The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) aims to strengthen protections for US intellectual property but has generated controversy over its impact on freedom of expression and the open Internet. While supporters believe SOPA will safeguard US innovation, jobs, and revenues, opponents argue it could undermine the dynamic nature of the Internet and innovation. A vote on SOPA was postponed in January 2012 amid protests from websites and technology firms. The bill's proponents are now re-examining its language to address concerns raised.
This document summarizes a white paper on cyber crime within the South African government. It discusses the growing problem of identity theft and hacking within government systems. It outlines the Cool Frog Cyber Project, which was authorized to target and disrupt international crime syndicates hijacking identities to enable financial crimes. The project profiled 4 linked syndicates, analyzed threats, and achieved several arrests and convictions. It discusses investigative methods like searches, hardware key loggers, and working with partners like law enforcement. The document recommends improving security measures, vetting, and training to better address cyber crimes within government.
Aba gp solo magazine schumann technology article-20160319_as publishedRalph Schumann
I am very happy that my article, entitled "How Real Estate Lawyers Can Use Technology to Guard Against Security and Compliance Threats", has been published in the current issue of the American Bar Association's GPSolo magazine.
This document discusses developing a legal framework to combat cybercrime. It addresses the need to balance privacy protections and law enforcement investigative authority when dealing with cybercrimes. Some key points discussed include:
- Privacy is important for human rights and economic factors, but law enforcement needs authority to investigate crimes involving computer networks like terrorism or hacking.
- Law enforcement authority must have appropriate limits through procedural laws to prevent abuse while allowing for necessary investigations. Methods to limit authority include restricting the types of crimes investigated or requiring approval from independent parties.
- Economic burdens on third parties from assistance with investigations, like technical capabilities or costs, require consideration.
- Countries must decide their own framework that takes into account their legal traditions
The document discusses various topics related to computer forensics, including computer crime laws at both the federal and state levels, privacy issues, case law precedents, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and USA Patriot Act and how they relate to digital investigations and surveillance. It also provides examples of actual computer crimes that have been prosecuted and penalties under different statutes.
Legal Issues in Mobile Security Researchmarciahofmann
I gave this talk at CanSecWest in 2012. Abstract:
This presentation will identify and discuss sticky legal problems raised by researching the security of mobile devices. Using American law as a jumping-off point, I'll discuss common legal issues that arise in mobile security research such as jailbreaking, reverse engineering, and interception of communications. We'll also talk about practical ways to reduce the risks of your research so that you can go about your work with less potential for legal trouble.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, political considerations, and human rights that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document advocates for balancing free expression with privacy protections, and ensuring any international framework respects sovereign countries' privacy laws and principles of informed consent.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, censorship, and other sociopolitical considerations that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document argues that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be compromised, and that trade agreements should not be used to challenge legitimate privacy laws.
The document discusses several pieces of legislation related to e-commerce. The Fair Trade Act protects consumers from misrepresentation online. The Interstate Commerce Act regulates transportation of goods across state lines. The E-Privacy Act protects individual privacy in cyberspace. The Millennium Digital Commerce Act makes electronically signed contracts valid. The Telecommunications Act aims to keep the internet an unfettered free market. Accessibility legislation like Section 508 requires websites be accessible to those with disabilities.
This document summarizes a white paper on cyber crime within the South African government. It discusses the growing problem of identity theft and hacking within government systems. It outlines the Cool Frog Cyber Project, which was authorized to target and disrupt international crime syndicates hijacking identities to enable financial crimes. The project profiled 4 linked syndicates, analyzed threats, and achieved several arrests and convictions. It discusses investigative methods like searches, hardware key loggers, and working with partners like law enforcement. The document recommends improving security measures, vetting, and training to better address cyber crimes within government.
Aba gp solo magazine schumann technology article-20160319_as publishedRalph Schumann
I am very happy that my article, entitled "How Real Estate Lawyers Can Use Technology to Guard Against Security and Compliance Threats", has been published in the current issue of the American Bar Association's GPSolo magazine.
This document discusses developing a legal framework to combat cybercrime. It addresses the need to balance privacy protections and law enforcement investigative authority when dealing with cybercrimes. Some key points discussed include:
- Privacy is important for human rights and economic factors, but law enforcement needs authority to investigate crimes involving computer networks like terrorism or hacking.
- Law enforcement authority must have appropriate limits through procedural laws to prevent abuse while allowing for necessary investigations. Methods to limit authority include restricting the types of crimes investigated or requiring approval from independent parties.
- Economic burdens on third parties from assistance with investigations, like technical capabilities or costs, require consideration.
- Countries must decide their own framework that takes into account their legal traditions
The document discusses various topics related to computer forensics, including computer crime laws at both the federal and state levels, privacy issues, case law precedents, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and USA Patriot Act and how they relate to digital investigations and surveillance. It also provides examples of actual computer crimes that have been prosecuted and penalties under different statutes.
Legal Issues in Mobile Security Researchmarciahofmann
I gave this talk at CanSecWest in 2012. Abstract:
This presentation will identify and discuss sticky legal problems raised by researching the security of mobile devices. Using American law as a jumping-off point, I'll discuss common legal issues that arise in mobile security research such as jailbreaking, reverse engineering, and interception of communications. We'll also talk about practical ways to reduce the risks of your research so that you can go about your work with less potential for legal trouble.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, political considerations, and human rights that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document advocates for balancing free expression with privacy protections, and ensuring any international framework respects sovereign countries' privacy laws and principles of informed consent.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, censorship, and other sociopolitical considerations that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document argues that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be compromised, and that trade agreements should not be used to challenge legitimate privacy laws.
The document discusses several pieces of legislation related to e-commerce. The Fair Trade Act protects consumers from misrepresentation online. The Interstate Commerce Act regulates transportation of goods across state lines. The E-Privacy Act protects individual privacy in cyberspace. The Millennium Digital Commerce Act makes electronically signed contracts valid. The Telecommunications Act aims to keep the internet an unfettered free market. Accessibility legislation like Section 508 requires websites be accessible to those with disabilities.
