on the experimental analysis and design of a glass fiber reinforced with aluminum powder spoiler. The project aims to evaluate the material properties and determine suitable applications of glass fiber reinforced resin (GFRP) compared to GFRP reinforced with aluminum (GFRP-Al). Specimens of GFRP and GFRP-Al were prepared and underwent tensile, compression, and impact testing. Analysis in CATIA and ANSYS was also conducted. The results found that the GFRP-Al composite has higher strength and lower weight compared to other materials like steel, making it suitable for automotive applications like car spoilers. In conclusion, fiber metal laminate materials performed best for spoiler applications with
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
Modern aerospace industry is highly progressive and polymer composite materials have a positive and significant impact on it. At least 30-40 percent of modern airframes are now made of these composites, and this percentage is increasing rapidly due to technological advances in this field. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are fast gaining ground as preferred materials for construction of aircrafts and space crafts. This review paper demonstrates brief about the components of polymer composites, its properties and its uses in aerospace industries. Polymer composites are highly efficient and environment friendly. Traditional materials are susceptible to fatigue and corrosion when composite materials provide resistance to both of this along with its significant amount of weight reduction. Due to high strength and stiffness of its fiber, polymer composite provides high “strength to weight” & “stiffness to weight” ratios. Apart from this, they possess good shear properties and low density .As a result, new generation aerospace engineers and aircraft designers are turning to polymer composite materials to make their flying vehicle and aircraft lighter, stronger and of course more fuel efficient. A brief introduction of composites usage in aerospace sector is given first. The nature of Polymer composite materials and special problems in designing and working with them are then highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of polymer composites in aviation sector is discussed.
Link for Related Research Paper: http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/16992/polymer-composites-in-aviation-sector
Vibrations and fatigue- vibration interactions of laminated composites.Padmanabhan Krishnan
This slide show describes the vibrations and fatigue vibrations characteristics of laminated composites like glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and their hybrids.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
Additive Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Additive Manufacturing, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Using the scholar data and researcher point of view on composite materials. We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircraft's.
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
Modern aerospace industry is highly progressive and polymer composite materials have a positive and significant impact on it. At least 30-40 percent of modern airframes are now made of these composites, and this percentage is increasing rapidly due to technological advances in this field. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials are fast gaining ground as preferred materials for construction of aircrafts and space crafts. This review paper demonstrates brief about the components of polymer composites, its properties and its uses in aerospace industries. Polymer composites are highly efficient and environment friendly. Traditional materials are susceptible to fatigue and corrosion when composite materials provide resistance to both of this along with its significant amount of weight reduction. Due to high strength and stiffness of its fiber, polymer composite provides high “strength to weight” & “stiffness to weight” ratios. Apart from this, they possess good shear properties and low density .As a result, new generation aerospace engineers and aircraft designers are turning to polymer composite materials to make their flying vehicle and aircraft lighter, stronger and of course more fuel efficient. A brief introduction of composites usage in aerospace sector is given first. The nature of Polymer composite materials and special problems in designing and working with them are then highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of polymer composites in aviation sector is discussed.
Link for Related Research Paper: http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/16992/polymer-composites-in-aviation-sector
Vibrations and fatigue- vibration interactions of laminated composites.Padmanabhan Krishnan
This slide show describes the vibrations and fatigue vibrations characteristics of laminated composites like glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and their hybrids.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
Additive Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Additive Manufacturing, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Presentation for Fiber Composites course. Outlines the failure theories used in composite failure analysis and methods to design composite materials based on these failure theories.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Using the scholar data and researcher point of view on composite materials. We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircraft's.
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Compositsijtsrd
Composite materials especially the polymer matrix materials are well acknowledged for their applications in aerospace, automotive and structural applications. They are considerably light weight and offers high strength weight ratio. Epoxy is one of the widely used matrix material in PMCs Polymer matrix composite due to its exceptional bonding capabilities, it finds applications in the field of coating, adhesives and composite materials. Graphene is a novel material in the field of composite materials it offers high strength, very high electrical conduction and heat transfer. The composites of Epoxy and Graphene hybrids exhibit very high mechanical and thermal properties. Sandesh K S | Mahesh V M | Muralidhara B K "Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Composits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17139.pdf
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of
composite materials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when
compared to classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for
the analysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the
constituents for the desired lamina stiffness and strength.
