1) During the early Islamic empires, Muslims preserved knowledge from the Byzantine and Persian empires and began collecting knowledge from places like India and China. 2) The Islamic Golden Age began during the Abbasid Caliphate when the capital was moved to Baghdad, which became a major center of learning under Caliph Harun al-Rashid. 3) Islamic scientists and scholars made major advances in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy by translating ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Persian works and collecting knowledge in libraries in Baghdad and other cities.

1. bismillahirrahmanirrahim’
ALIFA DIAN RAMADHANI
ESSAY
ISLAMIC - SCIENCE
Islamic History - Development of SCIENCE
Talk about rapid spread of islam, and the early Islamic empires that is preserved much of what
inherited from the byzantine and the Persian empires. The infrastructure including the roads, the
bureaucracy, and A lot of the culture. Muslims began to collect the knowledge from within the empire
and from the people that they encountered on the borders of the empire including the Indians and the
chinese. And they did it throughout the Umayyad dynasty. But during the abasid caliphate,it really
came to its full fruition. In the abasid caliphate, one of the first things they did under the calph al
manshur is build Baghdad and move the capital of the empire to Baghdad. One of the Al-Mansur’s
succesors, Al-Rashid, is famous for making Baghdad a center of learning.
According to the historian john William draper, Under al-rashid’s rules, During the period of
the calphs the learned men of the Christians and the jews were not only held in great esteem, but were
appointed to posts of great responsibilies and were promoted to the higher ranking jobs. Calph Haroon
Rasheed,who was a contemporary of Charlemagne always considered to which country alerted his
excellence in the field of learning. And to get a sense of how advenced the knowledge began to be,
especially under the rulership of al Rashid. During this al-rashid's leadership period, peoples were
trading gifts. One day, there was historical account haroon al Rashid sends Charlemagne a kind of
water clock. And it was so foreign. Peoples thought that it must be some type of magic, and couldn’t
be explained by just normal means. Then, as we got into the next leadership period, which was follow
the rule of al rashid’s son, Al ma’mun, life and science flourish, things got invested in terms of
collecting knowledge. He created what is called the house of wisdom in Baghdad, which was this
center of learning math, astronomy, physics, medicine, geography, and philosophy. Over the next
several hundred years, people began to learn Sanskrit and the ancient Sanskrit text in greek, chinese,
and Persian to translated as much of the knowledge and to collected it in libraries, in the city like
Baghdad. They continued to translated it into Arabic , and collected all of that knowledge in one
place.

2. In the middle of the 13th century, there are many famous Islamic scientists in various fields
of science. Such us mathematicians, physicists, historians, and astronomers like Alhazon. There is
also a famous poet, philosopher,and mathematician named Omar Khayyan. In mathematics, Al-
khawarizmi is one of the most famous scientist in the world, a persian mathematician and physicist.
Al-Khawarizmi established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic
approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra. He also brought the indian number
system or the hindu numerals. He brought them to the Islamic Empire. And that was the bridge to
bringing it to the west. At that time, it was known that the arabs were in control over the islamic
empires. And It was not the abbasids, it was actually the remnants of the umayyads, who were in
control of spain. Because of that, this area was considered as a center of learning. There's another
mathematicians, which al-marwazi and al buzjani from Baghdad. They came up with the six
trigonometry functions. They were not contemporaries of each other, but their constributions is very
influential in developing many mathematical theories, including many of the trigonometric identities
that we learned in high school.
This islamic empires between the 8th and 13th centuries is actually a very powerful bridge of
human knowledge. We can know how muslims took knowledge from the indians, the chinese, the
ancient greeks, providing enlightenment during the dark ages in europe, until finally Islam was able
to get the best development of science, and reached its golden age. In many historical sources, it is
written that During the middle ages, no other people made as important a contribution to human
progress as did the arabs. For the centuries, arabic was the lenguage, culture and intellectual progress
for all the whole of the civilized world with the exception of the far east. From the 9th to the 12th
century, there were more philosopical, medical, historical, works written in arabic than in any other
human tongue.
March, 2018
Thank you.