The document discusses the application of the Taguchi method to optimize parameters for the filament winding process of producing thermoplastic composite tubes. Four factors were examined - fiber temperature, winding speed, number of layers, and number of roving. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array, resulting in 9 composite tubes being produced and tested for tensile and shear strength. Analysis of the experimental data found that fiber temperature and number of layers most significantly affected tensile strength, and should be set at 230°C and 4 layers respectively to maximize strength. The Taguchi method was able to determine optimal process parameters while requiring relatively few experimental runs.
The document investigates the erosive wear performance of hybrid composites using the Taguchi approach. Hybrid composites of silk-jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy were tested. The Taguchi method was used to design the experiment with factors like fiber percentage, impact angle, velocity, and distance. Results found that wear resistance increased as silk fiber percentage increased. Wear resistance of natural fibers was 90% of traditional glass fibers. Analysis found that the 10% silk reinforced glass composite had the highest signal-to-noise ratio, indicating best erosion resistance. It was concluded that natural fibers can provide erosion resistance close to traditional fibers.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of raw material parameters on the performance of mechanically crimp textured yarn. Various polyester and nylon yarns differing in fineness, filament size, and cross-section were textured at different false twist levels. The textured yarns were evaluated for properties like bulk, linear density, strength, and shrinkage. Finer filament yarns like 44d/24f nylon and 70d/36f polyester showed higher numbers of smaller curls compared to coarser yarns. At the same yarn fineness, a higher number of finer filaments played a more detrimental role on properties than the polymer modulus. In
Acryl Resin Distribution In Lime Tree Wood Determined By 241Am Analyser Of D...IJMER
The document summarizes a study that used gamma ray densitometry to determine the distribution of acryl resin in lime tree wood samples after pressure impregnation. The samples were impregnated for 5, 30, or 180 minutes and density profiles were measured before and after impregnation. Total resin retention increased nonlinearly with impregnation time. Resin penetration was best in the longitudinal direction, with differential retention ranging from 0.15-0.20 g/cm3 near the surface to 0.02-0.11 g/cm3 in the center. Penetration in the radial and tangential directions was negligible compared to the longitudinal direction. The study demonstrated gamma ray densitometry can be used to
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
This document summarizes research on analyzing the colors of fancy yarns produced using an innovative mechanical crimp texturizing apparatus. Different polyester feeder yarns with varying fineness, colors, and cross-sectional shapes were grouped together and texturized to produce fancy yarns. The color of the resulting fancy yarns was analyzed using a color measurement instrument and found to be different than the colors of the parent yarns. The structure and properties of the fancy yarns, including mechanical properties, physical bulk, instability, and shrinkage, were also examined. Producing fancy yarns directly from flat filament feeder yarns using this mechanical crimp texturizing method provides
The document investigates the erosive wear performance of hybrid composites using the Taguchi approach. Hybrid composites of silk-jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy were tested. The Taguchi method was used to design the experiment with factors like fiber percentage, impact angle, velocity, and distance. Results found that wear resistance increased as silk fiber percentage increased. Wear resistance of natural fibers was 90% of traditional glass fibers. Analysis found that the 10% silk reinforced glass composite had the highest signal-to-noise ratio, indicating best erosion resistance. It was concluded that natural fibers can provide erosion resistance close to traditional fibers.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of raw material parameters on the performance of mechanically crimp textured yarn. Various polyester and nylon yarns differing in fineness, filament size, and cross-section were textured at different false twist levels. The textured yarns were evaluated for properties like bulk, linear density, strength, and shrinkage. Finer filament yarns like 44d/24f nylon and 70d/36f polyester showed higher numbers of smaller curls compared to coarser yarns. At the same yarn fineness, a higher number of finer filaments played a more detrimental role on properties than the polymer modulus. In
Acryl Resin Distribution In Lime Tree Wood Determined By 241Am Analyser Of D...IJMER
The document summarizes a study that used gamma ray densitometry to determine the distribution of acryl resin in lime tree wood samples after pressure impregnation. The samples were impregnated for 5, 30, or 180 minutes and density profiles were measured before and after impregnation. Total resin retention increased nonlinearly with impregnation time. Resin penetration was best in the longitudinal direction, with differential retention ranging from 0.15-0.20 g/cm3 near the surface to 0.02-0.11 g/cm3 in the center. Penetration in the radial and tangential directions was negligible compared to the longitudinal direction. The study demonstrated gamma ray densitometry can be used to
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
This document summarizes research on analyzing the colors of fancy yarns produced using an innovative mechanical crimp texturizing apparatus. Different polyester feeder yarns with varying fineness, colors, and cross-sectional shapes were grouped together and texturized to produce fancy yarns. The color of the resulting fancy yarns was analyzed using a color measurement instrument and found to be different than the colors of the parent yarns. The structure and properties of the fancy yarns, including mechanical properties, physical bulk, instability, and shrinkage, were also examined. Producing fancy yarns directly from flat filament feeder yarns using this mechanical crimp texturizing method provides
Investigations in the compaction and sintering of large ceramic partsPeng Chen
The document discusses investigations into compaction and sintering of large ceramic parts. Specifically, it examines:
- Compacting and sintering a large ceramic ring part successfully using uniaxial die compaction.
- The effects of die design, compaction pressure, lubrication, sintering procedure and part orientation on part quality.
- Developing a finite element model to simulate the compaction process and validate the model's predictions against experimental results.
