This study examines the impact of national culture on two key dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation: risk taking and proactiveness. Specifically, it explores the relationships between four cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and power distance) and risk taking/proactiveness. Ten hypotheses are developed and tested using data from 1,048 small-to-medium firms across six countries. Multivariate regression finds that uncertainty avoidance and power distance negatively influence risk-taking and proactiveness, while individualism negatively impacts proactiveness. The results provide insights into how cultural values shape entrepreneurial behaviors.

2. MS Marketing 2nd
Institute of Business & Management Science,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Aaqib
Shahbaz Butt
2014-ag-9086
Muhammad
Shahid Ayub
2014-ag-9413
Today’s
Presenters

3. Courteous Thanks to
Dr. Abdul Ghafor
Assistant Professor
Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad

4. Authors
Patrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

5. 1. Risk-taking: Acting to projects with uncertain
outcomes.
2. Proactiveness: Those actions to anticipate future
Entrepreneurial orientation is usually defined as a
multidimensional construct, applied at the organizational
level.

6. Authors
Patrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

7. Culture is a system of collective values that
distinguishes the members of one group from
another.1. Uncertainty Avoidance: Tolerance level for
uncertainty.
2. Individualism: Individual & Collectivity culture in
organization.
3. Masculinity: Masculine & Famine culture of
organization

8. Uncertainty Avoidance: Individualism:
Masculinity: Power Distance:
Cultur
e

9. Authors
Patrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

10. • The concept of risk taking has frequently been
associated with entrepreneurial behavior.
• The commitment to venturing and receptivity to
the idea of starting a venture.

11. Authors
Patrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

12. • Acting Advance for a future issue and taking control on
future.
• Effectuation theory who belief that If I can control the
future, I do not need to predict it

13. Authors
Patrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

14. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

16.  This study examines the impact of cultural values on two key
dimensions of entrepreneurship: risk taking and
proactiveness.
 Expected relationships between four cultural dimensions
and risk taking & proactiveness within SMEs that creates 8
Hypotheses.
 This study explore between-country differences in the
relationship between risk taking and proactiveness that creates
2 Hypotheses.
 This study utilizes data from 1,048 firms that are owned by

17. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

19.  The primary purpose of this study is to assess national culture
plays a significant role in determining the level of risk
taking and proactive firm behaviors displayed by small- to
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
 To understand the cultural impacts on entrepreneurial
behavior particularly in Risk Taking & Proactiveness.
 While previously no any empirical research conducted
to examining the relationship between national culture and the other
two dimensions of EO.
 Hypotheses that are used in this study are generated by the

20. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

22. Hypothesis 4:
The level of
power distance
in a culture will
be negatively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
1. Relationship
Between Risk
Taking and Culture
Values
Risk Taking and
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Risk Taking and
Individualism
Risk Taking and
Masculinity
Risk Taking and
Power Distance
Theory and Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1:
Uncertainty
avoidance in a
culture will be
negatively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
Hypothesis 2:
The level of
individualism in
a culture will be
positively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
Hypothesis 3:
The level of
masculinity in a
culture will be
positively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.

23. Hypothesis 8: The level of
power distance in a culture
will be negatively associated
with proactive firm behaviors.
2. Relationship
Between
Proactiveness &
Culture Values
Proactiveness
and Uncertainty
Avoidance
Proactiveness
and
Individualism
Proactiveness
and Masculinity
Proactiveness
and Power
Distance
Hypothesis 5: The level of
uncertainty avoidance in a
culture will be negatively
associated with proactive firm
behaviors.
Hypothesis 6: The level of
individualism in a culture will
be negatively associated with
proactive firm behaviors.
Hypothesis 7: The level of
masculinity in a culture will be
positively associated with
proactive firm behaviors.
Theory and Hypotheses Cont…

24. The Impact of Institutions
Hypothesis 10:
Institutional
variables will be
significant
predictors of
between country
differences in
levels of
proactive firm
behaviors.
3. Country
Difference
s
Proactiv
e
Risk
Taking
Hypothesis 9: Institutional
variables will be significant
predictors of between country
differences in levels of
organizational risk taking.
Theory and Hypotheses Cont…

25. Risk Taking
Proactiveness
Cultural
Dimensio
ns
Uncertain
ty
Avoidanc
e
Individualis
m
Masculini
ty
Power
Distanc
e
Country
Differenc
es
GDP
Factor
s
Technology
Dependen
t
Variables
Independen
t Variables
Theoretical Frame Work & Varia

26. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

28.  Sample collected from independently owned SMEs
who are the real entrepreneur and running solely business.
 On this topic samples consisted of six countries (Australia,
Costa Rica, and Indonesia, Norway, Sweden, and
Netherlands.
 Selected countries sample representing of cultural
attributes.
Make a lists of SMEs of six countries were established
through the use of national databases, membership

29.  A stratified random sampling process was utilized
with the stratification based on industry.
 Firms were randomly selected from fourteen
industries.
 A two-wave mailing process was utilized.
 Surveys were first mailed to all of the firms randomly.
 Second time mailings to those who don’t responded
first wave.
 The survey instrument employed in this study was
developed in English and then underwent a double
back-translation process.
 Items were translated into major language of each non-
English