Intellectual property in_federal_contractsPravin Asar
Cutting edge technology is a driving force behind America’s sustained economic growth; domestic technology and knowledge-based markets are growing at unprecedented rates; new markets are opening to American goods under the influence of free-trade treaties; and companies that specialize in high technology are increasingly global in scope and reach. United States Government has played and continues to play very significant role in the development of these, being the biggest consumer of the cutting edge technology. In today’s marketplace, the private sector is also significant contributor. Some of the good examples are Internet and Wireless technology, which has fueled the growth digital age.
The United States Constitution gives the rights to the government to protect the technology and innovations which are the key to maintaining competitive edge over other nations. One of the “Bills Of Rights” is the protection of copyrights and patents, or what we now call “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)”.
The document discusses China's intellectual property laws and enforcement efforts. It provides details on China's basic IP laws regarding patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other areas. It also describes China's government agencies that handle registration and enforcement of IP rights. While legal frameworks are now in place, challenges remain regarding implementation and enforcement, though the government is taking steps like new enforcement campaigns. Foreign stakeholders generally remain dissatisfied with enforcement.
China has strengthened its intellectual property laws and regulations over the past decade to better protect copyrights, patents, and trademarks. Enforcement remains a challenge, but authorities have launched campaigns targeting IP violations and courts are handing out larger penalties. While progress has been made, foreign businesses remain dissatisfied with enforcement and see copyright cases in particular as still receiving little attention from courts or officials.
The document discusses two French laws, Hadopi #1 and #2, which established the High Authority for the Dissemination of Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet (HADOPI) to address internet piracy through a three-strike warning system and allow for the suspension of internet access, with Hadopi #2 delegating sanctioning power to criminal courts.
Describing the paradigm shift of Information security at Mass Internet age.
Bot Net Order look like Order 66.
What are "New Hopes " of cyber warfare ?
Marcia Hofmann is a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, where she works on a broad range of digital civil liberties issues including computer security, electronic privacy, free expression, and copyright. She is also a non-residential fellow at the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society and an adjunct professor at the University of California Hastings College of the Law. She tweets about law and technology issues at @marciahofmann.
The document discusses various aspects of piracy on the internet, including music piracy. It defines piracy as the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of electronic media. Music piracy specifically refers to the illegal duplication and distribution of sound recordings. Common ways music is pirated include downloading from the internet or peer-to-peer networks, passing copies between people, and illegal recordings. The document also discusses the consequences of music piracy, punishments, and ways copyrights are protected, such as through digital rights management and intellectual property laws.
Chapter 5 - Developments in Multimedia and Internet Licensing - The Licensing...Tim Hsieh
Chapter 5, "Developments in Multimedia and Internet Licensing" in the treatise The Licensing Update (2009) (Aspen Publishers). By Leonard T. Nuara, Daniel A. Feuerstein, Wendy M. Mantell and Timothy T. Hsieh.
Sector Focus; Information Technology; Issue 1 February 2010kapil_arora
The document discusses how Indian technology companies voluntarily accept compliance with foreign data protection laws as a business necessity when outsourcing work abroad. It also notes expedited refund procedures put in place by the Indian government to help IT export companies claim refunds of accumulated service tax credits more quickly. The document provides commentary on the need for India to establish comprehensive domestic data protection laws that meet global standards.
This document discusses piracy and its various forms. It defines piracy as the illegal replication of original content for commercial gain without consent. There are two main types of piracy: distribution through physical networks like markets or shops, and online distribution through file sharing sites, P2P networks, and websites. While piracy provides low-cost access, it leads to major losses for copyright owners and enables misuse of content that can't be traced. The document advocates combating piracy through public awareness campaigns, digital watermarking techniques, and secure audio formats.
The document discusses intellectual property law in California. It summarizes that Congress has the power to establish patent and copyright laws, while states can pass additional laws to protect intellectual property. California specifically allows for actions related to conversion, misappropriation, and breach of contract regarding intellectual property. The document also discusses how the California Attorney General's office investigates antitrust cases involving intellectual property and prosecutes intellectual property crimes.
India has implemented regulations around money laundering such as FEMA and PMLA, but enforcement remains weak and prosecutions are rare. Rampant corruption has been the main reason for lax enforcement. Recent steps by the current administration include a bill to curb black money and an agreement with the US for greater tax transparency. However, more stringent application of existing laws is still needed. It will take time to establish a robust regulatory environment in India due to challenges such as a large informal economy and porous borders.
This document provides a summary of legislative updates related to technology, internet, and privacy from a February 14, 2018 interest group call. It discusses proposed legislation around net neutrality, sex trafficking and online classified sites, and other bills around email privacy, cybersecurity for small businesses, and regulating online political ads. Critics argue some bills may have unintended consequences, while supporters say they aim to curb illegal activity without stifling innovation. The status and details of several bills are outlined.
The document outlines Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which defines and penalizes cybercrimes such as illegal access, cybersex, and libel. It establishes the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center to investigate cybercrimes and allows law enforcement to collect traffic data with a court order. The law was controversial due to introducing internet libel as an offense and was temporarily blocked by the Supreme Court.
The document discusses legal issues related to e-commerce and the internet in Latin America and Mexico. It notes that while many laws have been amended to enable electronic transactions, regulation of important areas like privacy, cybercrime, and labor law are still lacking or poorly developed. Emerging technologies like social media are also creating new challenges regarding liability for user content. The document advocates for self-regulatory approaches and international principles on privacy and data protection to address weaknesses in Mexican law.
Personal Data Privacy and Information SecurityCharles Mok
The document discusses personal data protection, privacy, and information security issues in Hong Kong. It provides an overview of Hong Kong's Personal Data Protection Ordinance, which regulates the handling of personal data and establishes six data protection principles. It notes incidents of data leakage in Hong Kong and emerging issues around topics like social media, online anonymity, and information security threats potentially posed by governments. Resources on privacy and information security in Hong Kong are also listed.