Inherent flame retardant polyester fibre using organophosporous compounds as ...iosrjce
Flame retardant polyester fibres have been produced using various organo-phosphorous compounds
as melt additives. To ensure proper blending at the molecular level and stability at the spinning temperatures,
four organo-phosphorous compounds with melting point lower than that of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
and boiling point higher than the processing temperature were selected. These compounds are
triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), diphenylchloro phosphate (DPCP), phenyl phosphonic acid (PPA), and 2,4-
diterbutylphenyl phosphite (DTBPP). The flame retardant polyester fibres are melt spun at 80 m/min on a
laboratory melt-spinning unit and subsequently drawn-heatset. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) has been found
to be in the range 25-27 at 2.5 -10.0% loading. The effect of additives on mechanical properties of fibres has
been investigated and correlated with the structure of the fibres. The TPPO is found to be most appropriate
additive among the selected compounds for providing adequate flame retardancy with very small loss in
mechanical properties. The, flame retardant PET fibres containing 10% TPPO showed tenacity comparable to
control sample. The study suggests the possibility of developing mechanically strong flame retardant polyester
fibres using a more economical dope additive route
This document describes a study that used near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to develop calibrations to estimate wood properties (density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR)) of multiple pine species. Samples from 8 pine species growing in Brazil were collected and tested for wood properties. NIR spectra were collected on the radial and transverse faces. Calibrations using NIR spectra provided reasonably strong estimations of density, MOE, and MOR across all pine species. Transverse face spectra produced slightly better calibrations than radial face spectra. The lab-based FOSS static spectrometer produced the strongest calibrations overall.
The document summarizes research on improving the properties of low-density wood through impregnation with phenolic resin admixed with urea. Key findings include:
1) Impregnation increased wood density by 2-3 times and weight percent gain by 50-100%, indicating successful penetration of the resin into the cellular structure.
2) Formaldehyde emission was reduced to a minimum of 8.38 ppm for jelutong and 23.59 ppm for sesenduk with addition of urea, though still above standards.
3) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed bands corresponding to urea-formaldehyde and phenol-urea formaldehyde confirming reaction and co-condensation with
Wood Modification of Sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) with Low Molecular Weigh...dukante
The document summarizes a study on chemically modifying sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) wood with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LmwPF). Three treatments were used: impregnation with LmwPF, impregnation followed by hot pressing, and impregnation with a LmwPF-urea mixture followed by hot pressing. The treatments aimed to improve properties like dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and reduce formaldehyde emissions. Samples were tested for polymer retention, weight gain, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and formaldehyde emissions based on various standards. The effects of initial moisture content, soaking time, and urea addition were evaluated.
1) The study evaluated using pulp and paper sludge as a binder and formaldehyde scavenger in medium-density fiberboard (MDF).
2) Tests were conducted on binderless sludge panels and MDF panels containing various amounts of secondary sludge to replace urea-formaldehyde resin.
3) The results showed that secondary sludge has adhesive properties and can be used to reduce formaldehyde emissions from MDF. However, the bonding effect in MDF was lower than expected due to the high pH and buffering capacity of sludge. Thickness swell of panels was also negatively impacted by sludge.
This document summarizes research on using wood modification technology to produce high-strength engineered wood composites. Wood modification techniques like viscoelastic thermal compression can increase wood strength and stiffness 3-4 times by densifying it while minimizing cell wall damage. Composites made of modified wood laminated with adhesive have greater strength and stiffness than traditional composites or solid wood. The document outlines how modified wood from various fast-growing species can be used to manufacture structural composite materials for applications like construction and transportation. It presents research demonstrating improved bonding and mechanical properties of composites made with modified wood laminates. Challenges include controlling dimensional stability and preventing brittle failure, but the technology offers opportunities to utilize lower quality wood for high-value
New possibilities in micro-scale wheat quality characterisation: micro-gluten...CIMMYT
The document discusses new micro-scale methods for wheat quality characterization when sample amounts are limited. It describes several new micro-scale instruments developed in collaboration between Hungarian and Australian researchers, including a micro-mill, micro Z-arm mixer, micro-dough rheometer, micro-scale Zeleny sedimentation tester, and GluStar system for gluten content and starch separation. These methods show correlations with standard tests on macro scales and have applications in research activities like QTL mapping, studying protein subunits and carbohydrate effects. The micro-scale tools open new possibilities for wheat quality analysis in areas like early variety selection and additive investigation where only small amounts of sample are available.
This document summarizes an article that studied orientation gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) in two ultrafine grained dual-phase steels with different martensite particle size and volume fraction. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify orientation gradients, pattern quality, and GND density variations at ferrite-ferrite and ferrite-martensite interfaces. Two methods were demonstrated to calculate GND density from the EBSD data based on kernel average misorientation and dislocation density tensor. The overall GND density was shown to increase with increasing total martensite fraction, decreasing grain volume, and increasing martensite fraction in the vicinity of ferrite.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
This document summarizes a study on improving the mechanical properties of date palm wood fiber through alkaline treatment. Thermo gravimetric analysis was conducted on untreated and treated date palm fiber samples, showing that treatment with 0.75% sodium hydroxide solution resulted in the lowest mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that 0.75% treatment cleaned fiber surfaces without degrading the internal structure. Tensile testing found that 0.75% treatment increased the tensile strength and modulus of the date palm fiber the most compared to untreated and other concentration treatments. The study concluded alkaline treatment, especially with 0.75% sodium hydroxide, significantly improves the mechanical properties of date palm fiber.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 2: SpinningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and testing nanocomposite fibers made of polypropylene and kaolinite clay nanoparticles. The researchers used a two-step process of melt spinning and hot drawing to produce fibers with different kaolinite content and draw ratios. Testing methods like TEM, FESEM, XRD and DMA were used to analyze the nanoparticle dispersion, orientation, and mechanical and thermal properties of the fibers. Higher draw ratios were found to improve the mechanical properties by strongly orienting the kaolinite along the fiber axis. The optimal nanoparticle content and draw ratio depended on achieving a uniform nanoparticle distribution without aggregation.