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
GFRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) composite materials are used in many engineering applications
because of its high strength to weight ratio. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate mechanical,
chemical and thermal properties of GFRP rotor blades which are used in cooling towers. These blades are
manufactured by pressure bag moulding process by using suitable mould. Before installation (Delivery), the
blade must be tested for mechanical, chemical, thermal and other properties. For this testing, GFRP laminate is
made by hand layup technique. Epoxy resin is used as matrix in manufacturing of the gfrp laminate
tA composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metal-lic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties.The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of compositematerials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when comparedto classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for the anal-ysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the constituentsfor the desired lamina stiffness and strength.It is found that the manufacturing processes are responsible of many defects which mayarise in fibers, matrix and lamina. These defects, if they exist include misalignment of fibers,cracks in matrix, non uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix, voids in fibers andmatrix, delaminated regions, and initial stress in the lamina as a result of its manufactureand further treatment.The above mentioned defects tend to propagate as the lamina is loaded causing an accel-erated rate of failure. The experimental and theoretical results in this case tend to differ.Hence, due to the limitations necessary in the idealization of the lamina components, estimated should be proved experimentally.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Jagadeesh project ppt
1. KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
KADAPA
A Project Presentation on
EXPERIMENTALANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GLASS FIBER
REINFORCED WITH ALUMINIUM POWDER(SPOILER)
GUIDED BY
SRI S. Mahaboob Khan, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Dr. K. Rajagopal, M.Tech,p.hd
PRESENTATION BY
N. JAGADEESH KUMAR (149Y1A0384)
P. ABDUL VAHID KHAN (149Y1A0393)
S. MAHAMMED SARFARAJ (149Y1A03B2)
K. RAMESH (149Y1A0358)
K. NARESH (149Y1A0361)
K. LOKESH (149Y1A0364)
2. ABSTRACT
The idea behind the comparison between the GFRP and GFRRA is
to evaluate the material property and to find the when & where is
used.
Fiber metal laminates are good candidates for advanced
aerospace structural applications due to their high specific
mechanical properties especially fatigue resistance.
The most important factor in manufacturing of these laminates is
the adhesive bonding between aluminum and FRP layers.
In this study several glass-fiber reinforced aluminum laminates
with different bonding adhesion were manufactured.
Mechanical Tests like Tensile, Compression and Impact tests were
carried out based on ASTM standard were then conducted to
study the effects of interfacial adhesive bonding on impact
behavior of these laminates.
3. INTRODUCTION
Basic requirements for the better performance efficiency of an
aircraft are high strength, high stiffness and low weight.
The conventional materials such as metals and alloys could
satisfy these requirements only to a certain extent.
This lead to the need for developing new materials that can
whose properties were superior to conventional metals and
alloys, were developed.
A composite is a structural material which consists of two or
more constituents combined at a macroscopic level.
The constituents of a composite material are a continuous
phase called matrix and a discontinuous phase called
reinforcement.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Po-Ching yeh:Bearing strength of commingled
boron/glass fiber reinforced aluminum laminates
Luca Caracogli: Experimental comparison of the
dynamic performance for steel, aluminum and
glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer light poles
Francesco Ascione:An experimental investigation
on the bearing failure load of glass fiber/epoxy
laminates
G.S. Langdon:Failure characterization of blast-
loaded fiber–metal laminate panels based on
aluminium and glass–fiber reinforced
polypropylene
5. BASIC COMPOSITE THEORY
In recent times laminate composites have been increasingly
utilized in such lightweight and high strength structured as ground
transportation vehicles, aerospace and space structure. However
composite material suffers from some serious limitation. The most
significant among them is their response to impact loading. A
structure is subjected to an impact force when a foreign object hits
it. For instance, the loads imparted by dropped tool on the bonnet
cover of car body, bird hit and runway debris on an aircraft engine
are typical example of impact loads.
In its most basic form a composite material is one, which is
composed of at least two elements working together to produce
material properties that are different to the properties of those
elements on their own. In practice, most composites consist of a bulk
material (the ‘matrix’), and a reinforcement of some kind, added
primarily to increase the strength and stiffness of the matrix. This
reinforcement is usually in fiber form.