Unit 5 Intellectual Property Protection in CyberspaceTushar Rajput
The document discusses various aspects of intellectual property, including copyright, trademarks, patents, and databases. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the different types of intellectual property, the rights they provide, and how intellectual property laws apply in areas like the internet and new technologies. The document is intended to serve as an overview and introduction to intellectual property for non-experts.
This document summarizes a presentation on cybercrime. It defines cybercrime and discusses the underground economy where cybercriminals buy and sell stolen data and hacking tools. It provides statistics on the top countries and sectors targeted by cyberattacks. Examples of cybercriminal business models are given, showing how they mimic legitimate business models. The types of stolen data for sale in cybercrime forums are listed, along with their typical price ranges.
The document discusses several case studies related to intellectual property rights (IPR) and cyberspace:
1) A domain name dispute case involving trademark issues in cyberspace, with cybersquatting defined as registering domain names to profit from another's goodwill.
2) A 1999 case of passing off involving Yahoo! and trademark infringement.
3) A meta-tagging issue case where including other companies' names in website meta tags was found to infringe trademarks.
4) A copyright infringement case where one news site embedded and linked to pages from another news site without permission.
New FAR Clause Establishes Minimum Data Security Requirements for Federal Con...Patton Boggs LLP
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Council has proposed a new clause that establishes minimum data security requirements for federal contractors. The clause requires contractors to implement seven basic cybersecurity safeguards to protect nonpublic government information, such as access controls, encryption, media sanitization, and malware protection. While general, the new requirements will obligate contractors to review their IT systems, facilities, employee practices, and subcontractors to ensure compliance. The Department of Defense and General Services Administration already have their own, more specific cybersecurity rules for contractors that take precedence over the new FAR clause.
1) The PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) aimed to curb online piracy but faced strong opposition.
2) Internet companies mobilized users against the bills through website blackouts and petitions, convincing many in Congress the bills could damage the internet.
3) With bipartisan support eroding, both bills were shelved in January 2012 due to concerns they could undermine free speech, national security, and internet stability.
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
Intellectual property in_federal_contractsPravin Asar
Cutting edge technology is a driving force behind America’s sustained economic growth; domestic technology and knowledge-based markets are growing at unprecedented rates; new markets are opening to American goods under the influence of free-trade treaties; and companies that specialize in high technology are increasingly global in scope and reach. United States Government has played and continues to play very significant role in the development of these, being the biggest consumer of the cutting edge technology. In today’s marketplace, the private sector is also significant contributor. Some of the good examples are Internet and Wireless technology, which has fueled the growth digital age.
The United States Constitution gives the rights to the government to protect the technology and innovations which are the key to maintaining competitive edge over other nations. One of the “Bills Of Rights” is the protection of copyrights and patents, or what we now call “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)”.
The document discusses China's intellectual property laws and enforcement efforts. It provides details on China's basic IP laws regarding patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other areas. It also describes China's government agencies that handle registration and enforcement of IP rights. While legal frameworks are now in place, challenges remain regarding implementation and enforcement, though the government is taking steps like new enforcement campaigns. Foreign stakeholders generally remain dissatisfied with enforcement.
China has strengthened its intellectual property laws and regulations over the past decade to better protect copyrights, patents, and trademarks. Enforcement remains a challenge, but authorities have launched campaigns targeting IP violations and courts are handing out larger penalties. While progress has been made, foreign businesses remain dissatisfied with enforcement and see copyright cases in particular as still receiving little attention from courts or officials.
The document discusses two French laws, Hadopi #1 and #2, which established the High Authority for the Dissemination of Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet (HADOPI) to address internet piracy through a three-strike warning system and allow for the suspension of internet access, with Hadopi #2 delegating sanctioning power to criminal courts.
Describing the paradigm shift of Information security at Mass Internet age.
Bot Net Order look like Order 66.
What are "New Hopes " of cyber warfare ?
Marcia Hofmann is a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, where she works on a broad range of digital civil liberties issues including computer security, electronic privacy, free expression, and copyright. She is also a non-residential fellow at the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society and an adjunct professor at the University of California Hastings College of the Law. She tweets about law and technology issues at @marciahofmann.
The document discusses various aspects of piracy on the internet, including music piracy. It defines piracy as the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of electronic media. Music piracy specifically refers to the illegal duplication and distribution of sound recordings. Common ways music is pirated include downloading from the internet or peer-to-peer networks, passing copies between people, and illegal recordings. The document also discusses the consequences of music piracy, punishments, and ways copyrights are protected, such as through digital rights management and intellectual property laws.
Chapter 5 - Developments in Multimedia and Internet Licensing - The Licensing...Tim Hsieh
Chapter 5, "Developments in Multimedia and Internet Licensing" in the treatise The Licensing Update (2009) (Aspen Publishers). By Leonard T. Nuara, Daniel A. Feuerstein, Wendy M. Mantell and Timothy T. Hsieh.
Sector Focus; Information Technology; Issue 1 February 2010kapil_arora
The document discusses how Indian technology companies voluntarily accept compliance with foreign data protection laws as a business necessity when outsourcing work abroad. It also notes expedited refund procedures put in place by the Indian government to help IT export companies claim refunds of accumulated service tax credits more quickly. The document provides commentary on the need for India to establish comprehensive domestic data protection laws that meet global standards.
This document discusses piracy and its various forms. It defines piracy as the illegal replication of original content for commercial gain without consent. There are two main types of piracy: distribution through physical networks like markets or shops, and online distribution through file sharing sites, P2P networks, and websites. While piracy provides low-cost access, it leads to major losses for copyright owners and enables misuse of content that can't be traced. The document advocates combating piracy through public awareness campaigns, digital watermarking techniques, and secure audio formats.
The document discusses intellectual property law in California. It summarizes that Congress has the power to establish patent and copyright laws, while states can pass additional laws to protect intellectual property. California specifically allows for actions related to conversion, misappropriation, and breach of contract regarding intellectual property. The document also discusses how the California Attorney General's office investigates antitrust cases involving intellectual property and prosecutes intellectual property crimes.