1. The document summarizes research on producing and characterizing composite films of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and high density polyethylene through melt processing.
2. The composites were fabricated by dispersing carbon nanotubes into molten HDPE using a twin screw extruder to form thin films.
3. Characterization with SEM and TEM showed the carbon nanotubes formed small aggregates but were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix at the micrometer scale. Mechanical testing found that the stiffness, yield strength, and fracture toughness of the composite films increased with higher percentages of carbon nanotubes.
Native starches like sorghum and plantain were investigated as binders in paracetamol tablet formulations. Pregelatinized forms of these starches were compared to corn starch BP as a reference standard. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and brittle fracture index of the tablets were affected by the type and concentration of native or pregelatinized starch binders. In general, tablets containing native starches had higher tensile strengths than those with pregelatinized starches, while pregelatinized starches produced tablets with lower brittle fracture indices. Native plantain starch performed best as a binder based on mechanical properties tested.
1) The document examines the mechanical properties of annealed and not annealed multilayer films composed of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate layers using dynamic mechanical analysis.
2) The analysis found that the annealed film had a higher glass transition temperature, was stiffer with slower decrease in complex modulus, and exhibited lower damping than the not annealed film.
3) Annealing increased the glass transition temperature from 96°C in the not annealed film to 120°C in the annealed film, indicating enhanced mechanical properties due to additional crystal formation during annealing.
Toughening of poly(lactic acid) by ethylene co-vinyl acetate copolymer having...msejjournal
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has received substantial interest recently due to its high strength and stiffness at
room temperature. However, it has serious limitations due to brittleness, extremely poor fracture toughness
and inferior processability compared to polyolefins. In this research work a possible route to improve the
toughness of PLA by blending it with ethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) having vinyl acetate
content of 18%. The compatibility an phase morphology of the PLA/EVA blend system was controlled by
the ratio of PLA/EVA.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This document describes a new test apparatus and method for rapidly determining the thermoformability of plastic materials. The method involves heating a plastic sheet, stretching it using a plug at forming temperatures, and measuring the forming force versus distance data. This better simulates the actual thermoforming process compared to existing tests. The data generated can be used to compare materials and process parameters, develop a standard thermoformability index, and refine the data into a predictive modeling system. Future work involves developing a standardized thermoformability index and integrating the test data into a predictive modeling program.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
This document summarizes research on developing polymer nanocomposites for vibration damping applications. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Preparing nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different loadings using melt mixing.
2) Characterizing the nanocomposites dynamically using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping loss factor with frequency.
3) Developing a theoretical model based on interfacial friction between the PLA matrix and MWCNTs to relate material properties and processing parameters to damping loss factor. The model uses describing functions to linearize
This document summarizes research on incorporating polyamide 6 nanofibrous structures into glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites to improve their mechanical properties. Experiments showed that the nanofibers had a catalytic effect on the curing of the epoxy resin, lowering its activation energy. Composites with nanofibers deposited on or between fiber layers showed increased stress at failure compared to a control without nanofibers. The deposited nanofibers in particular improved load transfer to the glass fibers. While nanofibers did not significantly increase modulus, their inclusion helped prevent delamination cracks in the composites. The research demonstrates that nanofibers can enhance some mechanical properties of glass fiber-ep
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
Investigations in the compaction and sintering of large ceramic partsPeng Chen
The document discusses investigations into compaction and sintering of large ceramic parts. Specifically, it examines:
- Compacting and sintering a large ceramic ring part successfully using uniaxial die compaction.
- The effects of die design, compaction pressure, lubrication, sintering procedure and part orientation on part quality.
- Developing a finite element model to simulate the compaction process and validate the model's predictions against experimental results.
Inherent flame retardant polyester fibre using organophosporous compounds as ...iosrjce
Flame retardant polyester fibres have been produced using various organo-phosphorous compounds
as melt additives. To ensure proper blending at the molecular level and stability at the spinning temperatures,
four organo-phosphorous compounds with melting point lower than that of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
and boiling point higher than the processing temperature were selected. These compounds are
triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), diphenylchloro phosphate (DPCP), phenyl phosphonic acid (PPA), and 2,4-
diterbutylphenyl phosphite (DTBPP). The flame retardant polyester fibres are melt spun at 80 m/min on a
laboratory melt-spinning unit and subsequently drawn-heatset. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) has been found
to be in the range 25-27 at 2.5 -10.0% loading. The effect of additives on mechanical properties of fibres has
been investigated and correlated with the structure of the fibres. The TPPO is found to be most appropriate
additive among the selected compounds for providing adequate flame retardancy with very small loss in
mechanical properties. The, flame retardant PET fibres containing 10% TPPO showed tenacity comparable to
control sample. The study suggests the possibility of developing mechanically strong flame retardant polyester
fibres using a more economical dope additive route
This document describes a study that used near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to develop calibrations to estimate wood properties (density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR)) of multiple pine species. Samples from 8 pine species growing in Brazil were collected and tested for wood properties. NIR spectra were collected on the radial and transverse faces. Calibrations using NIR spectra provided reasonably strong estimations of density, MOE, and MOR across all pine species. Transverse face spectra produced slightly better calibrations than radial face spectra. The lab-based FOSS static spectrometer produced the strongest calibrations overall.
