Ischemic nephropathy (IN), also known as azotemic renovascular disease, is impairment of renal function caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys beyond occlusive disease of the main renal arteries. The most common causes are atherosclerotic renal vascular disease (ASRVD) and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). IN is more prevalent with increasing age and can lead to end-stage renal disease in 12% of cases. Clinical features that suggest IN include treatment-resistant hypertension and worsening renal function. Diagnosis involves Doppler ultrasound or angiography. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and protect renal function through medication, angioplasty, stenting or surgery depending on the
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Renal artery stenosis is the leading cause of secondary hypertension and may lead to :
Resistant (refractory) hypertension,
Progressive decline in renal function, and
Cardiac destabilization syndromes (Flash pulmonary edema, recurrent heart failure, or acute coronary syndromes)
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Renal artery stenosis is the leading cause of secondary hypertension and may lead to :
Resistant (refractory) hypertension,
Progressive decline in renal function, and
Cardiac destabilization syndromes (Flash pulmonary edema, recurrent heart failure, or acute coronary syndromes)
HELLO FRIENDS HERE CAUSES OF HEMATURIA IS HERE MANAGEMENT IN NEXT PRESENTATION ...YOU CAN SEE AND SUBSCRIBE OVER YOU TUBE ...LEARN UROLOGY IS CHANNEL NAME
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Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) in Adults and Acute Kidney Injury - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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HELLO FRIENDS HERE CAUSES OF HEMATURIA IS HERE MANAGEMENT IN NEXT PRESENTATION ...YOU CAN SEE AND SUBSCRIBE OVER YOU TUBE ...LEARN UROLOGY IS CHANNEL NAME
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Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) in Adults and Acute Kidney Injury - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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carotid stenosis is a progressive gradual narrowing of carotid artery resulting in TIA and stroke. managemnet of this is challenging owing to various factors and different management options available to choose from.
Renal Color Doppler Ultrasound.
After studying this presentation one will be able to perform and interpret ultrasound.
This presntation in my opinion is best short analog to text.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
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Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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3. Definition
• The term “ischemic nephropathy” (IN) means impairment of
renal function beyond occlusive disease of the main renal
arteries
• Azotemic renovascular disease” is other term coined by
some authors suggesting that loss of renal viability may not
directly be associated with impairment in oxygenation of
renal tissue as less than 10% of the blood is needed to fulfill
the metabolic requirement
4. • Renovascular hypertension is defined as a syndrome of
elevated BP (systolic and/or diastolic) produced by any
condition that interferes with arterial circulation to the
kidneys.
• Of the conditions that may produce the syndrome of RVH,
main vessel RA stenosis is by far the most common. The two
major causes of main renal artery disease are fibromuscular
dysplasia (FMD) and atherosclerotic renal vascular disease
(ASRVD).
5. Epidemiology
• Mean age of patients with IN to be 68.7 years of which
97.4% were hypertensive, 69.8% smokers and 62.95% having
hypercholesterolemia, evidences of atherosclerosis at other
vascular beds in 82% of these patients, 65% showing
peripheral arteriopathy.
• The prevalence of IN has been found to be increasing with
age and was found to be responsible for 5%-22% cases of
renal dysfunction in patients above 50 years. 12%
progressing to ESRD with an average decline in GFR of 8
mL/min
6. • In patients undergoing angiography of the peripheral or
coronary circulation, ASRVD is found in 11% to 42%.
• One population-based study of 870 patients older than 65
screened with RA duplex ultrasound found a 6.8%
prevalence of ASRVD, defined as greater than 60% stenosis.
• Autopsy series report an overall prevalence of 4% to 20%,
with progressively higher rates for those older than 60 years
(25% to 30%) and 75 years (40% to 60%).
7. • RA stenosis from ASRVD contributes to the decline in renal
function in 15% to 22% of patients reaching ESRD.
• The prevalence of clinically apparent renovascular FMD is
estimated at 4 in 1000, with a lower prevalence of
cerebrovascular involvement of 1 in 1000.
• Screening angiography in potential kidney donors suggest that
FMD observed in 3% to 6% of individuals.
• FMD has a female predilection( 90%). FMD is commoner in
whites than in blacks. The mean age of onset of hypertension 43
years.