India has implemented regulations around money laundering such as FEMA and PMLA, but enforcement remains weak and prosecutions are rare. Rampant corruption has been the main reason for lax enforcement. Recent steps by the current administration include a bill to curb black money and an agreement with the US for greater tax transparency. However, more stringent application of existing laws is still needed. It will take time to establish a robust regulatory environment in India due to challenges such as a large informal economy and porous borders.
This document provides a summary of legislative updates related to technology, internet, and privacy from a February 14, 2018 interest group call. It discusses proposed legislation around net neutrality, sex trafficking and online classified sites, and other bills around email privacy, cybersecurity for small businesses, and regulating online political ads. Critics argue some bills may have unintended consequences, while supporters say they aim to curb illegal activity without stifling innovation. The status and details of several bills are outlined.
The document outlines Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which defines and penalizes cybercrimes such as illegal access, cybersex, and libel. It establishes the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center to investigate cybercrimes and allows law enforcement to collect traffic data with a court order. The law was controversial due to introducing internet libel as an offense and was temporarily blocked by the Supreme Court.
The document discusses legal issues related to e-commerce and the internet in Latin America and Mexico. It notes that while many laws have been amended to enable electronic transactions, regulation of important areas like privacy, cybercrime, and labor law are still lacking or poorly developed. Emerging technologies like social media are also creating new challenges regarding liability for user content. The document advocates for self-regulatory approaches and international principles on privacy and data protection to address weaknesses in Mexican law.
Personal Data Privacy and Information SecurityCharles Mok
The document discusses personal data protection, privacy, and information security issues in Hong Kong. It provides an overview of Hong Kong's Personal Data Protection Ordinance, which regulates the handling of personal data and establishes six data protection principles. It notes incidents of data leakage in Hong Kong and emerging issues around topics like social media, online anonymity, and information security threats potentially posed by governments. Resources on privacy and information security in Hong Kong are also listed.
Unit 5 Intellectual Property Protection in CyberspaceTushar Rajput
The document discusses various aspects of intellectual property, including copyright, trademarks, patents, and databases. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the different types of intellectual property, the rights they provide, and how intellectual property laws apply in areas like the internet and new technologies. The document is intended to serve as an overview and introduction to intellectual property for non-experts.
This document summarizes a presentation on cybercrime. It defines cybercrime and discusses the underground economy where cybercriminals buy and sell stolen data and hacking tools. It provides statistics on the top countries and sectors targeted by cyberattacks. Examples of cybercriminal business models are given, showing how they mimic legitimate business models. The types of stolen data for sale in cybercrime forums are listed, along with their typical price ranges.
The document discusses several case studies related to intellectual property rights (IPR) and cyberspace:
1) A domain name dispute case involving trademark issues in cyberspace, with cybersquatting defined as registering domain names to profit from another's goodwill.
2) A 1999 case of passing off involving Yahoo! and trademark infringement.
3) A meta-tagging issue case where including other companies' names in website meta tags was found to infringe trademarks.
4) A copyright infringement case where one news site embedded and linked to pages from another news site without permission.
New FAR Clause Establishes Minimum Data Security Requirements for Federal Con...Patton Boggs LLP
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Council has proposed a new clause that establishes minimum data security requirements for federal contractors. The clause requires contractors to implement seven basic cybersecurity safeguards to protect nonpublic government information, such as access controls, encryption, media sanitization, and malware protection. While general, the new requirements will obligate contractors to review their IT systems, facilities, employee practices, and subcontractors to ensure compliance. The Department of Defense and General Services Administration already have their own, more specific cybersecurity rules for contractors that take precedence over the new FAR clause.
1) The PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) aimed to curb online piracy but faced strong opposition.
2) Internet companies mobilized users against the bills through website blackouts and petitions, convincing many in Congress the bills could damage the internet.
3) With bipartisan support eroding, both bills were shelved in January 2012 due to concerns they could undermine free speech, national security, and internet stability.
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
This document discusses several alternatives for developing more effective enforcement of American copyrights in Asia and globally, such as private agreements between companies and ISPs, tracking high-volume pirates, litigation against distributors, and blacklisting IP addresses. It also notes the scale of online piracy, with Google alone receiving over 200 million DMCA takedown requests in 2014. Adaption is needed from industries to survive technological changes, as occurred with radio, TV, and the internet. The document provides an overview of US and international copyright law.
The Congressional International Anti-Piracy Caucus identifies Canada, China, Mexico, Russia, and Spain as countries of concern for copyright piracy in 2010. The document summarizes ongoing intellectual property protection issues in each country, such as lack of enforcement, legal loopholes exploited by pirates, physical and online piracy problems, and calls upon governments to strengthen laws and step up enforcement efforts against piracy.
1) The document discusses proposed legislation SOPA and PIPA which aim to curb internet piracy by blocking access to websites accused of copyright infringement.
2) It provides context on the history of internet piracy legislation including the shutdown of Napster and legal cases between the RIAA and Verizon.
3) The key concerns with SOPA and PIPA are that they give the government too much power to censor the internet and threaten innovation by collateraly affecting sites like Google, YouTube, and Wikipedia in addition to targeting piracy.
This document discusses social mobilization in Colombia against the proposed "Lleras Bill", which aims to regulate internet copyright infringement. It provides background on intellectual property policies and debates in Colombia. In response to the bill, which has faced criticism for restricting digital rights, online campaigns have emerged using hashtags like #leylleras to share information and organize opposition. Groups are working on alternative proposals to promote concepts like free culture and limit the bill's controversial punitive measures.
The document discusses social mobilization in Colombia against the proposed "Lleras Bill", which aims to regulate internet copyright infringement. Many sectors oppose the bill as it threatens basic rights like freedom of expression. Groups like RedPaTo2 and ReCrea are campaigning against the bill and proposing alternatives. The movement brings together people concerned with issues like free culture and software. While having some differences, the groups share concerns that the bill could lead to censorship and disproportionate punishment without due process. International organizations have also warned that the bill could restrict digital rights. The social response has included online campaigns, debates, and actions like those by the hacktivist group Anonymous. Congress is discussing revisions amid this public debate and mobilization.