The document summarizes research on improving the properties of low-density wood through impregnation with phenolic resin admixed with urea. Key findings include:
1) Impregnation increased wood density by 2-3 times and weight percent gain by 50-100%, indicating successful penetration of the resin into the cellular structure.
2) Formaldehyde emission was reduced to a minimum of 8.38 ppm for jelutong and 23.59 ppm for sesenduk with addition of urea, though still above standards.
3) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed bands corresponding to urea-formaldehyde and phenol-urea formaldehyde confirming reaction and co-condensation with
Wood Modification of Sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) with Low Molecular Weigh...dukante
The document summarizes a study on chemically modifying sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) wood with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LmwPF). Three treatments were used: impregnation with LmwPF, impregnation followed by hot pressing, and impregnation with a LmwPF-urea mixture followed by hot pressing. The treatments aimed to improve properties like dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and reduce formaldehyde emissions. Samples were tested for polymer retention, weight gain, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and formaldehyde emissions based on various standards. The effects of initial moisture content, soaking time, and urea addition were evaluated.
1) The study evaluated using pulp and paper sludge as a binder and formaldehyde scavenger in medium-density fiberboard (MDF).
2) Tests were conducted on binderless sludge panels and MDF panels containing various amounts of secondary sludge to replace urea-formaldehyde resin.
3) The results showed that secondary sludge has adhesive properties and can be used to reduce formaldehyde emissions from MDF. However, the bonding effect in MDF was lower than expected due to the high pH and buffering capacity of sludge. Thickness swell of panels was also negatively impacted by sludge.
This document summarizes research on using wood modification technology to produce high-strength engineered wood composites. Wood modification techniques like viscoelastic thermal compression can increase wood strength and stiffness 3-4 times by densifying it while minimizing cell wall damage. Composites made of modified wood laminated with adhesive have greater strength and stiffness than traditional composites or solid wood. The document outlines how modified wood from various fast-growing species can be used to manufacture structural composite materials for applications like construction and transportation. It presents research demonstrating improved bonding and mechanical properties of composites made with modified wood laminates. Challenges include controlling dimensional stability and preventing brittle failure, but the technology offers opportunities to utilize lower quality wood for high-value
New possibilities in micro-scale wheat quality characterisation: micro-gluten...CIMMYT
The document discusses new micro-scale methods for wheat quality characterization when sample amounts are limited. It describes several new micro-scale instruments developed in collaboration between Hungarian and Australian researchers, including a micro-mill, micro Z-arm mixer, micro-dough rheometer, micro-scale Zeleny sedimentation tester, and GluStar system for gluten content and starch separation. These methods show correlations with standard tests on macro scales and have applications in research activities like QTL mapping, studying protein subunits and carbohydrate effects. The micro-scale tools open new possibilities for wheat quality analysis in areas like early variety selection and additive investigation where only small amounts of sample are available.
This document summarizes an article that studied orientation gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) in two ultrafine grained dual-phase steels with different martensite particle size and volume fraction. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify orientation gradients, pattern quality, and GND density variations at ferrite-ferrite and ferrite-martensite interfaces. Two methods were demonstrated to calculate GND density from the EBSD data based on kernel average misorientation and dislocation density tensor. The overall GND density was shown to increase with increasing total martensite fraction, decreasing grain volume, and increasing martensite fraction in the vicinity of ferrite.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
This document summarizes a study on improving the mechanical properties of date palm wood fiber through alkaline treatment. Thermo gravimetric analysis was conducted on untreated and treated date palm fiber samples, showing that treatment with 0.75% sodium hydroxide solution resulted in the lowest mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that 0.75% treatment cleaned fiber surfaces without degrading the internal structure. Tensile testing found that 0.75% treatment increased the tensile strength and modulus of the date palm fiber the most compared to untreated and other concentration treatments. The study concluded alkaline treatment, especially with 0.75% sodium hydroxide, significantly improves the mechanical properties of date palm fiber.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 2: SpinningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and testing nanocomposite fibers made of polypropylene and kaolinite clay nanoparticles. The researchers used a two-step process of melt spinning and hot drawing to produce fibers with different kaolinite content and draw ratios. Testing methods like TEM, FESEM, XRD and DMA were used to analyze the nanoparticle dispersion, orientation, and mechanical and thermal properties of the fibers. Higher draw ratios were found to improve the mechanical properties by strongly orienting the kaolinite along the fiber axis. The optimal nanoparticle content and draw ratio depended on achieving a uniform nanoparticle distribution without aggregation.
1. The document summarizes research on producing and characterizing composite films of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and high density polyethylene through melt processing.
2. The composites were fabricated by dispersing carbon nanotubes into molten HDPE using a twin screw extruder to form thin films.
3. Characterization with SEM and TEM showed the carbon nanotubes formed small aggregates but were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix at the micrometer scale. Mechanical testing found that the stiffness, yield strength, and fracture toughness of the composite films increased with higher percentages of carbon nanotubes.