6. OBJECTIVE
To investigate the mechanical
properties like tensile, compression and
impact strength of glass fibre epoxy
laminate with and without aluminium
powder.
7. METHODOLOGY
The specimens were prepared with the glass fiber epoxy
laminates with Aluminum alloy powder according to the ASTM standard.
The specimens were undergoing for mechanical testing by Universal
testing machine and Impact testing machine. These results were
compared with and without aluminum alloy.
8. Classification of composite
Composites are classified by
1. The geometry of the reinforcement as particulate, structural
and fibers.
2. The type of matrix as polymer, metal and ceramic.
composites can be categorized into three groups on the basis of
matrix material. They are:
1. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
2. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
3. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
9. Polymer composites can be classified into three groups on the
basis of reinforcing material. They are:
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
Particle reinforced polymer (PRP)
Structural polymer composites (SPC)
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)
The fiber reinforced composites are composed of fibers
and a matrix. Fibers are the reinforcing elements and the main
source of strength while matrix glues all the fibers together in
shape and transfers stresses between the reinforcing fibers
S.NO CODE FIBER
1 AIO Alumina
2 Ar Aramid
3 B Boron
4 C Carbon
5 GI Glass
6 DGI D-Glass
7 EGI E-Glass
8 GR Graphite
9 Li Lithium
10. PARTICLE REINFORCED POLYMER (PRP)
Particles which are used for reinforcing include ceramics and
glasses such as small mineral particles, metal particles such as
aluminum and amorphous materials, including polymers and carbon
black. Particles are used to enhance the modulus and to decrease the
ductility of the matrix.
STRUCTURAL POLYMER COMPOSITES (SPC)
These are laminar composites which are composed of layers of
materials held together by matrix. This category also includes sandwich
structures. The most important advantages of using polymers are the
ease of processing, productivity and cost reduction. The properties of
polymers are modified using fillers and fibers to suit the high strength
and high modulus requirements.
13. COMPARISON OF RESIN PROPERTIES
The choice of a resin system for use in any component
depends on a number of its characteristics, with the following
probably being the most important for most composite
structures:
Adhesive Properties
It has been already discussed how the adhesive
properties of the resign system are important in realising the full
mechanical properties of a composite.
Mechanical Properties
Two important mechanical properties of any resin system
are tensile strength and stiffness
Degradation from water Ingress
An important property of any resin, particularly in a
marine environment is its ability to withstand degradation from
water ingress
14. MATERIALS
MATIX (RESINS) RENFORCEMENT (FIBERS)
POLYESTER RESINS GLASS
VINYLESTER RESINS ARAMID
EPOXY RESINS CARBON
NOTE:
IN THIS WE ARE USING ONLY POLYMER MATRIX (RESIN FORMAT) &
RENFORCEMENT (FIBERS) .
15. HAND LAY-UP METHOD
Figure : Hand Lay-up
DESCRIPTION
Resins are impregnated by hand into fibers which are in the
form of woven, knitted, stitched or bonded fabrics. This is usually
accomplished by rollers or brushes, with an increasing use of nip-roller
type impregnators for forcing resin into the fabrics by means of
rotating rollers and a bath of resin. Laminates are left to cure under
standard atmospheric conditions.
MATERIALS OPTIONS
Resins: Any, e.g. epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, phenolic.
Fibers: Any, although heavy aramid fabrics can be hard to wet-out by
hand.
Cores: Any.
16. ADVANTAGES
i) Widely used for many years.
ii) Simple principles to teach.
iii) Low cost tooling, if room-temperature cure resins are used.
iv) Wide choice of suppliers and material types.
v) Higher fiber contents, and longer fibers than with spray lay-up.
DISADVANTAGES
i) Resin mixing, laminate resin contents, and laminate quality are
very dependent on the skills of laminators. Low resin content
laminates cannot usually be achieved without the incorporation of
excessive quantities of voids.
ii) Health and safety considerations of resins. The lower molecular
weights of hand lay-up resins generally mean that they have the
potential to be more harmful than higher molecular weight products.
The lower viscosity of the resins also means that they have an
increased tendency to penetrate clothing etc
17. LAMINATE MATERIALS AND
METHODS
REINFORCEMENT - Glass Fiber Reinforcement Plastic (bi-
directional type) E-glass.