This document provides an overview and analysis of ethical issues related to Canada's Copyright Modernization Act. The summary discusses:
1) The Act aims to balance copyright holders' rights with public access to information but its provisions around digital locks and the public domain threaten this balance.
2) Digital locks could undermine fair use provisions and limit access to information, even for legal uses. They also do not prevent infringement.
3) The Act fails to adequately address works in the public domain and crown copyright, limiting access to important public information.
4) Restricting access to information through an overbroad use of digital locks and an unclear treatment of the public domain could negatively impact culture by limiting the creative works individuals can
This document discusses several topics related to intellectual property crimes including counterfeiting, trade secret theft, and patent theft. It provides statistics on the scale of counterfeiting as a $600 billion problem costing US businesses $200-250 billion annually. It outlines various US federal laws criminalizing IP offenses and discusses international laws and enforcement efforts against IP crimes.
A Democratic member of the Maryland House of Delegates approved a new bill that would greatly expand authorities' ability to monitor communications like email and phone calls. She explained her support by saying that after 9/11, civil liberties concerns about monitoring jaywalkers no longer mattered. Critics argue the bill compromises privacy and civil liberties.
The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act and the Uniform Domain Name Di...tenesa
This document provides a summary of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) and the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) over their first decade of existence. It begins with an introduction on the increasing importance of the internet and domain names. It then discusses cybersquatting that led to the laws' enactment and an overview of domain name basics. The document analyzes the initial cases under the new laws and compares the ACPA and UDRP. It argues that after 10 years, the laws no longer adequately address new issues like social media squatting and need to adapt to continuing technological changes.
Ethics and legislation in the it industryjamiehaworth1
The document discusses several UK acts related to ethics and legislation in the IT industry. It covers the Copyright and Patents Act, which protects original creative works; the Computer Misuse Act, which criminalizes hacking and other unauthorized computer access; the Data Protection Act, which regulates how personal data can be collected and stored; and the role of the British Computer Society in promoting ethical practices. Specific scenarios are provided to illustrate how each act may apply in different situations involving issues like hacking, data breaches, and copyright infringement.
This document discusses how recent changes to patent law have harmed inventors and the US economy. It argues that large corporations have misled Congress and courts into enacting "patent reforms" that make it nearly impossible for inventors to protect their inventions or get a return on their work. As a result, the US patent system is no longer fueling innovation and job growth as it once did. Specifically, reforms have weakened the exclusive rights of patent holders and the presumption that patents are valid, damaging the ability of inventors to attract investment and enforce their patent rights against infringers. The document maintains this is stifling startups and harming the national economy.
The document discusses measures to combat patent trolls in the United States and Europe. It describes how patent trolls operate by acquiring vague patents and demanding licensing fees from companies. Several proposals have been made in the US to curb abusive patent lawsuits, including disclosure requirements, fee shifting, and patent examiner training. In Europe, there is debate around a unified patent system which some argue could spread patent trolls across the EU and allow quick injunctions. The document advocates for financial support for SMEs facing patent disputes.
Yar Chaikovsky ABA Section of Intellectual Property Law Division VII — Infor...Yar Chaikovsky
This document summarizes a report from the ABA Section of Intellectual Property Law's Committee 711 on Online Security & E-Privacy. The committee did not propose any resolutions in its second year. It is planning a CLE seminar on data breach notification for an upcoming ABA conference. The document then summarizes a subcommittee report on spyware that discusses defining spyware and existing federal spyware laws, including the Wiretap Act and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. It notes there was no consensus to propose a resolution on spyware legislation.
Regulatory Environment Surrounding EncryptionGovernments all ove.docxscuttsginette
Regulatory Environment Surrounding Encryption
Governments all over the world, including the U.S. government, have concerns about the use of encryption. This concern manifests itself in a range of regulatory challenges to the technology that limit or restrict its use. The concerns, and therefore the regulations, differ from nation to nation. One example of this comes from the early years of encryption in the United States. Diffie-Hellman and the guys at RSA came up with the mathematical foundations for today's symmetric encryption solutions in the late 1970s. The NSA tried to block this research from being published because they felt it was a threat to their oversight of security matters. In the meantime, the barriers to research and the patent laws that favored offshore development caused a number of researchers in foreign countries to put their attention to potential technologies. Among those were PGP, or pretty good privacy. By the early 1990s the United States Congress, at the behest of the NSA and other intelligence agencies, were casting about for regulations that could restrict the impact of encryption, including a requirement that anyone manufacturing an encryption-based technology create a backdoor into their solutions or engage in 'key escrow' where the keys to an encryption algorithm would be held by a neutral third party. This controversy and the reaction to it is comparable to the more recent fight over the SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) rules, over which Internet providers and users pushed back at Congress.
Use the study materials and engage in any additional research needed to fill in knowledge gaps. Discuss the following:
Explain how society can balance the need to be able to investigate wrongdoing with the important and beneficial aspects of encryption as a security tool.
Evaluate the legal/regulatory impact for a multinational organization doing business in China, India, Ireland, and the United States that would like to implement IPSec as a component of a move to IPv6.
Describe the major differences between symmetric and asymmetric encryption technologies.
...
This document discusses how international trade agreements can threaten technological innovation and public interests if they are negotiated without transparency and take digital freedoms for granted. It argues that agreements are expanding copyright holder rights and limiting exceptions, while also pressuring internet service providers. If these issues are not addressed, agreements like ACTA, TPP, and CETA could impede innovation by overriding exceptions to copyright, requiring websites and ISPs to censor content, and forcing disclosure of customer identities. The document calls for citizens to get involved in policymaking to protect the open internet.
The document is the 2014-2015 Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. It was edited by Professor Klaus Schwab and Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín. The report assesses the competitiveness of various countries and economies based on the Global Competitiveness Index and data from the Executive Opinion Survey. It acknowledges contributions from various partner institutes that provided important support and data.
The 2014 Annual Report is split into three main sections. The first contains a message from the WTO Director-General. The second section provides a brief overview of 2013 and some background information on the WTO, while the third has more in-depth information.