Native starches like sorghum and plantain were investigated as binders in paracetamol tablet formulations. Pregelatinized forms of these starches were compared to corn starch BP as a reference standard. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and brittle fracture index of the tablets were affected by the type and concentration of native or pregelatinized starch binders. In general, tablets containing native starches had higher tensile strengths than those with pregelatinized starches, while pregelatinized starches produced tablets with lower brittle fracture indices. Native plantain starch performed best as a binder based on mechanical properties tested.
1) The document examines the mechanical properties of annealed and not annealed multilayer films composed of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate layers using dynamic mechanical analysis.
2) The analysis found that the annealed film had a higher glass transition temperature, was stiffer with slower decrease in complex modulus, and exhibited lower damping than the not annealed film.
3) Annealing increased the glass transition temperature from 96°C in the not annealed film to 120°C in the annealed film, indicating enhanced mechanical properties due to additional crystal formation during annealing.
Toughening of poly(lactic acid) by ethylene co-vinyl acetate copolymer having...msejjournal
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has received substantial interest recently due to its high strength and stiffness at
room temperature. However, it has serious limitations due to brittleness, extremely poor fracture toughness
and inferior processability compared to polyolefins. In this research work a possible route to improve the
toughness of PLA by blending it with ethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) having vinyl acetate
content of 18%. The compatibility an phase morphology of the PLA/EVA blend system was controlled by
the ratio of PLA/EVA.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
This document describes a new test apparatus and method for rapidly determining the thermoformability of plastic materials. The method involves heating a plastic sheet, stretching it using a plug at forming temperatures, and measuring the forming force versus distance data. This better simulates the actual thermoforming process compared to existing tests. The data generated can be used to compare materials and process parameters, develop a standard thermoformability index, and refine the data into a predictive modeling system. Future work involves developing a standardized thermoformability index and integrating the test data into a predictive modeling program.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
This document summarizes research on developing polymer nanocomposites for vibration damping applications. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Preparing nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different loadings using melt mixing.
2) Characterizing the nanocomposites dynamically using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping loss factor with frequency.
3) Developing a theoretical model based on interfacial friction between the PLA matrix and MWCNTs to relate material properties and processing parameters to damping loss factor. The model uses describing functions to linearize
This document summarizes research on incorporating polyamide 6 nanofibrous structures into glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites to improve their mechanical properties. Experiments showed that the nanofibers had a catalytic effect on the curing of the epoxy resin, lowering its activation energy. Composites with nanofibers deposited on or between fiber layers showed increased stress at failure compared to a control without nanofibers. The deposited nanofibers in particular improved load transfer to the glass fibers. While nanofibers did not significantly increase modulus, their inclusion helped prevent delamination cracks in the composites. The research demonstrates that nanofibers can enhance some mechanical properties of glass fiber-ep
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
Study of Properties of Polypropylene-Natural Fiber CompositeIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with natural fibers like jute and coir. Composites with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% fiber content were manufactured by hot press technique. Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results showed that the mechanical properties generally improved with increased fiber loading up to 20%, with the 20% fiber composite exhibiting the best properties. Tensile strength decreased with fiber content while Young's modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness increased with higher fiber loading.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the properties of a composite material blended with thermoplastics and jute fiber. The composite is made using a hand lay-up technique with jute fabric reinforced polyester resin. Testing shows that the untreated composite has lower tensile strength and hardness than the natural jute fiber, but higher elongation. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicates the distribution of fibers, resin and additives in the composite microstructure. The study concludes that while the composite has lower density than pure resin, resulting in better strength to weight ratio, the mechanical properties are not significantly improved over the natural fiber alone.
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2. L.A. Dobrzañski, J. Domaga³a, J.F. Silva
Mechanical strength of the filament wound parts not only Taguchi method is a technique for designing and performing
depends from composition of component material, but also on experiments to investigate processes where the output depends on
process parameters like winding angle, fiber tension, resin type many factors (variables, inputs) without having tediously and
and curing cycle. One primary tool used in the filament winding uneconomically run of the process using all possible combinations
process is a precise ground mandrel on which the fiber with resin of values. Thanks to systematically chosen certain combinations
matrix is wound. At the end of the filament winding process, the of variables it is possible to separate their individual effects [7].
fiber with resin matrix is cured, either at room temperature or in In Taguchi methodology, the desired design is finalized by
an oven with a controlled heat profile depending on the type and selecting the best performance under given conditions.
style of the resin matrix used [5]. The tool used in the Taguchi method is the orthogonal array
The filament winding machine was used to produce composite (OA). OA is the matrix of numbers arranged in columns and rows
tubes using Twintex® - glass fiber and polypropylene resin matrix. [11]. The Taguchi method employs a generic signal-to-noise
Fibers temperature, winding speed and number of layers and roving (S/N) ratio to quantify the present variation. These S/N ratios are
are the most frequently used parameters for producing tubes. meant to be used as measures of the effect of noise factors on
However, there are large numbers of parameters that can affect the performance characteristics. S/N ratios take into account both
produced tubes. In this paper, Taguchi method was used for amount of variability in the response data and closeness of the
optimization of these factors. The Taguchi approach helps in average response to target. There are several S/N ratios available
optimization process requiring relatively few experiments. depending on type of characteristics: smaller is better, nominal is
best (NB) and larger is better [7,12].