MATRIX- Epoxy.
Correct ratio of resin and hardener is 10:1
Resin : LY556 HardenerHY951
METHOD – Hand lay-up
GFRP LAMINATE
18. GFRP-Al LAMINATE
REINFORCEMENT –
1.Glass Fiber Reinforcement Plastic (bi-directional
type) E-glass.
2. Aluminum Alloy
MATRIX- Epoxy.
Correct ratio of resin and hardener is 10:1
Resin: LY556 Hardener: HY951
METHOD – Hand lay-up
19. SOFTWARES USED
CATIA
CATIA name is an abbreviation for Computer Aided Three-
dimensional Interactive Application. The French Dassault Systems is
the parent company and IBM participates in the software’s and
marketing, and catia is invades broad industrial sectors, and has
been explained in the previous post position of CATIA between 3d
modeling software programs.
ANSYS
The ANSYS program is self contained general purpose finite
element program developed and maintained by Swason Analysis
Systems Inc. The program contain many routines, all inter related,
and all for main purpose of achieving a solution to an an engineering
problem by finite element method.
45. PROPOSED TEST TO CONDUCT
TENSILE TEST
COMPRESSION TEST
IMPACT TEST
46. TENSILE TEST
Tensile load applied to a
composite. The response of a
composite to tensile loads is very
dependent on the tensile stiffness
and strength properties of the
reinforcement fibers, since these
are far higher than the resin
system on its own.
Test was carried out with the help
of UTM (Universal Testing
Machine)
47. COMPRESSION TEST
When a beam having an
arbitrary cross section is subjected to
a transverse loads the beam will
bend. In addition to bending the
other effects such as twisting and
buckling may occur, and to
investigate a problem that includes
all the combined effects of bending,
twisting and buckling could become a
complicated one. Thus we are
interested to investigate the bending
effects alone, in order to do so, we
have to put certain constraints on the
geometry of the beam and the
manner of loading.
48. IMPACT TEST
Static tension tests of
the un notched specimen's
do not always reveal the
susceptibility of metal to
brittle fracture. This
important factor is
determined in impact tests.
In impact tests we use the
notched specimen's
60. CONCLUSION
From the obtained numerical and experimental result it was
found that the well laminated GFRP reinforced with metal powder
like aluminum fabricated spoiler having more strength also lesser
weight when compared to that of existing materials like steel and
plastic.
Finally it was conclude that glass with aluminum reinforced
composite material based spoiler material suitable for automotive
application such as car spoiler and etc. Also found that for spoiler
application the FML (Fiber Metal Laminate) materials is most suitable
and its having large displacement.
61. Future Scope:
Composite materials are used for
domestic purpose like furniture,
window, door, mating, civil construction
etc. In the marine, chemical industries,
sports, we can use composite material for
better performance of the parts. With the
help of review, we conclude that
composite materials have wide
advantages & application in various
industries; we can make better life style
with the help of composite material.
62. REFERANCE
[1] H.S.Park,X.P.Dang, A.Roderburg, “Development of Plastic Front
Panels Of Green Cars” CIRPJournal of Manufacturing &
Technologyvol 26 Pages 35-53.
[2] Kuziak.R.Kawalla,R.waengler.s. “Advanced high strength
materials for automotiveindustry A review” Journal of Archives of
Civil & Mechanical engineering .volume 8 issue2, 2008-12-30
,Pages 103-117.
[3] Falai chen, Bert Juttler,“Geometric Modeling & Processing”,
Journal on CAD, volume 42 issue1 pages1-15.
[4] David H. Allen “Structural Analysis, Aerospace” Journal on
Encyclopedia of Physical science and technology 3rd edition 2003.
[5] Japan.s.Daniel.L. and Theodor .k.2005. “Finite Element
Analysis of Beams”, Journal of Impact engg.Vol31, Pages 861-876.,
Pages155-173.
[6] OLBISIolagoke (1997) “Hand book of Thermo Plastics”,
MarcelDekker, New York.
[8] Dominick v. rosato, “Plastics Engineering”, Manufacturing &
Data Hand Book.
[9] Donald v.rosato, “Plastics Engineering”,Manufacturing & Data
Hand Book.