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The European Commission’s assessment of the likely benefits of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
(TTIP) is based on analysis carried out by the Centre for Economic Policy Research, a leading
independent pan-European economic research organization. Given the significance of TTIP, this analysis
has been widely discussed in policy debates, in the press, on social media. The material provided in this
document attempts to answer some of the questions that have been raised in those contexts.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is responsible for the preparation of this report. U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR staff to the writing and production of this report and notes, in particular, the contributions of Brittany Bauer, Colby Clark, and Michael Roberts. Thanks are extended to partner Executive Branch agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency and the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Justice, Labor, State, and Treasury. In preparing the report, substantial information was solicited from U.S. Embassies around the world and from interested stakeholders. The draft of this report was circulated through the interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee. March 2014Wto2014 0918a
This document discusses trade between the CARICOM region and Ghana. It finds that while CARICOM exports a modest amount to Ghana, totaling $26.8 million USD in 2012, the trade is inconsistent and concentrated in a few products like ceramics, fish, and chemicals. Ghana's economy has grown around 6% annually in recent years due to its oil, gas, agriculture and services sectors. The document recommends CARICOM explore opportunities in Ghana's growing market, as some companies like GraceKennedy have already begun operations there.
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OTN Special Update - SOPA Put on Hold (2012-02-20)
1. SPECIAL
OFFICE OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
… for trade matters
OTN Update
February 9, 2012
SOP A Put on H ol d
A congressional vote on the anti-piracy bill SOPA, the Stop SOPA was crafted to be wide in scope as it endeavours to
Online Piracy Act (SOPA) was shelved on January 16. This protect US interests at home and abroad. It recognises the
headed off the threats made by a number of major websites importance of Intellectual Property (IP) to the US economy
such as Wikipedia, Reddit, Mozilla, WordPress and Tucows to as it relates to revenue, jobs and in particular the
institute a blackout on January 18 in protest of the proposed entertainment industry.
bill.1 The proponents of SOPA have decided to re-examine
and possibly refine the bill’s language to ensure that it is more The bill also facilitates the possibility of preventing ‘foreign
palatable for the myriad of technology companies and interest infringers’ of US Intellectual Property Rights from accessing
groups that have vehemently opposed its principles. or raising US capital for business ventures whether through
Opponents of the bill fear that it will negatively impact the US capital markets or through US investors.
openness of the Internet which is increasingly central to
innovation. On the other hand supporters of the bill believe it Section 107 of SOPA requires the Intellectual Property
will protect US innovation, revenues and jobs. Enforcement Coordinator (IPEC) working in conjunction
with other agencies to “identify and conduct an analysis of
SOPA has its origins in Hollywood where the major film and
music industry executives conceptualised the provisions of
SOPA and lobbied it to Congress for its enactment.
These proponents are of the view that the US loses millions
through internet piracy of protected content such as music,
videos and movies. Furthermore, there is a public health and
safety concern regarding the trafficking of inherently
dangerous goods and services such as counterfeit
prescription medication and those intended for use in a
military and a national security application.2
OTN UPDATE is the flagship electronic trade newsletter of the Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN), formerly the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery
(CRNM). Published in English, it is a rich source of probing research on and detailed analyses of international trade policy issues and developments
germane to the Caribbean. Prepared by the Information Unit of the OTN, the newsletter focuses on the OTN, trade negotiation issues within its mandate
and related activities. Its intention is to provide impetus for feedback by and awareness amongst a variety of stakeholders, as regards trade policy
developments of currency and importance to the Caribbean.
http://www.crnm.org
2. 2
notorious foreign infringers whose activities cause significant Domain Names (websites) or Domain Names Servers from
harm to holders of intellectual property rights in the United translating Domain Names to unique IP addresses, a core
States”. In carrying out this duty, the Bill further indicates that function and the very foundation of the internet. However,
the IPEC shall provide a Report to Congress that includes, there is a concern that the DNS-blocking mechanism
inter alia, violates the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution with
respect to freedom of speech5. DNS-blocking prevents
1. “an examination of whether notorious foreign access to an entire domain name, not just a specific URL
infringers have attempted to or succeeded in and could therefore block all content, both infringing and
accessing capital markets in the United States for non-infringing. The DNS-blocking mechanism is proposed
funding or public offerings”, and as a key provision of the bill in the fight against online
piracy, but will be scrapped until the U.S. House Judiciary
2. “A discussion of specific policy recommendations to can further examine the issues surrounding this provision.
deter the activities of notorious foreign infringers and
encourage the foreign businesses to adopt industry The White House has also commented on SOPA and a
norms that promotes the protection of intellectual similar bill called Preventing Real Online Threats to
property globally.” Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act
(PROTECT IP Act or PIPA). These bills have been
The recommendations would further examine “whether receiving wide support within the US legislature and from
notorious infringers that engage in significant infringing activity major copyright and trademark owners, particularly those in
should be prohibited by the laws of the United States from the film, music, pharmaceutical and book publishing
seeking to raise capital in the United States” and would also industries. The White House has made it clear however
examine “whether the United States Government should that the US President could veto any bill “that reduces
initiate a process to identify and designate foreign entities from freedom of expression, increases cybersecurity risk, or
a list of notorious foreign infringers that would be prohibited undermines the dynamic, innovative global Internet”. 6
from raising capital in the United States.”
SOPA Provisions
In the US there already exists a number of copyright and IP
laws including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 The key provisions of SOPA can be summarised as follows:
(DMCA).3 The DMCA prohibits persons from gaining
unauthorised access to a copyrighted work by circumventing i. It authorises the US Attorney General to seek
technological protection measures put in place by the copyright court orders against “foreign Infringing” Internet
owner designed to control access to the copyrighted material. websites that conduct business in the United
If it is determined that a technological device was used for States or are accessed by US residents that are
circumvention and violates the DMCA, the device can be committing or facilitating online piracy, to cease all
seized and or forfeited by U.S. Customs and Border Protection activities constituting Intellectual Property (IP)
(CBP).4 offences.