2. Taguchi method
2. Taguchi method
3. Experimentalprocedure
3. Experimental procedure
The Taguchi approach is a form of DOE with special
application principles. For most experiments carried out in the In this work roving composed of commingled glass fibers
industry, the difference between the DOE and Taguchi approach (GF) and polypropylene (PP) filaments – TWINTEX® R PP
(Fig.1) is in the method of application [10]. (supplied by Saint – Gobain, Vetrotex) were used. The glass
weight content is 60% and the nominal lineal weight is 1870 tex.
Identify The TWINTEX® supplier gives information for this material that
the factors/ consolidation is done by heating the roving above the melting
interactions temperature of PP matrix 180 - 230°C and applying a pressure.
Table 1 shows the composite mechanical properties after
Identify
processing.
the levels
of each Table 1.
factors Composite mechanical properties after processing
Undirectional
Select Roving PP 60
an appropriate Tensile Strength MPa 760
orthogonal array (OA) Modulus GPa 29.5
Flexural Strength MPa 740
Assign Modulus GPa 25.5
the factors/interactions
to columns of the OA Tubes were produced by filament winding using a CNC
conventional PULTREX machine (Fig. 2). Fiber tows were
passed through a resin bath before being wound onto a mandrel in
Conduct
a variety of orientations, controlled by the fiber feeding
the experiments mechanism, and rate of rotation of the mandrel [9].
The semi product was guided with controlled and constant
tension, through a tubular pre–heating furnace at the desired
temperature. The numerical machine allowed controlling the
Analyse the data,
determine the optimal
temperature of heating and fibers temperature, winding speed and
levels angle winding fiber on the mandrel.
Tubular components with an inner diameter of 80 mm and the
length of 200 mm were wound. Various fibers temperature,
Conduct winding speed, number of layers and roving were used in the
the confirmation
experiment experiment. The first results show that the fibers temperature and
winding speed have influence on the consolidation. When
consolidation was poor or if the tube thickness wall was to small
Fig. 1. Scheme of the major steps of implementing the Taguchi was a problem with taking the tube off from the mandrel these
method [2] condition.
134 134 Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
3. Application of Taguchi method in the optimisation of filament winding of thermoplastic composites
a) b)
Fig. 2. a) Laboratorial filament winding system, b) Schematic layout [4]
The experimental studies were carried out under varying: 3.2.Interlaminarshear strength
3.2 Interlaminar shear strength
A) fibers temperature,
B) winding speed,
Shear is the maximum stress sustained before the material will
C) number of layers,
rupture [1].
D) number of roving.
Shear strength test was carried out using the Instron 4505
The machining parameters (winding speed, fibers
universal testing machine (together with data analysis software
temperature) and number of layers and roving were determined by
when more comprehensive testing results are required). Fig.3.
using Taguchi experimental design method. A many tubes were
shows a diagram of the test set-up. Specimen (10 mm long) was
made and tests conducted before using Taguchi method to find the
positioned between the shear edges. The testing speed was fixed
best parameters.
to 1mm/min.
In this study, two response parameters: tensile strength and
The shear strength is the maximum shear stress existing
shear test were considered.
between layers of a laminated material.
In case, when the consolidation between fibers and matrix or if
the fiber agglomerations is poor, the shear strength will drop. It
3.1.Tensile strength measurements of filament
3.1 Tensile strength measurements of filament will happen because load transfer cannot occur fully.
wound ring specimens
wound ring specimens The interlaminar shear strength is indicative of the composite
loading capacity along the weakest direction: between the strong
One of the most common testing methods (tensile testing) is composite plies. For instance, damage due to load introduction,
used to determine the behavior of a sample while an axial impacts, stress concentrations etc. often initiates shear between
stretching load is applied. plies.
Tensile testing was commonly used to determine the
maximum load (tensile strength) that a material or a product can
withstand [5].
The tensile strength of the tubes was measured using the
Instron 4505 machine. The specimen was measured using two
different devices. Each tube was cut into three round specimens
and each had 6 mm height. Tensile strength was calculated by
using the following formula [5]:
Fmax
(1)
2 w d
where:
Fmax – maximum force,
w – ring width,
d – wall thickness.
The tensile strength is an average value from three tests made on
each tube. Fig. 3. Schematic view of interlaminar shear test
Volume 28 Issue 3 March 2007 135
4. L.A. Dobrzañski, J. Domaga³a, J.F. Silva
The shear test was calculated from effective shear force F* 4. Discussion of investigation results
4. Results and discussion
divided by the shear area Ashear [5]:
lk
F
F
* ls 4.1.Results of tensile strength
4.1 Results of tensile strength
(2)
Ashear w h
Nine different tubes experiments were performed using the
design parameter combinations in the specified orthogonal
where: array table. Three specimens were fabricated for each of the
lk, ls – the levers of the test device, parameter combinations. The completed response table for
F – the maximum applied test load, these data appears in Table 4. In order to estimate the effect of
w –sample width, factor A (fibers temperature) on the average value of response
h –sample height. variable, were summed together three observed response at level 1
of factor A. Then the sum was divided by 3 to obtain the average
Shear test of TWINTEX® composites specimens cut from response at level of factor A. The average responses at level 2
the consolidated rings were performed. Values determined by and 3 was obtained in the similar manner. The estimated
the shear strength represent the average value of three effects are presented graphically in Fig. 4. The range of
specimens from each of tube. average responses at the bottom Table 4, over the three levels
of each experimental factor, is:
- for fibers temperature = 73.4,
3.3.Experimental design
3.3 Experimental design - for winding speed = 21.3,
- for number of layers = 91.77,
- for number of roving = 43.167.
