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Islam
The Islamic world is linguistically and ethnically diverse, with Arabic, Turkish, Farsi, and Malay spoken across West Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. While Arabic is the language of the Quran, it exists in many distinct dialects closer to separate languages. Islam originated in the 7th century AD in the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad. The religion's core beliefs are the five pillars of faith, and its doctrines are derived from the Quran and the hadith. Islam subsequently spread rapidly through conversion, trade, and military conquest across three continents. The Islamic world today continues to grapple with issues of secularism, religious extremism, and geopolitical conflicts.
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Islam
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- 2. The Islamic Worldis not at all a monolithic entity Nationality Language Family Arabs Semitic Turks, Central Asians Altaic Iranians, Pakistanis Indo-European Indonesians Malayo-Polynesian Sub-Saharan Africa Various
- 3. A Bit AboutArabic • Semitic Languages based on three-letter roots • Example: s-l-m, connotes wisdom, harmony – Salaam, peace – Suleiman (Solomon) – Islam (submission to divine will) – Muslim (one who submits to divine will)
- 4. A Bit AboutArabic • European languages modify words mostly through suffixes • Arabic relies extensively on prefixes as well – Hence there are no simple alphabetical dictionaries of Arabic • Arabic has numerous sounds not found in English • Arabic omits most short vowels in print • Arabic does not distinguish o and u clearly, or e and i. • There is no single way to transliterate Arabic and English
- 5. Imagine Rome NeverFell ….
- 6. Imagine Rome NeverFell …. • Now imagine all those people, as loyal Catholics, insisted they were still speaking Latin • That’s very much the story with Arabic – Written Arabic isn’t spoken – Spoken Arabic isn’t written – Arabic is the language of the Koran and all Arabic speakers insist they speak Arabic – Linguists would (and some do) subdivide Arabic into 5-6 distinct languages
- 7. Arabia in Mohammed'stime • Various tribal religions • Jewish communities • Christian communities, usually splinter sects
- 8. Mohammed • Born about570 in Mecca • About 610, claims to receive visions and messages. • These collected and written down about 650 as the Koran. • Flees to Medina, 622 (hegira) • Return to Mecca, 630 • Unified Arabia by the time of his death in 632
- 9. The Pillars ofIslam • 1. Creed • 2. Five daily prayers • 3. Alms • 4. Fasting during Ramadan • 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Haji denotes one who has made the Hajj • Some authorities add a sixth pillar: 6. Jihad or Holy War in defense of Islam. Means active opposition to evil and injustice, more than literal warfare.
- 10. Sources of IslamicDoctrine • Koran (from root meaning read or study) • Hadith (tradition): traditional sayings of Mohammed and other early followers – Tradition of the Mahdi • Sharia (way): Codified Islamic Law
- 11. The Koran • Aboutas long as the New Testament • 114 suras, arranged from longest to shortest • Most suras are collections of Mohammed’s teachings with no overall theme • Suras are labeled by distinctive or unusual words found in each • No historical chapters • Considered the definitive form of Arabic • Strictly speaking, cannot be translated, only paraphrased
- 12. The spread ofIslam Inherent appeal • Simplicity • Equality • Rights for Women • High moral teachings Jihad • Military skill • Good government • Tolerance Conversion Incentives • Tax on "People of the Book” - Originally Christians and Jews, later Hindus and certain other groups as well. • Forced conversion of pagans Trade • Indonesia and sub- Saharan Africa
- 13. The spread ofIslam
- 14. The World ofIslam
- 15. Schism about 700A.D. • Reasons: • Succession to Caliphate (Kalifa, successor; successor of Mohammed) • Incorporation of non-Koranic elements into Islam • Worldliness of Caliphs, discrimination against non- Arab Muslims • Shiites (shia: party or faction) about 10% (mostly Iran) • Fundamentalist? • Sunnites (Sunna: beaten path) about 90%
- 16. Effects of Islam •Preserve classical learning • Innovations in astronomy and mathematics • Link between East and West • "Arabic" numbers from India • Trigonometry also from India • Sanctuary for Judaism
- 17. A Few ArabicContributions • Alcohol • Alkali • Alchemy • Benzine • Boron • Zircon • Jar • Alfalfa • Algorithm • Algebra • Almanac • Azimuth • Alidade • Most Star Names
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- 19. The Spanish Connection •Wadi-al-yahara (Valley of Flowing Water) Guadalajara • Al-ghattas (type of sea bird) Alcatraz (pelican) • Al-amir-al-bahr (lord of the sea) Almirante Admiral • Jebel Tariq (Tariq’s mountain) Gibraltar • Much “Spanish” architecture is actually Arabic
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- 22. The Islamic WorldToday • OIL! • Sunnite vs. Shiite • Secularism vs. Dogmatism • Russian Southward Expansionism. Began in 1700's. Temporarily(?) halted by collapse of Soviet Union. • Terrorism: Shiite is not a synonym for "terrorist" or "extremist." • Israel and the Palestinian Problem