Advocates of SOPA are adamant that the existing IP laws do ii. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Domain
not go far enough to protect US IP interest, in particular from Name System (DNS) providers would be required
foreign entities, and do not have the reach to actively to apply the (DNS) blocking methods described
discourage or prosecute these entities. above to its subscribers attempting to access any
“foreign infringing site” that is accused of copyright
The enactment of SOPA was halted only days after it was infringement. The ISPs and DNS providers must
announced that the controversial Domain Name System (DNS) take action within 5 days after being served with a
blocking mechanism was thought to be violating U.S. court order to shut down the infringing site.
Constitutional rights.
iii. Online advertising networks, payment facilitators,
The DNS provision in Section 102 requires US Internet Service search engines and ISPs, complying with a court
Providers (ISPs) to block their subscribers from accessing order from the US Attorney General to enforce the
OTN UPDATE is the flagship electronic trade newsletter of the Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN), formerly the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery
(CRNM). Published in English, it is a rich source of probing research on and detailed analyses of international trade policy issues and developments
germane to the Caribbean. Prepared by the Information Unit of the OTN, the newsletter focuses on the OTN, trade negotiation issues within its mandate
and related activities. Its intention is to provide impetus for feedback by and awareness amongst a variety of stakeholders, as regards trade policy
developments of currency and importance to the Caribbean.
http://www.crnm.org
3. 3
provisions in the bill, will have immunity from suit and “fined not more than $2,000,000 or imprisoned not
liability from entities facing prosecution. Furthermore, more than 10 years or both”. A repeat offender
should one of these complying businesses, of their may be “fined not more than $5,000,000 or
own initiative, and without a court order, decide to imprisoned not more than 20 years or both.”
cease doing business with an entity that is allegedly
committing or facilitating IPR violations, it will also ix. To protect public health SOPA makes illegal the
have immunity from suit. The bill also absolves online distribution of counterfeit drugs. It also
service providers of any liability once they have makes illegal the trafficking of false or misleading
complied with a court order to discontinue service to labels on goods or packaging of any nature.
an entity which is circumventing or using by passing
tactics. x. To protect US businesses from Foreign espionage
the provisions in the Bill amends the US Code on
iv. Provisions allow for any Internet service provider to Foreign and Economic Espionage to incur more
accept “good faith” complaints by IP owners once the severe penalties for individuals and companies.
necessary proof is provided as required by the Bill to The “theft of trade secrets” or “economic
take action against an infringing entity before the espionage” now gets an individual 20 years
issuance of a court order. instead of 15 and a fine between $1,000,000 and
$5,000,000 instead of not more than $500,000.
v. The bill provides for a reversal or vacation of a court Companies will now be fined “not more than the
order by the accused entity once proof is presented greater of $10,000,000 or 3 times the value of the
of no wrong doing. A petition must be made in the stolen trade secret, instead of $10,000,000.
US court system to reverse the court order.
xi. It empowers copyright owners whose IP rights
vi. For websites accused of copyright infringement have been breached to sue both US and foreign
through a court order, the Attorney General (AG) can websites that are in direct violation of US IP laws
order payment providers such as: PayPal, Visa and and regulations.
Mastercard; online advertising networks, search
engines such as Google, Microsoft and Yahoo; ISPs, xii. Finally, persons can be subject to criminal
and domain name registrars to stop doing business prosecution for streaming copyrighted works
with those alleged offending websites. For the without permission over the Internet. For a first
service providers to manage the notification process, offence of streaming 10 pieces of music or movies
the bill requires that each service provider within a six-month period, can result in up to five
designates an agent and register him or her with years’ imprisonment. To ensure compliance, the
their local copy right office. This person will act as Attorney General can bring action against any
the liaison and company representative between the entity that knowingly and wilfully provides or offers
US AG office, IP owners, its customers and their to provide a product or services designed or
company. marketed for the circumvention or bypassing of
measures used to prevent access by US
vii. The Bill also facilitates the possibility of ensuring that subscribers to foreign infringing sites.
‘foreign infringers’ of US Intellectual Property Rights
don’t succeed in accessing US capital for business Dangers of SOPA
venture whether through the US capital markets or
US investors. Although SOPA is designed to combat online piracy its
detractors emphasize that inherent in its provisions are
viii. The Bill in Sec. 202 seeks to amend Section 2320 of various forms of online censorship and the openness of the
title 18, United States Code by criminalising the Internet must be safeguarded for innovation to thrive.
trafficking, import, export, distribution and production Freedom of expression and innovation are closely linked
of counterfeit drugs such that the offender may be and it is argued that SOPA threatens to introduce legislation
that would severely affect both.
OTN UPDATE is the flagship electronic trade newsletter of the Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN), formerly the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery
(CRNM). Published in English, it is a rich source of probing research on and detailed analyses of international trade policy issues and developments
germane to the Caribbean. Prepared by the Information Unit of the OTN, the newsletter focuses on the OTN, trade negotiation issues within its mandate
and related activities. Its intention is to provide impetus for feedback by and awareness amongst a variety of stakeholders, as regards trade policy
developments of currency and importance to the Caribbean.
http://www.crnm.org
4. 4
to seek, as a first resort, some sort of diplomatic solution
rather than pursue prosecution. As an example, Google
continues to be forced by the Chinese Government to adhere
to its censorship laws particularly on filtering search results for
certain subject matter despite the company’s principles on
freedom of expression and the free flow of information.