The experiment using Taguchi method was considered twice. In particular, factor A (fibers temperature) and factors C (number
First, to use results from tensile strength and the second time to of layers) should be set at level 2 (230°C) for factor A (fibers
used results from the shear test. temperature) and 1 (4 layers) for factor C (maximized tensile
Table 2 shows four factors and three levels used in the strength).
experiment. If three levels were assigned to each of these The sample standard deviation is generally accepted
factors and a factorial experimental design was employed measure of variability in statistical data analysis and
using each of these values, number of permutations would be experimental design. This statistic is somewhat more difficult
34. The fractional factorial design reduced the number of to calculate than the sample range, but it has desirable
experiments to nine. The orthogonal array of L9 type was used properties which make its use worth the added effort [7, 16].
and is represented in Table 3. This design requires nine
experiments with four parameters at three levels of each. The
interactions were neglected. The strength of the part should 360
be maximized [6, 12-15].
320
Average
Table 2.
Level of process parameters
Level 280
Symbol Factor 1 2 3
A Fibers temperature [°C] 210 230 190
B Winding speed [m/min] 7 10 13 240
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
C Number of layers 4 5 6
Level of factor
D Number of roving 4 6 8
Table 3. Fig. 4. Estimated factor effects
Taguchi´s L9 (34) orthogonal array
Standard Factor The standard deviation was calculated for each tube in five steps.
order A B C D First, y was subtracted from each measurement in the sample
1 210 7 4 4 (sample mean), then the square differences obtained prior were
2 210 10 5 6 calculated. Next, the squared obtained differences were and was
3 210 13 6 8 divide the sum by the sample size minus one (s2). Finally obtain
4 230 7 5 8 the square root of s2.
5 230 10 6 4 The sample variance is written as formula [3]:
6 230 13 4 6
7 190 7 6 6 s2 y
2
y /n 1 (3)
8 190 10 4 8
9 190 13 5 4 s s2 (4)
136 136 Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
5. Application of Taguchi method in the optimisation of filament winding of thermoplastic composites
Table 4.
Experimental data and sample statistics
Experiment Observed response values Mean Standard Logarithm S/N Ratio
number for tensile strength [N/mm2] deviation of standard
deviation
1 394.77 395.45 403.34 397.85 4.75 0.67 51.99
2 268.75 282.84 297.03 282.87 14.14 1.15 49.01
3 245.29 243.80 251.11 246.73 3.81 0.58 47.84
4 360.79 285.93 384.61 343.78 51.49 1.71 50.51
5 304.06 323.46 316.89 314.80 9.86 0.99 49.95
6 370.82 359.03 408.92 379.59 29.07 1.41 51.54
7 251.20 218.31 222.73 230.75 17.85 1.25 47.21
8 286.81 285.74 328.65 300.40 24.46 1.38 49.49
9 270.98 281.14 337.83 296.65 36.02 1.55 49.32
The estimated log s effects from Table 4 are plotted in Fig.5. 52
Both factor A and C again affect the tensile strength variability. In
order to minimize variability: 51
- fibers temperature– level 1, (210°C),
50
SN Ratio
- number of layers – level 3, (6 layers) should be used.
49
1,6
48
1,4
47
1,2 A 1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
Log(s)
Level of factors
1
0,8 Fig. 6. Plot of factor effects on S/N ratio
0,6
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 Table 5.
Level of factors Overall mean S/ Ratio
Level Average S/N Ratio by factor Overall mean S/N
Fig. 5. Estimated factor effects on log(s) level Ratio
A B C D T
Results: 1 49.62 49.91 51.01 50.43 49.52
- factor A, fibers temperature, at level 1, 2 50.67 49.49 49.62 49.26
- factor B, negligible, 3 48.68 49.57 48.34 47.69
- factor C, layers, at level 3,
- factor D, roving, at level 1. In order to maximize the S/N ratio, the following assignments
were done: factor A (fibers temperature) - level 2, factor B
In this work, the larger tensile strength is the indication of (winding speed) - negligible, factor C (layers) - level 1, factor D
better performance [3, 5]. Therefore, the larger-is-better for the (roving) - level 1.
tensile strength was selected for obtaining optimum machining Figure 6 indicates that factor C and D have a strong effect on
performance characteristics. The following S/N ratios for the average S/N ratio response. Factor A is the next most significant.
larger-is-better case could be calculated [5]: The above analyses of Table 4 and Table 5 are summarized in Table
6. In that table the levels of key factors which are optimizing the
1 (5) response are listed. Some significant levels are shown on Fig. 4, 5,
S / NRatio 10 log /n 6. Keep in mind that the objective is to maximize the response
y2
average, reduce log s, and maximize the S/N Ratio.
There are two ´´conflicts´´ in the levels recommended in
For example, average response of B (winding speed) at level 3 Table 6. For factor A (fibers temperature), level 2 for maximize
was obtained from the results of experiments 3, 6, 9 since level 3 average and maximize the S/N Ratio, but level 1 for minimize log
of parameter B was used in these experiments. So, average s. In this case, however, the reduction in log s does not appear to
response for this = S/N Ratio3 + S/N Ratio6 + S/N Ratio9 = 49.57. be significant, but the average and S/N Ratio do appear to be
Similar calculations were performed for the another factors and relatively large. For factor C-layers, the situation is similar to case
levels. The average responses for all parameters are given in in factor A (level 1 for average and S/N Ratio, and level 3 for
Table 5 with Overall mean S/N Ratio. response logs).