30. Items Australi
a
Cost
a
Indonesi
a
Netherland
s
Norwa
y
Swede
n
Tota
l
Survey
s
Return
ed
206 87 285 131 433 180 1322
Survey
s Sent
973 435 890 300 2465 600 5663
Respon
se Rate
21.2% 20.0% 32.0% 43.7% 17.6% 30.0% 23.3
%
Usable
Respon
se
84 63 246 116 380 34.82 47.87
Finding Usable Response from sample

31. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

33. • Multivariate regression model is used for testing
the impact of cultural values on both risk taking and
proactive behavior.
• There are 2 dependent variable and more than 2
independent variables.
• With help of Multivariate regression model we
can check the significance relationship between the all

34. Hypothesis 4:
The level of
power distance
in a culture will
be negatively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
Hypothesis 1:
Uncertainty
avoidance in a
culture will be
negatively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
Hypothesis 2:
The level of
individualism in
a culture will be
positively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
Hypothesis 3:
The level of
masculinity in a
culture will be
positively
associated with
organizational
risk taking.
NOT
SUPPORTIVE
NOT
SUPPORTIVE
Model Risk Taking
Independent
Variables
Coefficien
t
Standard
Error
Uncertainty
avoidance
-.02** .01
Individualism .01 .01
Masculinity .01 .01
Power distance -.03* .01
Multivariate Regression
Results
* Less
Significant
** Significant
***

35. Model Proactiveness
Independent
Variables
Coefficien
t
Standard
Error
Uncertainty
avoidance
-.02* .01
Individualism -.02** .01
Masculinity .02 .01
Power distance -.08** .02
Hypothesis 8: The level of
power distance in a culture
will be negatively associated
with proactive firm behaviors.
Hypothesis 5: The level of
uncertainty avoidance in a
culture will be negatively
associated with proactive firm
behaviors.
Hypothesis 6: The level of
individualism in a culture will
be negatively associated with
proactive firm behaviors.
Hypothesis 7: The level of
masculinity in a culture will be
positively associated with
proactive firm behaviors.
NOT
SUPPORTIVE
Multivariate
Regression Results

36. The Influence of National Culture on
Organizational Risk Taking and
ProactivenessHypothesi
s
Independent
Variable
Depende
nt
Variable
Hypothesize
d
Relationshi
p
Result
1 Uncertainty
avoidance
Risk taking Negative Supported
2 Individualism Risk taking Positive Not
supported
3 Masculinity Risk taking Positive Not
supported
4 Power distance Risk taking Negative Supported
5 Uncertainty
avoidance
Proactiveness Negative Supported
6 Individualism Proactiveness Negative Supported
7 Masculinity Proactiveness Positive Not
supported

37. OUTLINES OF
PRESENTATION
Abstract Introduction
Theory and
Hypotheses
 Purpose of Study
 Overview of Study
 Route of Study
Methodology
 So the point is…
 Game Zone
 Credits
 Random Sampling
 Data Collection
Method
 Usable Sample
 Relationship Between
Culture Dimension with
Risk Taking.
 Relationship between
Culture Dimensions &
Proactiveness
 Relationship of Institutional
variable with Risk Taking &
Proactiveness.
 Theoretical Framework.
ConclusionFindings
 Summary of Study
 Introduction to
Variables
 Direction of Study
 Multivariate
Regression.
 Summary of Results
 Rejection & Selection of

39.  This research has suggested an important link
between culture and entrepreneurial activity.
 This study has developed framework for
relationship between cultural values, the institutions
and two key dimensions of EO.
 Uncertainty avoidance and power distance were both
found to have a significant and negative influence on
risk-taking.
 Uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and power distance
were found to negatively influence proactive firm

40. ?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

41. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

42. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

43. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
B. Impact of literature on
Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

44. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
B. Impact of literature on
Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
C. Impact of Culture on
Risk Taking and
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

45. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
D. Impact of Innovations
on Risk Taking and
B. Impact of literature on
Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
C. Impact of Culture on
Risk Taking and
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

46. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
D. Impact of Innovations
on Risk Taking and
B. Impact of literature on
Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
C. Impact of Culture on
Risk Taking and
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

47. What type of impact is examined in this research
paper on Entrepreneurial Orientation
Dimensions?
A. Impact of Entrepreneurship
on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
D. Impact of Innovations
on Risk Taking and
B. Impact of literature on
Risk Taking and
Proactiveness
C. Impact of Culture on
Risk Taking and
?
Rs. 10,000,000/-
PKR

49. Presenter
Aaqib Shahbaz Butt
(B.B.A in Banking & Finance from GCUF; Lecturer of Commerce)
Shahid Ayub
(BS in Commerce from GCUF; Own Business)
Presenting to
Dr. Abdul Ghafor (Assistant Professor at UAF)
Class of MS Marketing 2nd & 3rd
Research Paper
Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and
Proactiveness in SMEs
Acknowledgement
A Special thanks to Sir. Abdul Ghafor for supporting us and giving guide line in beautiful environment, thanks
Sir.
A Big thanks to my Teacher, Class Fellow & Friend Mr. Izhar ul Haq
Dedication
We dedicate this presentation to our beloved parents.