Caribbean businesses which utilise website hosting services
in the US would be subject to SOPA if the Bill is passed into
Getty Image
law and could result in loss of web presence and proprietary
information and data resident on US servers. The only
recourse for Caribbean firms would be to challenge the action
in the US courts which has major financial implications as it
Detractors of SOPA are further convinced that the bill raises
relates to legal fees, loss of use and lack of access to
serious concerns regarding Internet security especially as it
important company information.
relates to Domain Name Systems (DNS) filtering. They believe
that DNS filtering will be ineffective for that purpose and will
Caribbean content providers and users would be severely
interfere with cross-border exchanges of data and services
constrained by SOPA in accessing and distributing US
which is a critical element for innovation and social
content and ideas, which can aid in generating new innovative
development in an information society. Opponents of SOPA
ideas in the Caribbean. Sadly, in the region there is a culture
further state that technology start-ups and online companies
of online piracy and a general lack of respect for IPR. Bootleg
may seek greener pastures and relocate outside the US as
copies of the latest movies and music are displayed publicly
SOPA could create a more onerous environment for them to
for sale in almost every Caribbean capital. Our countries are
operate.
already compelled like other developed counterparts to
enforce International IPR agreements. SOPA would serve to
increase the legislative requirements with which the region
Possible Impact on the Caribbean
has to comply. There will have to be a paradigm shift in the
Caribbean’s attitude towards IPR to avoid the negative
To the extent that there is validity in the arguments presented
repercussions of not respecting the IPR of others.
by SOPA detractors, SOPA could have a similar effect
regarding the stifling of innovation and social development in
Caribbean firms with an existing business model that is
the Caribbean as in the US. It could also negatively impact
heavily dependent on US content would now have to acquire
trade in cross-border data and services as argued in Google’s
it legitimately, which could result in increased operating cost.
May 2008 Congressional testimony on freedom of expression.7
SOPA attempts to protect the creator of the content and
In its testimony, Google stated that “digital barriers to the free
determines how that content can be used to create additional
flow of information are equivalent to traditional trade barriers
content, and therefore impacts how foreign entities can profit.
which are illegal under WTO rules”. When the flow of
information is blocked innovation suffers.
Opportunities
Caribbean firms operating internet sites or portions of internet
sites which provide online business services to residents of the
The passing of SOPA into law could benefit the Caribbean
US that commit offences as defined under SOPA could face
and its firms as it may result in an exodus of US online
the threat of prosecution by the US. Given the Caribbean’s
companies to the Caribbean due to the Caribbean’s similar
heavy dependence on US goods and services, and the
time zone, similar language requirements and satisfactory IT
significance of the US’s geo-political influence on the
infrastructure. This could lead to technology, skills and
Caribbean, the threat of prosecution for Caribbean firms could
knowledge transfer while providing business opportunities for
be comparatively higher than for Chinese businesses guilty of
Caribbean firms and ICT professionals.
the same offences. China’s status and importance in the world
economy could compel the US government or US companies
Caribbean firms, such as Lime and Fujitsu, which have
OTN UPDATE is the flagship electronic trade newsletter of the Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN), formerly the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery
(CRNM). Published in English, it is a rich source of probing research on and detailed analyses of international trade policy issues and developments
germane to the Caribbean. Prepared by the Information Unit of the OTN, the newsletter focuses on the OTN, trade negotiation issues within its mandate
and related activities. Its intention is to provide impetus for feedback by and awareness amongst a variety of stakeholders, as regards trade policy
developments of currency and importance to the Caribbean.
http://www.crnm.org
5. 5
The influence of the US online businesses will likely continue
to influence the debate on SOPA. Hopefully, what will
emerge will safeguard against any perceived or real negative
implications whilst preserving the valid interest of intellectual
property protection.
Analysis done by Derek E. Browne, IT Specialist, Office
of Trade Negotiations (OTN), CARICOM Secretariat.
ENDNOTES:
recently launched their Cloud services operations with server 1
. On January 18, 2011 Wikipedia did however move its English-
farms located in the region, stand to benefit tremendously as language content offline in protest of SOPA for a 24 hour period.
they can offer web, data and other online services to US firms 2
looking to escape the onerous environment of the US. Some . Section 202 of the SOPA bill seeks to address internet trafficking
US firms have already started moving their Cloud services, of dangerous goods and services through the amendment of
Section 2320 of title 18, United States Code.
particularly their data centre services off shore, or seeking
foreign companies that provide like services. Currently, there 3
. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 1998:
are two major reasons for this exodus – the US PATRIOT Act, http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf
and data privacy laws which are less protective of consumer
4
and company data than legislation found in other jurisdictions.8 . US Customs and Border Protection, (2009, October, p 12, para.5,
1-10). What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know
About: CBP Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights. Retrieved
The US PATRIOT Act empowers US Home land security
February 12, 2012, from: http://www.cbp.gov
agencies by “dramatically reducing restrictions on law
enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail 5
. Mack, Lauren. 2011. ‘DNS Filtering to fight Internet Piracy
communications, medical, financial, and other records” which violates the First Amendment’, JURIST.
is a major concern for companies that provide online services. http://jurist.org/dateline/2012/01/lauren-mack-DNS-filtering.php
These companies would like to avoid facing legal issues Retrieved on January 13, 2011
regarding the sovereignty of data retained in data centres for 6
. U.S. White House response on SOPA. Retrieved February 15,
example when information is created in one jurisdiction and
2012, from: https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/petition-
stored in another. SOPA, if passed, can be the third reason for tool/response/combating-online-piracy-while-protecting-open-
the continued exodus of US companies seeking Cloud and-innovative-internet
services off shore, which can provide new opportunities for
7
Caribbean firms. . Google's May 2008 Congressional testimony on Promoting Free
Expression on the Internet. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from:
SOPA can be an opportunity for the Caribbean to focus on http://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2008/05/promoting-free-
expression-on-internet.html
developing and using its own original content or even using
content originating from outside of the US. The Caribbean 8
. United States Patriot Act. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from:
Cultural industries can be an immediate beneficiary of such a http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/patriot/index.html
thrust which could provide the impetus for the much needed
investment in the Caribbean Cultural industries.
The Caribbean can become a major player in the world as a
supplier of meaningful knowledge by contributing valued local
content online. The Caribbean’s knowledge of various plants
and their medicinal properties, as well as herbal remedies
immediately comes to mind.
OTN UPDATE is the flagship electronic trade newsletter of the Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN), formerly the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery
(CRNM). Published in English, it is a rich source of probing research on and detailed analyses of international trade policy issues and developments
germane to the Caribbean. Prepared by the Information Unit of the OTN, the newsletter focuses on the OTN, trade negotiation issues within its mandate
and related activities. Its intention is to provide impetus for feedback by and awareness amongst a variety of stakeholders, as regards trade policy
developments of currency and importance to the Caribbean.
http://www.crnm.org