Volume 28 Issue 3 March 2007 137
6. L.A. Dobrzañski, J. Domaga³a, J.F. Silva
Table 6. Factor C (number of layers) affects variability the most. Factors D
Summary of analyses of factor effects (number of roving), B (winding speed), A (fibers temperature) are
Level which was optimized not so important.
Factor y log s S/N Ratio 20
A 2 1 2 15
B 1
C 1 3 1
Average
10
D 1
In this range: 7-10 [m/min] the winding speed is not very 5
significant.
In this study factors A and C were two dominant. These final 0
optimized parameter values are: A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
- fibers temperature , level 2 - 230°C, Level of factors
- winding speed, level 1 - 7[m/min],
- number of layers, level 1 - 4 layers,
- number of roving, level 1 - 4 roving. Fig. 7. Plot of factor effects on average
0,6
4.2.Results of shear test
4.2 Results of shear test
The experiment was performed using the results from shear 0,3
strength test. The column in the design matrix (to which factors
Log(s)
were assigned) and the experimental levels for the factors, are the
same as in the case design for a tensile strength test. 0
The values for tubes 5 and 9 are equal 0. Specimens
preparation from these tubes was impossible, the consolidation of
these two tubes was bad.
-0,3
The factors combination which used the observed values for the A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3
response and calculated values for y , s and log s are listed in Level of factor
Table 7.
Fig. 7 shows that the main effect had factors A (fibers Fig. 8. Plot of factor effects on log(s)
temperature) and D (number of roving). The factors B (winding
speed) and C (number of layers) appear to be random variability. For S/N ratios, Fig. 9 shows that factor A – fibers temperature
The range of average responses at the bottom of Table 7 over and D - roving have a strong effects, and factor B -winding speed is
the three levels of each experimental factor was: the next (similar in average response). It appeared from the effects
- for fibers temperature, range = 10.73, calculated at the bottom of Table 7 that in order to maximize the
- winding speed, range = 5.45, S/N ratio, the following assignments should be made:
- number of layers, range =2.28, - factor A, fibers temperature, at level 1 - 210°C,
- number of roving, range = 11.25. - factor B, winding speed, at level 1 – 7 [m/min],
The ranges change the average shear test as winding speed or - factor D, number of roving, at level 2 – 6 roving.
layers are less than the range fibers temperature or roving. 25
Conclude changes in winding speed or number of layers do not
have a significant effect on the average tensile shear. However,
20
the fibers temperature and number of roving have strong effect on
tensile shear. Maximize variability fibers temperature – level 1
S/N Ratio
(210°C). Shear strength is much lower when roving is 4. The 15
other two levels would be preferred, since the order to maximize
shear test is required (Fig. 7). 10
If the ranges of average values for log s were calculated over
three levels of each experimental factor, following results was
5
obtained (Fig.8): A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D 2 D3
- fibers temperature, range = 0.15, Level of factors
- winding speed, range = 0.3,
- number of layers, range = 0.5,
- number of roving, range =0.38. Fig. 9. Plot of factor effects on S/N Ratio
138 138 Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
7. Application of Taguchi method in the optimisation of filament winding of thermoplastic composites
Table 7.
Experimental data and sample statistics
Experiment Response values Mean Standard Logarithm S/N Ratio
number for shear test [N/mm2] deviation of standard
deviation
1 11.87 11.20 11.30 11.45 0.36 -0.439 21.17
2 21.82 18.44 18.33 19.53 1.98 0.297 25.75
3 17.36 18.18 22.61 19.39 2.82 0.451 25.58
4 15.85 12.94 26.09 18.29 6.90 0.839 19.42
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 13.30 13.47 13.77 13.51 0.23 -0.627 17.84
7 13.28 9.46 13.78 12.17 2.36 0.373 21.32
8 7.28 7.06 3.75 6.03 1.97 0.296 14.36
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The above analyses were summarized in Table 8. The In this experiment, speed winding range between 7-10 m/min
objective is to maximize the response average, reducing log s, and has not significant influence on the tensile strength; however the
maximizing the S/N ratio. There is only one “conflict”. For factor optimum speed winding is 7m/min.
B (winding speed) level 1 maximizes the average and S/N ratio, Changes of the numbers of roving do not have a significant
but level 2 minimizes log s. In this case, the reduction in log s effect on the tensile strength, whereas numbers of layers do not
does not appear to be significant, but the reductions in y and S/N have effect on the shear test.
ratio do appear to be relatively large. The effect on log s may be
simply random variability rather than a real effect. Factor C is
negligible in this case. Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Table 8. Investigations were partially carried out within the framework
Summary of analyses of factor effects of the Socrates Erasmus programme in INEGI – Institute of
Level which was optimized Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management in Portugal.
Factor y log s S/N Ratio
A 1 1
B 1 2 1 Additional information
Additional information
C 1
D 2 2 2 The presentation connected with the subject matter of the
paper was presented by the authors during the 11th International
These final optimized parameter values are: Scientific Conference on Contemporary Achievements in
- fibers temperature , level 1 (210°C) , Mechanics, Manufacturing and Materials Science CAM3S’2005
- winding speed, level 1 -7[m/min], in Gliwice-Zakopane, Poland on 6th-9th December 2005.
- layers, level 1 - 4 layers,
- roving, level 2 - 6 roving.
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