• Familial FMD occurs in approximately 10% of patients and
autosomal dominant inheritance
13. Clinical features
When to suspect?
• Onset of hypertension at >55 years of age
• Accelerated, treatment resistant or malignant hypertension
• Unexplained difference in kidney size >1.5 cm
• Recurrent unexplained pulmonary edema
• Worsening renal function after ACE inhibitor treatment
• Unexplained renal dysfunction
• Evidence of peripheral artery disease or CAD
14. ASRVD (atherosclerotic renal vascular disease )
• Atherosclerotic plaque often arises in the first or second centimeter
of the renal artery or may extend from the aorta into the renal
ostium.
• Predictors of ASRVD include a history of hypertension, presence of
renal functional impairment.
• coexisting vascular or coronary artery disease, the presence of
abdominal bruits, and a history of smoking. RA lesions are bilateral in
20% to 40% of such patients.
15.
16. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
• Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory,
nonatherosclerotic arteriopathy and the second most
common cause of RVH.
• It usually involves the middle to distal renal artery or
branches. The vascular distribution of FMD involves primarily
the renal and cerebral arteries.
• Renal arteries are involved with FMD in 65% to 70% of cases.
Bilateral RA disease is seen in 25% to 35% of adult cases.
17.
18. NATURAL HISTORY
• ASRVD typically progresses over 2 to 5 years.
• Over 4 to 5 years, 6% to 16% of stenoses advance to
occlusion.
• Progression is most likely in patients with more than 60%
stenosis.
• Follow-up studies of patients with incidentally detected,
highgrade RA stenosis (>70%) treated medically indicate that
fewer than 10% required later revascularization for
intractable hypertension.
• Another report noted that few patients with incidental RA
stenosis progressed to ESRD over follow-up of 8 to 9 years.
19. • Retrospective analyses report 3-year to 5-year mortality
rates of 30% to 35% in patients with RA stenosis, largely
caused by cardiovascular events or cerebrovascular accident.
• In follow-up of more than 1200 patients who underwent
coronary and renal angiography, patients with RA stenosis
had a 65% 4-year survival versus 85% for those without RA
stenosis at catheterization.
• The 5- and 10-year survival rates for patients reaching ESRD
caused by IRD are as low as 18% and 5%, respectively
20. • It appears that up to 27% of patients may demonstrate
angiographic progression of FMD when serial studies are
undertaken.
• This appears to be limited to younger patients, with few
patients developing new or progressive lesions after age 50
years.
• FMD rarely causes ESRD unless hypertension remains
uncontrolled or thrombosis or dissection of the renal vessel
results in renal infarction.
• Renal cortical atrophy has been reported in more than half
ofpatients with untreated FMD
23. TREATMENT
• The main aim of treatment
is to reduce cardiovascular
mortality, to improve or
stabilize renal function and
blood pressure control.
• Treatment options include
medication, surgical
reconstruction and
transluminal angioplasty
with or without stenting.
24.
25. • Medication having proven role in preventing cardiovascular
mortality including statins, renin angiotensin antagonists,
and low dose aspirin are also effective in secondary
prevention of IN
• patients who received reninangiotensin antagonists had a
lower incidence of death and cardiovascular events, a higher
incidence of AKI and a lower incidence of long-term dialysis
than patients who did not receive such treatment
26.
27.
28. • Revascularization should be considered in RAS with rapid
worsening of renal function or resistant HTN (4 or more
antiHTNsive agents especially in the setting of CHF or
recurrent flash pulmonary edema).
• When the kidney size is <8.0 cm long or the RI is >0.80,
there is little chance of BP improvement or recovery of GFR.
29. • Angioplasty has a better blood pressure outcome and is thus
more strongly indicated in fibromuscular dysplasia than in
atherosclerotic RAS.
• The standard procedure for revascularization involves
balloon angioplasty, and, if necessary, stent placement.
• For patients with a macroaneurysm (an aneurysm larger
than 2 cm in diameter) or with complex lesions that affect
segmental arteries,surgical reconstruction is indicated
33. The study concluded that revascularization may be of
benefit in patients with anatomically significant RAS
who present with rapidly deteriorating renal function,
especially in the presence of severe bilateral ARVD or
<1 g/day proteinuria.